VAPORS - Storming Media

Study of Magnetocaloric Cooling for Thermal Management

12 Nov 2012

14 pages

Authors: Raju V Ramanujan; P Keblinski; G Ramanath; E V Sampathkumaran; NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIV (SINGAPORE)

The full text of this report is available for sale.

Near room temperature magnetocaloric materials have attracted attention as a novel solid state thermal management technology as it has several advantages over conventional vapor compression systems. This effort is an investigation of the basic science of magnetocaloric materials wherein Fe, Co-based and Heusler alloys were used as replacements for gadolinium alloys. Findings from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) of Co substituted Ni-Mn-Sn Heusler melt spun ribbons ...

A Versatile Impactor-Inspired Sample Chamber with a Virtual Pin-Grid Array for Sensor Performance Evaluation

28 Sep 2012

1 pages

Authors: Christopher R Field; Susan L Rose-Pehrsson; Cy R Tamanaha; Michael P Malito; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC

An impactor-inspired sample chamber was constructed and assembled to evaluate sensor performance during exposure to trace analytes, such as explosives and chemical warfare agents. A flexible, virtual pin-grid array (PGA) was created with a series of hardware and software to make electrical connections without need to create prototype, expensive circuits. The sample chamber and Virtual-PGA electronics were characterized and tested using a thermal imager and a custom temperature and relative ...

Subacute Effects of Inhaled Jet Fuel-A (JET A) on Airway and Immune Function in Rats

16 Jul 2012

137 pages

Authors: Lisa M Sweeney; Susan L Prues; Erin R Wilfong; James E Reboulet; Krista Hess; NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH UNIT DAYTON WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH

Two studies were conducted to assess the potential airway and immune effects following subacute (14-day) exposure of female rats to 500, 1000 or 2000 mg/m3 of Jet-A for 4 hrs/day. The first study used Sprague-Dawley rats; the second study included both Fischer 344 (F344) and Sprague-Dawley rats. In the first study, exposure to 2000 mg/m3 jet fuel may have caused significant upper airway inflammation on day 7 post-exposure, as indicated ...

Chemical Contaminant and Decontaminant Test Methodology Source Document. Second Edition

Jul 2012

262 pages

Authors: Teri Lalain; Brent Mantooth; Matthew Shue; Shawn Pusey; Diane Wylie; ARMY EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER APG MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR

The development of the 2007 Source Document and the updated Chemical Contaminant and Decontaminant Test Methodology Source Document, Second Edition, provides the chemical biological defense community with robust test methodologies for the determination of the amount of chemical contaminant after a treatment process. The most common post-treatment evaluations available in the Source Document methods are the total remaining contaminant, chemical agent detector paper response, contact transfer, and vapor emission tests. ...

Covalently Bonded Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube Solids via Boron Induced Nanojunctions

13 Apr 2012

9 pages

Authors: Daniel P Hashim; Narayanan T Narayanan; Jose M Romo-Herrera; David A Cullen; Myung G Hahm; Peter Lezzi; Joseph R Suttle; Doug Kelkhoff; E Munoz-Sandoval; Sabyasachi Ganguli; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH

The establishment of covalent junctions between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the modification of their straight tubular morphology are two strategies needed to successfully synthesize nanotube-based three-dimensional (3D) frameworks exhibiting superior material properties. Engineering such 3D structures in scalable synthetic processes still remains a challenge. This work pioneers the bulk synthesis of 3D macroscale nanotube elastic solids directly via a boron-doping strategy during chemical vapour deposition, which influences the formation of ...

Procedures, Requirements and Challenges Associated with Analysis of Environmental Samples for Chemical Warfare Material (CWM)

29 Mar 2012

21 pages

Authors: John Schwarz; ARMY EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER APG MD

The Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) Environmental Monitoring Laboratory (EML) specializes in high-volume screening of samples from various environmental media for Chemical Warfare Material (CWM), Biological Warfare material (BWM) and related compounds.

Quantitative Passive Diffusive Sampling for Assessing Soil Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air

28 Mar 2012

20 pages

Authors: Todd McAlary; Hester Groenevelt; T Gorecki; Suresh Seethapathy; D Crump; P Sacco; H Hayes; M Tuday; B Schumacher; P Johnson; GEOSYNTEC CONSULTANTS ATLANTA GA

Passive Sampling is becoming a reality for VI assessment. Study design takes a little more thought as different samplers have different pros and cons.

Vapor Intrusion Assessment and Mitigation 2012

26 Mar 2012

40 pages

Authors: Robert Ettinger; Todd McAlary; Donna Caldwell; Tom McHugh; GEOSYNTEC CONSULTANTS ATLANTA GA

Briefing discusses air pollution due to vapor intrusion (VI). This is nothing new, but there wasn t much real data until the late 1990s and prior assessments were based mostly on modeling Since around 2000, there s been a lot more sampling and analysis, and mostly we have learned that VI can happen more than previously thought, but we still don t understand the root causes well enough to predict ...

Base Level Guide for the Occupational Exposure to Isocyanates

Mar 2012

11 pages

Authors: Timothy W Batten; SCHOOL OF AEROSPACE MEDICINE WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB OH OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DEPT

This fact sheet provides the current recommended sampling and analysis technique available by the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine for determining occupational health risk from isocyanates.

Pathogenesis of Acute and Delayed Corneal Lesions After Ocular Exposure to Sulfur Mustard Vapor

Mar 2012

12 pages

Authors: Patrick McNutt; Tracey Hamilton; Marian Nelson; Angela Adkins; Adam Swartz; Richard Lawrence; Denise Milhorn; ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD

Sulfur mustard (SM) exposure results in dose-dependent morbidities caused by cytotoxicity and vesication. Although lesions resulting from ocular exposure often resolve clinically, an idiopathic delayed mustard gas keratopathy (MGK) can develop after a moderate or severe exposure. Sequelae include persistent keratitis, recurring epithelial lesions, corneal neovascularization, and corneal degeneration, which can lead to impaired vision or loss of sight. The purpose of this effort is to correlate structural changes with ...

Field Methods to Distinguish Between Vapor Intrusion and Indoor Sources of VOCs

Mar 2012

50 pages

Authors: Thomas E McHugh; Kyle Gorder; Erik Dettenmaier; ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY TECHNOLOGY CERTIFICATION PROGRAM OFFICE (DOD) ARLINGTON VA

Multiple source vapor intrusion investigations are challenging due to numerous potential sources of indoor air impacts. Use of limited measurements can lead to false conclusions regarding vapor intrusion. On-site analyses and other advanced methods can identify source of VOCs in quickly ( 1 day) and economically.

Refractive Index Enhancement in Gases

29 Feb 2012

9 pages

Authors: Deniz D Yavuz; Nick Proite; Tyler Green; Dan Sikes; Zach Simmons; Jared Miles; WISCONSIN UNIV MADISON

In this project, we have been investigation a new approach for manipulating the refractive index of a gas while maintaining vanishing absorption of the beam. We have recently experimentally demonstrated the key ingredients of this approach in Rubidium vapor where we have observe enhanced refractive index with vanishing absorption. We predict that this approach my also allow obtaining negative refraction with low absorption in atomic systems with far-reaching applications in ...

Human Health Hazard Assessment of FT Jet Fuel and Sensory Irritation Study in Mice

08 Jan 2012

42 pages

Authors: John P Hinz; Teresa R Sterner; Earl W Tewksbury; Brian A Wong; Darol E Dodd; Carl U Parkinson; Dean J Wagner; David R Mattie; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB BROOKS CITY BASE TX HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS DIRECTORATE DIRECTED ENERGY BIOEFFECTS DIVISION/ OPTICAL RADIATION BRANCH

FT jet fuel is a synthetic organic mixture produced using the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process that is being developed to replace or augment petroleum-derived JP-8 jet fuel for military use by the U.S. armed forces. The FT toxicity testing program results are reviewed. The final study, sensory irritation potential in male Swiss-Webster mice, is evaluated. Groups of four mice were exposed for 30 minutes to FT jet fuel vapor/aerosol atmospheres. Group ...

Cylindrical Vector Beams for Rapid Polarization-Dependent Measurements in Atomic Systems

05 Dec 2011

9 pages

Authors: F K Fatemi; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC OPTICAL SCIENCES DIV

We demonstrate the use of cylindrical vector beams - beams with spatially varying polarization - for detecting and preparing the spin of a warm rubidium vapor in a spatially dependent manner. We show that a modified probe vector beam can serve as an atomic spin analyzer for an optically pumped medium, which spatially modulates absorption of the beam. We also demonstrate space-variant atomic spin by optical pumping with the vector ...

Ullage Tank Fuel-Air Mixture Characterisation

Dec 2011

55 pages

Authors: Conrad Skibinski; David Armitt; DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION EDINBURGH (AUSTRALIA) WEAPONS SYSTEMS DIV

This technical note discusses method development for the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) vapour characterisation of Jet A-1 fuel. The vapour characterisation was conducted in the ullage; the void volume above the liquid fuel. A key objective was to determine the relative headspace concentrations, of different compounds at various equilibrium temperatures. This study was conducted to further understand the mechanisms of flame propagation in fuel tank vulnerability tests under experimental conditions ...

Railcar Sensitivity Analysis

Nov 2011

36 pages

Authors: Rachel Van Buren; NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER DAHLGREN DIV VA ASYMMETRIC DEFENSE SYSTEMS DEPT

This sensitivity analysis was designed to determine how certain input parameters would affect the output parameters of the RAILCAR computer program, a tool used to predict the physical characteristics of a toxic industrial chemical (TIC) release from a transport container. Three vignettes (evaporating liquid pool, boiling liquid pool, stationary vapor cloud) were studied; parameters were identified for each that significantly affected the output source characterizations. While some input parameters only ...

90-Day Inhalation Toxicity Study of FT Fuel

Aug 2011

159 pages

Authors: David R Mattie; Teresa R Sterner; Brian A Wong; Darol E Dodd; Debra K Layko; Paul W Ross; Elizabeth A Gross; Gabrielle A Willson; John P Hinz; Dean J Wagner; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS DIRECTORATE

FT or S-8 jet fuel is a synthetic organic mixture produced using the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process that converts natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons. This study was designed to assess the potential inhalation toxicity of FT jet fuel aerosol and vapor via whole-body inhalation exposure to male and female Fischer-344 rats for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week over approximately 90 days, at concentrations of 0, 200, 700, and ...

RAILCAR4 Toxic Industrial Chemical Source Characterization Program (Software User's Manual)

Aug 2011

68 pages

Authors: Timothy J Bauer; NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER DAHLGREN DIV VA

This document discusses the use of the RAILCAR4 Toxic Industrial Chemical Source Characterization Program to analyze a scenario in which there is a release of a toxic industrial chemical from a transport tank, such as chlorine released from a rupture in a 90-ton railcar. Knowledge gaps associated with such a release are discussed, the most important of which fall into three categories: 1) characterization of the vapor source resulting from ...

Explosives Destruction System's Drum Filter. Part 2. Simulation

JUN 2011

23 pages

Authors: John J. Mahle; ARMY EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER APG MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR

Operating conditions for the Explosive Destruction System's (EDS) drum filter including temperature, flow rate and humidity, based on operator logs and other studies, are documented here. The vapor phase feed concentration data has not historically been recorded for EDS operation, so estimated values based on either worst case assumptions or liquid phase equilibria relationships arc used. A simulation breakthrough model is shown to provide excellent agreement with the experimental results ...

Low-Level Analytical Methodology Updates to Support Decontaminant Performance Evaluations

JUN 2011

365 pages

Authors: Matthew Shue; Teri Lalain; Brent Mantooth; Pamela Humphreys; Morgan Hall; Phil Smith; Michelle Sheahy; ARMY EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER APG MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR

Project CA06DEC407 was a DTRA-funded effort designed to address the challenges associated with quantifying low-level residual agent to support decontaminant contact- and vapor-test evaluations. The program had three main objectives that were successfully accomplished. The primary program objective was to develop improved analytical methods for the confident detection of low levels of agents VX, HD, and GD at published requirement levels. The lowest requirements used at the time of this ...

Arsenic Trichloride Filtration Performance with the Impregnated Carbon ASZMT

JUN 2011

25 pages

Authors: John J. Mahle; ARMY EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER APG MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR

The vapor filtration of AsCli by the adsorbent ASZMT is examined in this report. Microscalc testing is performed, with analysis of the concentration by FTIR. The effect of humidity on AsCh stability and filtration performance is considered. Large adsorption capacity is determined, approximately 4 mol/kg, by calculating a mass balance from the measured breakthrough results. Hydrochloric acid breaks through prior to AsCh under humid conditions.

Feasibility Demonstration of Exciplex Fluorescence Measurements in Evaporating Laminar Sprays of Diesel Fuel

15 May 2011

9 pages

Authors: A Gomez; YALE UNIV NEW HAVEN CT DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A six-month seed project was funded to investigate the feasibility of applying quantitatively laser diagnostic techniques to jet fuel surrogates in well controlled sprays. A significant novelty with respect to previous work is the use of an electrospray to generate initially monodisperse droplet size distributions whose evaporation would be monitored in a preheated inert stream under laminar conditions. The fuel mixture consists of hexadecane (C16H34, 89.7 wt.%), naphthalene (C10H8, wt.9%), ...

Winning with Green Remediation Practices at the Former McClellan AFB, Sacramento CA

12 May 2011

20 pages

Authors: Steve Mayer; AIR FORCE REAL PROPERTY AGENCY LACKLAND AFB TX

Vapor Intrusion - Defining the Problem & Managing the Solution, Defense Supply Center Richmond

10 May 2011

23 pages

Authors: Steven Edlavitch; Manish Joshi; AECOM LOS ANGELES CA

Methyl Salicylate: A Reactive Chemical Warfare Agent Surrogate to Detect Reaction with Hypochlorite (POSTPRINT)

May 2011

8 pages

Authors: Wallace B Salter; Jeffery R Owens; Joseph D Wander; APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC TYNDALL AFB FL

Methyl Salicylate (MeS) has been widely used as a surrogate for the chemical agents GD and HD in tests such as vapor penetration because all three exhibit similar volatility. The chemistry of the same three chemicals is grossly dissimilar, and different surrogates --e.g., diisopropyl fluorophosphate for GD in challenges by a nucleophilic neutralizing agent, because both share the R-O-P-F functionality --are generally used for tests of reactivity with potential neutralizing ...

Novel Hydrazine Derivatives (Preprint)

14 APR 2011

28 pages

Authors: Yonis Ahmed; Stefan Schneider; Michael Rosander; Jeff Mills; Tommy Hawkins; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIRECTORATE

Seeking ionic liquids (ILs) with enhanced reactivity towards common propellant oxidizers, hydrazino-functionalities were tethered to the heterocyclic rings typically found in ILs. Difficulties encountered during the synthesis are described, as well as the characteristics of the novel materials 1-methyl-3-(3-hydrazino-propyl) imidazolium bromide, 1,2-dimethyl-3-(3-hydrazino-propyl) imidazolium bromide and 5-(hydrazino-methyl, -ethyl, -propyl)-1H-tetrazole. The synthetic flexibility of ILs, which would seem to allow incorporation of putative ?trigger groups? on either or both of the relatively ...

Development of a Micro-Fabricated Total-Field Magnetometer

MAR 2011

176 pages

Authors: Mark Prouty; GEOMETRICS INC SAN JOSE CA

Magnetometers are one of the basic instruments used for the detection and discrimination of unexploded ordnance (UXO). Cesium vapor atomic magnetometers are commonly used since their readings are independent of the orientation of the sensor, which eliminates the noise problems due to rotation or even vibration of other types of sensors. In order to better discriminate UXO from clutter or scrap, a high spatial density of readings is desirable. In ...

Pathological Studies on the Protective Effect of a Macrolide Antibiotic, Roxithromycin, against Sulfur Mustard Inhalation Toxicity in a Rat Model

Jan 2011

10 pages

Authors: Xiugong Gao; Dana R Anderson; Ammon W Brown; Hsiuling Lin; Jack Amnuaysirikul; Aileen L Chua; Wesley W Holmes; Prabhati Ray; WALTER REED ARMY INST OF RESEARCH SILVER SPRING MD

Macrolide antibiotics have been shown to protect airway epithelial cells and macrophages from sulfur mustard (SM)-induced cytotoxicity. In the current study, the efficacy of roxithromycin in ameliorating SM-induced respiratory injury was further evaluated in a rat model. Anesthetized rats (N = 8/group) were intratracheally exposed to SM by vapor inhalation. For the drug treatment groups, rats were orally given 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg roxithromycin one hr prior to exposure ...

Vapor Intrusion Pathway Assessment: State-of-the-Practice and Opportunities for v3.0

Dec 2010

29 pages

Authors: Paul C Johnson; Ira A Fulton; ARIZONA STATE UNIV TEMPE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

Guidance for assessing the soil vapor-to-indoor air exposure pathway continues to evolve with documents being drafted by regulatory agencies, industry, and industry-regulatory collaborations. While variable across the federal, state, and local levels, guidance is converging toward a multiple-lines-of-evidence-based paradigm that involves combinations of indoor air sub-slab soil gas, deeper soil gas, groundwater, and soil sampling in addition to screening-level modeling. There are concerns about implementing this type of guidance due ...

Investigation Methods to Distinguish Between Vapor Intrusion and Indoor Sources of VOCS

Dec 2010

28 pages

Authors: Thomas McHugh; Lila Beckley; Tomasz Kuder; Paul Philp; Kyle Gorder; Ignacio Rivera; Bart Chadwick; Stephanie Fiorenza; GSI ENVIRONMENTAL INC HOUSTON TX

Indoor sources of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) are ubiquitous, resulting in detectable concentrations in indoor air, often at concentrations above regulatory screening levels. At VOC contaminated sites with potential vapor intrusion concerns, the presence of indoor VOC sources significantly complicates the exposure pathway investigation. Because of these indoor sources, the detection of a site-related VOC in a potentially affected building at a concentration above the regulatory screening level does not ...

Slow Light: Novel Techniques for Optical Signal Processing Based on Stationary Pulses Of Light

21 Nov 2010

10 pages

Authors: Mikhail D Lukin; HARVARD UNIV CAMBRIDGE MA DEPT OF PHYSICS

Key progress includes demonstration of a fiber-optical switch that is activated at tiny energies corresponding to few hundred optical photons per pulse. This is achieved by simultaneously confining both photons and a small laser-cooled ensemble of atoms inside the microscopic hollow core of a single-mode photonic crystal fiber and using quantum optical techniques for generating slow light propagation and large nonlinear interaction between light beams. In addition, we demonstrated a ...

Ignition of Ionic Liquids. Volume 2

SEP 2010

55 pages

Authors: Ghanshyam Vaghjiani; Steve Chambreau; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIRECTORATE

This report summarizes the experimental and theoretical research effort undertaken to study and identify some of the chemical pathways involved in the hypergolic ignition of mixtures consisting of room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) and suitable oxidizers such as nitric acid. Our aim in this work was to provide accurate mechanistic data on recently discovered hypergolic ILs that can be used to build a chemical kinetics ignition model to simulate the ...

Implementation of a Strategic Approach for Complex Vapor Intrusion Assessment at a Large Military Facility

Jun 2010

22 pages

Authors: David W Himmelheber; Emily H Majcher; Paul Nicholson; Aron Krasnopoler; Todd McAlary; Robert Ettinger; Jennifer Harris; John Wrobel; GEOSYNTEC CONSULTANTS ATLANTA GA

Introduction to Vapor Intrusion? Vapor intrusion (VI) is the transport of gas-phase contaminants from the subsurface to indoor air. Typically originates from groundwater and/or soil contamination --- volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Exposures of contaminants to building occupants are a major concern. Relatively new regulatory emphasis on assessing VI risk.

Development of a Versatile Conditioning Wind Tunnel for Evaporative Fate Studies

Oct-2009

63 pages

Authors: Daniel J Weber; Daniel Waysbort; Clayton S Moury; H D Durst; James E Danberg; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD

This report documents the development of a conditioning wind tunnel that allows multiple test samples to be conditioned at identical environmental settings that are used in smaller vapor sampling wind tunnels. The conditioning of multiple samples, especially those involving persistent chemicals, allows for the efficient use of a limited number of instrumented vapor sampling tunnels. Up to nine samples can be sequentially and quickly cycled through the instrumented vapor wind ...

Human Serum Butyrylcholinesterase: A Bioscavenger for the Protection of Humans from Organophosphorus Exposure

Oct 2009

14 pages

Authors: Ashima Saxena; Wei Sun; Nicholas B Hastings; Bhupendra P Doctor; Paul A Dabisch; Stanley W Hulet; Edward M Jakubowski; Robert J Mioduszewski; WALTER REED ARMY INST OF RESEARCH SILVER SPRING MD

Human serum butyrylcholinesterase (Hu BChE) is currently under advanced development as a pretreatment drug for organophosphate (OP) poisoning in humans. Toward this effort, a procedure for the large-scale purification of Hu BChE from Cohn fraction IV-4 was developed, its pharmacokinetic properties were established, its shelf life was evaluated at various temperatures, and its safety and efficacy were examined. It was shown to protect mice, rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys against ...

Quantifying SST Errors from an OGCM in Relation to Atmospheric Forcing Variables

03-Mar-2009

17 pages

Authors: Harley E Hurlburt; Alan J Wallcraft; A B Kara; Wei-Yin Loh; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV

The relationship between various atmospheric variables at the sea surface and climatological monthly means of sea surface temperature (SST) is investigated over the global ocean. The goal is to quantify the change in SST that results solely from variations in a particular atmospheric variable. This is accomplished using a series of numerical simulations from an atmospherically-forced ocean general circulation model (OGCM). It is first demonstrated that SST variations at all ...

Development of the 2007 Chemical Decontaminant Source Document

Mar-2009

551 pages

Authors: Teri Lalain; Brent Mantooth; Tom Lynn; Zach Zander; Pamela Humphreys; SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORP GUNPOWDER MD

The chemical decontaminant performance evaluation testing source document is the product of project BA06DEC414 for improved test methodology. The primary objective is to improve the rigor of existing test methods for the generation of defensible and comparable decontamination efficacy data for the quantitative determination of post-decontamination contact and vapor hazards and residual agent. Execution of these improved methods will yield higher fidelity data presented in appropriate context. The data generated ...

In-Orbit Performance Assessment of Giove Clocks

01-Dec-2008

15 pages

Authors: Pierre Waller; P Tavella; I Sesia; G Tobias; I Hidalgo; R Piriz; S Binda; J Hahn; F Gonzalez; G Cerretto; EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY NOORDWIJK (NETHERLANDS)

Two onboard atomic clock technologies have been developed for the Galileo system, one based on vapor cell rubidium technology (RAFS: Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard) and one based on passive hydrogen maser (PHM) technology. In the years 2004-2005, both technologies have successfully passed a full qualification campaign (including shock, vibration, thermal vacuum, ...) aimed at verifying their performance in a Galileo-like environment. In the year 2005, six RAFS and two PHM ...

A Residual Life Indicator (RLI) for Physical Adsorption Capacity of Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Filters. Part 3. A Novel RLI Design for Collective Protection Demonstrated Using Breakthough and Chemical Pulse Data

Nov-2008

51 pages

Authors: Gregory W Peterson; David Friday; Marc Shrewsbury; Scott Deibert; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR

We start by simulating the condition of a fielded filter by selecting representative threat vapors and representative contaminant vapors. We assume that only contaminants that are moderately and strongly adsorbed can affect the residual life. A simulated contaminated filter is configured using contaminated carbon at the bed inlet and fresh carbon at the bed outlet. Breakthrough experiments are then completed using an organic to simulate the threat vapor. These data ...

Detailed Field Investigation of Vapor Intrusion Processes

01-Sep-2008

339 pages

Authors: Thomas E McHugh; Tim N Nickels; GSI ENVIRONMENTAL INC HOUSTON TX

The primary objective of this demonstration study was to identify a cost effective and accurate protocol for investigation of vapor intrusion into buildings overlying contaminated groundwater. Intensively monitored sites, such as the Borden Landfill in Canada, have greatly contributed to our understanding of the physical and chemical processes that control the transport of chemicals in groundwater. For this project, we have used a similar approach (i.e., intensively monitored sites with ...

Evaporation of HD Droplets From Nonporous, Inert Surfaces in TGA Microbalance Wind Tunnels

Sep-2008

47 pages

Authors: Seok H Hong; Kenneth B Sumpter; Wendel J Shuely; Robert G Nickol; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR

The environmental fate of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) is important because the contact or vapor hazard is critical input for models used to support decisions on the level of individual protection at fixed sites. Two different microbalances, configured in a wind-tunnel geometry, were used to measure the evaporation and desorption rates from surfaces. The overall experimental design covers several neat and thickened agents and several material surfaces. The initial elements ...

Immunotoxicology of JP-8 Jet Fuel: Mechanisms

20-Jul-2008

7 pages

Authors: David T Harris; J Wang; D Camacho; M Badowski; T Tsang; M Witten; ARIZONA UNIV TUCSON DEPT OF IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND PEDIATRICS

Experiments were performed exposing mice to varying doses of either JP-8 or S-8 jet fuel for 1h/day for 7 days, using the new exposure apparatus with in-line monitoring of jet fuel concentrations (aerosol and vapor). Six controls, 6 JP-8 exposed and 6 S-8 exposed animals examined. There were no significant effect on body weight due to JP-8 or S-8 exposure, and no effect on immune cell viability from any immune ...

Residual Life Indicator for Physical Adsorption Capacity of NBC Filters. Part 1. Acetone Vapor Pulses and the Effect of Moisture Content on Retention Characteristics

01-Jun-2008

29 pages

Authors: Gregory W Peterson; David Friday; Marc Shrewsbury; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR

Currently, no method exists to indicate when chemical biological radiological nuclear (CBRN) filters no longer have the capacity to protect the warfighter in the event of a toxic chemical release. The three factors responsible for CBRN filter failure are losses of mechanical integrity, physical adsorption capacity, and of reactive capacity. In this report, data are collected to support the development of a residual life indicator for the remaining physical capacity ...

Development of TWO HD Vapor Exposure Techniques in a Rabbit Ocular Model: A Pilot Study

May-2008

25 pages

Authors: Carol Bossone; Melinda Sigler; Susan Schulz; Roy Railer; Edward Clarkson; Kenneth Despain; Kimberly Whitten; ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD

This pilot study investigated the feasibility of two different vapor models to yield additional insight into HD-induced ocular injury. Eight female New Zealand white rabbits (2.0-2.4 kg) were divided into 2 groups. Rabbits were exposed to HD vapor (estimated vapor density, 1.4 gm/m3) ranging from 30 seconds to 4 minutes. Four rabbits were exposed to 10 microliters neat HD instilled into a vapor cap (VC) for a corneal only exposure, ...

Impacts of Individual Protective Equipment on Active Range of Motion and Respiratory Protection

APR 2008

48 pages

Authors: David M. Caretti; Daniel J. Barker; Kari A. Carter; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD

This investigation quantified active range of motion (AROM) of common military and law enforcement movements while wearing chemical/biological (CB) and ballistic protective equipment, measured the impacts of integrated CB and ballistic equipment on respirator protection from particulates, and determined local head and neck protection factors against gases and vapors with the same individual protective equipment (IPE). To quantify the impacts of IPE wear on AROM, sequential levels of protective equipment ...

JP8 Induced Mutagenesis and Hormesis

13 MAR 2008

11 pages

Authors: Purushottam Kale; ALABAMA A AND M UNIV NORMAL

In order to test the phenomenon of JP8 induced hormesis and mutagenesis in Drosophila, several experiments were performed using samples over 5000 individuals in each experiment. The JP8 doses were progressively decreased from 5 microliters to 0.5 microliters in 1000 milliliters of air. Exposures were for 12 hours and survival was counted after 10 days. At a dose of 5 microliters, the survival was 80% which increased (or lethality decreased) ...

Multi-Sensor Systems Development for UXO Detection and Discrimination: Man-Portable Dual Magnetic/Electromagnetic Induction Sensor

FEB 2008

41 pages

Authors: David Wright; Jr. Bennett Hollis H.; Linda P. Dove; John H. Ballard; Morris P. Fields; Tere A. DeMoss; Dwain K. Butler; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB

An unexploded ordnance (UXO) survey instrument that simultaneously collects total field magnetic data and frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) data was developed and tested for the detection and characterization of buried UXO objects. The system comprised an FDEM sensor operating at a single frequency of 9.8 kHz and a cesium vapor magnetometer. The system was tested in dynamic survey (detection) and cued analysis (characterization) modes at the Naval Research Laboratory Blossom ...

Ionic Liquids as Hypergolic Fuels (Postprint)

Jan-2008

3 pages

Authors: Tommy Hawkins; Ghanshyam Vaghjiani; Michael Rosander; Steven Chambreau; Stefan Schneider; Gregory Drake; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIRECTORATE

After seminal work presented a decade ago, ionic liquids (IL) have now received a lot of attention as energetic materials for propellant applications. In bipropellant rocket engines, it is desirable to achieve ignition by means of a hypergolic reaction and so to minimize system complexity. Hypergolic bipropellants are defined as fuel and oxidizer combinations that, upon contact, chemically react and release enough heat to spontaneously ignite, eliminating the need for ...

Multi-Scale Computational Analyses of JP-8 Fuel Droplets and Vapors in Human Respiratory Airway Models

31 OCT 2007

35 pages

Authors: Clement Kleinstreuer; NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV AT RALEIGH

Using representative human nasal, oral and tracheobronchial airway models, transient 3- D as well as equivalent steady-state solutions have been obtained for the transport and deposition of spherical particles and droplets as well as vapors. It should be noted that equivalence to transient airflow and particle deposition results was achieved by employing matching Reynolds and Stokes numbers for steady-state simulations. Inhalation inlet conditions and aerosol characteristics resembled JP-8 fuel exposure ...

Characteristics of Mustard (Blister) Agents

OCT 2007

3 pages

Authors: ARMY CHEMICAL MATERIALS AGENCY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD

Mustard (blister) agent, purified sulfur mustard or distilled mustard, has a 5 percent sulfur impurity, less odor and greater blistering power than the original mustard agent used in World War I. Mustard agent is also known as H, HD or HT. Agent H contains about 20-30 percent impurities and HD is a nearly pure substance. HT is a mixture of 60 percent HD and 40 percent of another substance called ...