| Impact of High Sulfur Military JP-8 Fuel on Heavy Duty Diesel Engine EGR Cooler Condensate |
14-Apr-2008 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Michael Mosburger; Jerry Fuschetto; Dennis Assanis; Zoran Filipi; Heather McKee; AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH CENTER ANN ARBOR MI
|
 | Low-sulfur "clean" diesel fuel has been mandated in the US and Europe. However, quality of diesel fuel, particularly the sulfur content, varies significantly in other parts of the world. Due to logistical issues in various theaters of operation, the Army is often forced to rely on local fuel supplies, which exposes vehicles to diesel fuel or jet fuel (JP-8) with elevated levels of sulfur. Modern engines typically use cooled Exhaust ... |
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| Elimination of Redwater Formation from TNT Manufacture |
21-Dec-2007 |
128 pages |
| Authors:
Ross W Millar; Anthony W Arber; Javid Hamid; Robert M Endsor; QINETIQ LTD FARNBOROUGH (UNITED KINGDOM)
|
| The US Department of Defense requires an environmentally benign synthesis route for the manufacture of military grade trinitrotoluene (TNT) which eliminates the production of redwater arising from the sulfiting process for removing unsymmetrical trinitrotoluene isomers. QinetiQ has found that by using a novel nitrating system, N2O5 in dichloromethane, the proportion of meta-substituted nitrotoluenes can be reduced to 1.3-1.5%, instead of the 4-5% levels in current processes. Additional improvements have been ... |
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| A Distributed Gas Breather for Micro Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (micrometer-DMFC) |
Jan-2003 |
5 pages |
| Authors:
Chang-Jin Kim; De-Sheng Meng; Joonwon Kim; CALIFORNIA UNIV LOS ANGELES DEPT OF MECHANICAL AND AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
|
| This paper introduces a distributed gas breather to remove the gas byproduct (CO2) from the micro direct methanol fuel cell (microDMFC). The concept and device configuration of distributed breathing aim to improve the performance of the mDMFC by (1) decreasing flow resistance, (2) increasing the active electrode area, and (3) reducing or possibly eliminating the discrete gas separator. Experimental verification is provided by a prototype breather with microscale hydrophobic breathing ... |
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| Passive Detection of Gases in the Atmosphere. Case Study: Remote Sensing of SO(2) in the UV Using LINUS |
DEC 2002 |
|
| Authors:
Anastasios G. Halvatzis; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
 | An imaging UV spectrometer was used to study sulfuric plumes at Lassen Volcanic National Park, in an effort to identify and quantify SO presence. The NPS instrument, LINUS (Lineate Imaging Near -Ultraviolet Spectrometer), was taken to Lassen on September 13 and 14, 2002. Data taken there are compared to la laboratory measurements of SO(2) subsequently run at NPS. These data, along with additional measurements of platinum discharges for wavelength calibration, ... |
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| The Evaluation of Ambient-Temperature Processes for Repair Bonding of Aluminum Alloys |
JAN 2002 |
33 pages |
| Authors:
Daniel B. McCray; DAYTON UNIV OH RESEARCH INST
|
| On-aircraft adhesive bonding of metal substrates typically requires the use of impractical surface preparation processes in order to attain the desired bonded joint strength and durability. Surface preparations currently used for on-aircraft repairs rely on hazardous materials and/or inconvenient processing steps, or they do not yield adequate bond performance. Many U.S. Air Force Technical Orders (T.O.s) require the use of surface preparations such as phosphoric acid anodize (PAA) or acid ... |
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| The Micromechanisms of Flow and Fracture of Ice |
JUL 2001 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Ian Baker; THAYER SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING HANOVER NH
|
| The overall goals of this work were to relate the microstructure, including the defect structure and impurity content and location, to the mechanical and physical properties of ice. Research focused on determining the structure and microstructural location of impurities in natural ice using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a cold stage and x-ray microanalysis. Thus, for the first time, the microstructure and microchemistry of pond and river ice was ... |
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| Laboratory Automatic Titration of Chromium Plating and Electropolishing Solutions |
JUN 2001 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Samuel Sopok; ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER WATERVLIET NY BENET LABS
|
| Two increasingly important issues for the metal finishing industry are product quality and productivity. This industry is constantly looking for better methods to monitor key chemical components in its metal finishing solutions. The analytical chemistry literature lacks an adequate automatic titration method for the monitoring of chromic acid in chromium plating solutions and the monitoring of phosphoric and sulfuric acids in electropolishing solutions. Automatic titration methods for each of these ... |
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| A Review of Laser Photofragmentation/Fragment Detection Techniques for Chemical Analysis of the Gas Phase |
SEP 2000 |
35 pages |
| Authors:
Rosario C. Sausa; Joseph B. Simeonsson; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Laser photofragmentation/fragment detection techniques utilize one or multiple lasers for photolysis of the analyte species and spectroscopic detection of the characteristic photofragments. Fragment detection techniques include laser-induced fluorescence, photoionization, prompt emission, stimulated emission, and laser ionization recombination emission spectroscopies. Applications for chemical analysis of the gas phase has been performed by the detection of atomic and molecular fragments. Recent reports on photofragmentation/fragment detection ... |
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| Surface Structural Studies of Methane Sulfonic Acid at Air/Aqueous Solution Interfaces using Vibrational Sum Frequency Spectroscopy |
10 JUL 2000 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
H. C. Allen; E. A. Raymond; G. L. Richmond; OREGON UNIV EUGENE DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Atmospheric gas phase species such as methane sulfonic acid (MSA) are adsorbed and accommodated into atmospheric aqueous-phase aerosols and in some cases MSA is thought to be produced via aerosol surface chemistry. The studies described herein probe the surface molecular structure of MSA at aqueous solution surfaces using surface vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS). In the studies presented here, it is shown that MSA partitions at ... |
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| Molecular Beam Studies of Reactions between Stratospheric Gases and Supercooled Sulfuric Acid |
15 APR 2000 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Gilbert M. Nathanson; John R. Morris; Peter M. Behr; Melissa D. Antman; Jennifer Splan; WISCONSIN UNIV-MADISON DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Sulfuric acid aerosols in the stratosphere contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer by converting inactive gases like HCl and HBr into molecules that fall apart into chlorine and bromine atoms, which catalytically destroy ozone. The first step in these reactions is the transport of gas phase HCl and HBr molecules through the surface of the liquid aerosol and into the acid, where they ... |
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| The Relationship Between Corrosion and the Biological Sulfur Cycle |
APR 2000 |
5 pages |
| Authors:
Brenda B. Little; RIchard I. Ray; Robert K. Pope; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV
|
| Most microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) takes place in the presence of microbial consortia in which many different physiological types of bacteria interact in complex ways within the structure of biofilms. Microbiologically-mediated oxidation and reduction reactions of sulfur and sulfur compounds are important contributors to MIC. Sulfur and sulfur compounds, including sulfides, bisulfides, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), thiosulfates, polythionates and sulfuric acid, may be trapped ... |
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| Single Particle Studies of Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry on Aluminum Oxide Particles in a Quadrupole Trap |
MAR 2000 |
89 pages |
| Authors:
A. J. Hunter; D. M. Sonnenfroh; D. B. Oakes; W. T. Rawlins; PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC ANDOVER MA
|
| This report documents a research program consisting of laboratory and field measurements investigating the atmospheric chemistry and aerosol microphysics of the impacts of rocket motor exhausts on upper atmospheric chemical cycles and ozone. The experimental investigation employs a laboratory quadrupole trap electrodynamic levitation apparatus to study heterogeneous processes on single aluminum oxide particles representative of those exhausted into the atmosphere by solid rocket motors. We ... |
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| Reducing Air Pollutant Emissions From Solvent Multi-Base Propellant Production |
AUG 1999 |
85 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Kemme; Michael Lateulere; Stephen W. Maloney; CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB (ARMY) CHAMPAIGN IL
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| The Radford Army Ammunition Plant, Virginia, is the multi-base propellant manufacturing facility for the Department of Defense (DoD). Solvent multi-base propellant production, however, emits large quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These VOC emissions are regulated under title I of the Clean Air Act as precursors of tropospheric ozone. The pollutant stream also contains low concentrations of nitroglycerine (NG). The NG content prohibits the use of traditional air pollution control ... |
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| Fundamental Studies of Ions and Ionic Processes |
08 APR 98 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Henry F. Schaefer; GEORGIA UNIV RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC ATHENS
|
| The object of this research is to characterize the energetics, spectroscopic properties, and elementary chemical reactions of molecular ions. The approach used will exploit recent developments in ab initio molecular quantum mechanics. Some of the systems to be studied include the species CF sub n and (n=1-3), SF sub n and (n=1-7), (HNO3)n (H2O)m, (ClNO3), (H2SO4)m (HNO3)n (H2O)o, and + CH4. |
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| Self-Assembled Films as Corrosion Protective Coatings for Metal Surfaces |
31 DEC 1996 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
Gary N. Robinson; Qing Dai; Paul L. Kebabian; Andrew Freedman; AERODYNE RESEARCH INC BILLERICA MA
|
| In this Final Report, we describe research performed on the corrosion inhibitive properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of stearic acid and 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (10,12-PDA) on aluminum. Infrared (IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, in addition to wetting measurements, were employed to study the corrosion process. Monolayers of stearic acid on aluminum surfaces were found to profoundly affect the wettability of Al surfaces by concentrated sulfuric acid, ... |
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| New Routes to Fluorinated Ligands and Polymers |
31 DEC 96 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
Russell P. Hughes; DARTMOUTH COLL HANOVER NH DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The first examples of perfluorobenzyl complexes of the transition metals have been prepared. Several complexes were characterized by X-ray crystallography, and the bond from the perfluorobenzyl ligand to cobalt, rhodium, and iridium appears to be unusually weak. While the perfluorobenzyl ligand in several cobalt complexes was shown to be unusually reactive towards coupling with ancillary ligands like pentam ethylcyclopentadienyl, no examples of insertion of fluorinated olefins into the metal-carbon bond ... |
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| Process Monitoring and Control of Aluminum Anodizing Solutions by Ion Chromatography |
MAY 96 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Samuel Sopok; ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER WATERVLIET NY BENET LABS
|
| Process monitoring and control of sulfuric and oxalic acids in aluminum anodizing solutions are necessary to produce high-quality coatings for the metal finishing industry efficiently. These high-quality coatings significantly increase resistance to corrosion, wear, and abrasion. The production of military armament system parts requires narrow aluminum anodizing solution tolerances, which increases the need for process monitoring and control. Current instrumental analysis methods do not provide acceptable 95% confidence level precisions ... |
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| Solvation Dynamics and the Structure in Electrolytes and Electrodes |
MAY 96 |
13 pages |
| Authors:
Lesser Blum; PUERTO RICO UNIV RIO PIEDRAS DEPT OF PHYSICS
|
| The underpotential deposition (UPD) of metals, such as copper, silver, lead, bismuth onto other metals such as gold, platinum has been the subject of much research recently. These processes provide unique opportunities to study the structure and transformations occuring at metal/electrolyte interfaces. This is so because in the UPD sharp transformations (phase transitions) occur that can be measured by an array of techniques which include unambiguous X-ray based in situ ... |
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| High Pressure Electrical Conductivity and NMR Studies in Variable Equivalent Weight NAFION Membranes |
26 JAN 96 |
37 pages |
| Authors:
John J. Fontanella; Charles A. Edmondson; Mary C. Wintersgill; Yaobang Wu; Steven G. Greenbaum; CITY UNIV OF NEW YORK DEPT OF PHYSICS
|
| Measurements of the electrical conductivity and proton and fluorine- 19 NMR spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) in acid form NAFION 105, 117 and 120 conditioned at various levels of relative humidity have been carried out. Complex impedance studies were made along the plane of the polymer film at frequencies from 10 to 10(exp 8) Hz at room temperature and pressures up to 0.25 GPa. Both types of measurement were also carried ... |
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| Select Wastewater Characterization Survey, Clear Air Force Station, Alaska |
JUL 95 |
17 pages |
| Authors:
Christopher A. Williston; ARMSTRONG LAB BROOKS AFB TX OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DIRECTORATE
|
| Personnel from the Armstrong Laboratory Water Quality Branch conducted a follow-up wastewater characterization survey for HQ/AFSPC at Clear Air Force Station, Alaska from 11-19 April 1995. he scope of this survey was to sample specific outfalls that were evaluated or available during the previous 1992 survey. In addition, there were several areas that required evaluation to ascertain if they required an industrial discharge permit. The cooling system for the Power ... |
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| Compatibility Testing of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) for Use as a Secondary Containment Liner for a Mixed Nitrating Acid Storage Tank Farm |
15 JUN 95 |
76 pages |
| Authors:
Craig A. Hempfling; NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER INDIAN HEAD DIV MD
|
| The use of high density polyethylene (HDPE) as a secondary containment liner for a mixed nitrating acid storage tank facility was investigated. The chemical resistance and compatibility of HDPE with mixed nitrating acids (mixtures of nitric acid and sulfuric acid) was of primary concern. Weight, volume, specific gravity, and tensile properties of the polymer were used to evaluate the chemical resistance. Samples were immersed directly in various concentrations of mixed ... |
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| New Developments in Ultracapacitor Technology |
APR 95 |
13 pages |
| Authors:
D. Finello; WRIGHT LAB EGLIN AFB FL
|
| The objective of this in-house research project is to develop new high surface area (HSA) electrodes suitable for use as primary internal components of ultracapacitors. Ultracapacitors are low voltage charge storage devices that do not involve chemical reactions to store or release energy; instead, planar HSA electrodes are employed to hold charge across a thin layer of electrolyte. In the past, ultracapacitor development has relied heavily upon use of exotic ... |
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| Determination of Wastewater Acids from Chromium Plating and Electropolishing Solutions |
APR 1995 |
13 pages |
| Authors:
Samuel Sopok; ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER WATERVLIET NY BENET LABS
|
| The purpose of this report is to provide calibration data for the online UV-visible, conductivity, and pH detectors associated with the environmental thrust project, which is part of the Benet Laboratories vessel plating program. The chemical literature provides offline laboratory detection of chromic acid from chromium plating wastewater solutions, as well as phosphoric and sulfuric acids from electropolishing wastewater solutions. The chemical literature lacks online detection and calibration data for ... |
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| Infrared Detection of Chemical Corrosion on Metal Surface |
15 MAR 95 |
35 pages |
| Authors:
Qing Dai; Andrew Freeman; Gary N. Robinson; AERODYNE RESEARCH INC BILLERICA MA
|
| The sulfuric acid-induced corrosion of smooth (20 A average roughness) aluminum surfaces has been studied in real time using an in situ Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectrometer (IRAS) and a quartz crystal microbalance. Submicron-thick, 35 - 55 wt% (5- 12 molal), sulfuric acid films were formed on room temperature metal surfaces by the reaction of gas phase SO3 and H2O vapor in a flowing gas system at a total ... |
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| Study of the Compression Behavior of High Performance Fibers |
25 AUG 94 |
115 pages |
| Authors:
Satish Kumar; GEORGIA TECH RESEARCH INST ATLANTA
|
| Kink band analysis has been carried out in PBZT, methyl PBZT, and Kevlar samples. Methyl PBZT and methyl PBO samples heat treated to various times and temperatures have been studied using swelling behavior in 85% and 100% methane sulfonic acid. Raman spectroscopic studies have been carried out on PAN precursor fiber, and the fiber stabilized and carbonized at different temperature (270, 400, 800, 1800, 2800 deg C). A study on ... |
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| Difunctional Monomers Based on Perfluoropropylene Telomers |
19 AUG 94 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
K. Baum; A. A. Malik; FLUOROCHEM INC AZUSA CA
|
| Telomers of perfluoropropylene with alpha,omega- diiodoperfluoroalkanes were converted to branched-chain difunctional condensation monomers. The reaction of ethylene with the telomers gave alpha, omega-bis(iodoethyl)perfluoroalkanes, which were converted to the corresponding diols by reaction with fuming sulfuric acid. The reaction of the branched-chain alpha,omega-bis(iodoethyl)-perfluoroal with sodium azide gave the corresponding alpha,omega-bis-(azidoethyl)-perfluoroaHydrogenation of the alpha,omega- bis(azidoethyl)-perfluoroalkanes gave diamines. Phosgenation of the amino groups gave diisocyanates. Synthesis, Monomers, Fluorine |
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| Pulsed DC and Anode Depolarization in Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Generation |
AUG 94 |
77 pages |
| Authors:
Aly H. Shaaban; AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEERING SUPPORT AGENCY TYNDALL AFB FL ENGINEERING AND SER VICES LAB
|
| This research effort investigated the effects of anode depolarization and pulsed DC on the performance of the water electrolytic process for hydrogen generation. An experimental approach was implemented using the Fm01-LC electrolytic cell manufactured by ICI Chemical & Polymers Company. The Fm01-LC had a stainless steel cathode and platinum-coated titanium anode. Using a 10 percent by weight sulfuric acid as an electrolyte, the experimental results show that significant improvement in ... |
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| Measurements of Ions Formed in Jet Engine Exhaust Plumes |
23 JUN 94 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
F. L. Eisele; GEORGIA TECH RESEARCH INST ATLANTA ELECTRO-OPTICS ENVIRONMENT AND MATERIALS L AB
|
| An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometer was modified to measure either ion or neutral effluents from a jet engine. The instrument was set up behind an F-15 aircraft at Eglin Air Force Base and measured the ions formed in both the positive and negative spectrum. Since the ion concentrations in the jet plume were quite small and measurement times relatively short, most of the measurements performed were of ions ... |
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| A Comparison of Alternatives to Chromic Acid Anodizing, Tri-Service Committee on Corrosion Proceedings Held in Orlando, Florida on June 21-23 1994 |
JUN 94 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
Stephen J. Spadafora; Frank R. Pepe; TRI-SERVICE COMMITTEE ON CORROSION WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH
|
| Chromic acid anodizing (CAA) is an aluminum surface pretreatment currently used on military aircraft and equipment. Chromium VI, present in this process, is a carcinogen and federal, state and local environmental agencies have implemented legislation which restricts the use of this material. The Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division Warminster investigated several alternatives to CAA including: Sulfuric-Boric Acid Anodize, Sulfuric Acid Anodizing, and Phosphoric Acid Anodizing. Physical performance properties of ... |
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| The Adsorption of Sulfate on Gold(111) in Acidic Aqueous Media: Adlayer Structural Inferences from Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |
FEB 94 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Xiaoping Gao; Michael J. Weaver; Gregory J. Edens; PURDUE UNIV LAFAYETTE IN DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The potential-dependent adsorption of sulfate on ordered Au(111) from acidic aqueous electrolytes has been examined in-situ by means of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and by atomic-resolution scanning microscopy (STM) in order to explore further the nature of the adsorbate bonding and the structural changes attending the formation of the ordered adlayer at high potentials, as observed recently by using STM (ref. 8). Solution conditions that encompassed aqueous sulfuric acid, sulfuric ... |
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| Stainless Steel Surface Treatment. |
04 JAN 1994 |
|
| Authors:
Georgette B. Gaskin; Gabriel J. Pilla; Stanley R. Brown; Robert B. Bonk; DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON DC
|
| A process for preparing a stainless steel surface for bonding to an adhesive is described. First, the surface is wiped with a solvent and then soaked in an alkaline bath at an elevated temperature to remove dirt and grease. The surface is then rinsed with water and immersed in a 135 deg F. to 145 deg F. solution containing from 25 to 35 volume-percent sulfuric acid in water for a ... |
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| Measuring Variation in Ecosystem Sensitivity to Stress |
29 NOV 93 |
84 pages |
| Authors:
John Cairns Jr.; Paul V. McCormick; Matthew E. Arnegard; Eric P. Smith; VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST AND STATE UNIV BLACKSBURG UNIV CENTER FOR ENVIRON- MENTAL/HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STUDIES
|
| This report presents the results of field studies which were designed to investigate the variability in periphyton sensitivity to stress. Chlorine and sulfuric acid were experimentally delivered to periphyton communities using chemical-diffusing substrates. Significant variations in chlorine sensitivity among ecosystems were generally not explained by differences in water quality characteristics, but may be related to differences in the inherent tolerance of algal taxa to chlorine exposure. Periphyton community biomass and ... |
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| Corrosion Inhibition by Electrodeposited Conductive-Polymer Film |
30 OCT 93 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Dale P. Barkey; NEW HAMPSHIRE UNIV DURHAM DEPT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
|
| Conductive polymer coatings were deposited on steel and titanium substrates by electrooxidative polymerization of poly(3-methylthiophene). The properties of the polymer coatings in acidic, basic and chloride containing solutions were evaluated by electroanalytic means, and the effectiveness of the coatings in providing anodic protection of the substrate were evaluated. The polymer contains a reversible couple with an equilibrium, potential near 0.4V positive of Ag/AgCl sat'd KC1. It is effective in passivating ... |
|
| Corrosion Inhibition by Electrodeposited Conductive-Polymer Film |
30 OCT 93 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Dale P. Barkey; NEW HAMPSHIRE UNIV DURHAM DEPT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
|
| Conductive polymer coatings were deposited on steel and titanium substrates by electrooxidative polymerization of poly(3-methylthiophene). The properties of the polymer coatings in acidic, basic and chloride containing solutions were evaluated by electroanalytical means, and the effectiveness of the coatings in providing anodic protection of the substrate were evaluated. The polymer contains a reversible couple with an equilibrium potential near 0.4V positive of Ag/AgCl sat'd KCl. It is effective in passivating ... |
|
| Test and Evaluation of a Pilot System for Ion Exchange Treatment of Cadmium Cyanide Wastes |
SEP 93 |
215 pages |
| Authors:
Richard Bowen; Joyce O'Donnell; Armand Balasco; LITTLE (ARTHUR D) INC CAMBRIDGE MA
|
| Developmental tests were conducted for an ion exchange process developed to treat rinsewaters generated from cadmium cyanide electroplating operations. Results of previous laboratory studies were used as the basis of design for the construction of a pilot-scale system that was installed at the North Island Naval Aviation Depot, San Diego, CA. In this process, a chelating cationic resin in the sodium form is used to remove Cd+2 followed by a ... |
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| A Comparison of Sulfuric Acid/Boric Acid Anodize and Chromic Acid Anodize Processes |
22 JUN 93 |
|
| Authors:
Stephen J. Spadafora; Frank R. Pepe; NAVAL AIR WARFARE CENTER AIRCRAFT DIV WARMINSTER PA AIR VEHICLE AND CREW SYST EMS TECHNOLOGY DEPT
|
| Chromic acid anodizing (CAA) is an aluminum surface pretreatment currently used on Navy aircraft and weapon systems. This anodize process forms a thick oxide film which provides protection against environmental degradation. This is particularly important due to the severely corrosive naval aviation operational environment. Chromium VI, however, is a carcinogen and its wide spread use as a corrosion inhibitor in this process is being restricted. The Navy has targeted chromated ... |
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| In Situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Bisulfate and Sulfate Adsorption on Gold, With and Without the Underpotential Deposition of Copper |
14 APR 93 |
46 pages |
| Authors:
Diane B. Parry; Mahesh G. Samant; H. Seki; Michael R. Philpott; Kevin Ashley; IBM ALMADEN RESEARCH CENTER SAN JOSE CA
|
| In situ surface infrared (IR) spectroelectrochemistry is used to investigate the adsorption of sulfate (SO4(2-)) and bisulfate (HSO(4-)) ions on polycrystalline gold surfaces in sodium sulfate and sulfuric acid, and also during copper underpotential deposition in sulfuric acid medium. In sodium sulfate solution, IR peaks due to surface sulfate and bisulfate are observed at potentials within the double-layer region on gold, and the ratio of IR peak intensities for sulfate ... |
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| Real-Space Formation and Dissipation Dynamics of Hexagonal Reconstruction on Au(100) in Aqueous Media as Explored by Potentiodynamic Scanning Tunneling Microscopy |
APR 93 |
48 pages |
| Authors:
Xiaoping Gao; Gregory J. Edens; Antoinette Hamelin; Michael J. Weaver; PURDUE UNIV LAFAYETTE IN DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The electrode potential-induced formation and dissipation dynamics of the hexagonal ('hex') reconstruction on ordered Au(100) in perchloric and sulfuric acid electrolytes has been studied by means of in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The real-space/real-time evolution of surface structures associated with the potential-dependent hex left and right arrows (1 x 1) phase transition was examined on timescales down to ca 1 s by acquiring STM images during appropriate potential sweeps and ... |
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| Catalytic Agent Degradation on Oxide Films and in Microheterogeneous Solution Systems |
18 FEB 93 |
32 pages |
| Authors:
Michael Gratzel; ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FEDERALE DE LAUSANNE (SWITZERLAND)
|
| Studies over the period January 1990-January 1993 of grant No. DAJA45-90-C-0007 centered principally on investigations of the thermal and/or photolytic degradation of toxic compounds in aqueous solutions containing hydrogen peroxide (as sacrificial oxidant) and Fe(III) salts as catalytic agents. Extensive investigations were carried out on the simulants 4-NPDEP (paraoxon, 4-nitrophenyl diethyl phosphate), 4-NPIPP (4-nitrophenyl isopropyl phenyl phosphinate), DEP (diethyl ethyl phosphonate), NOX (nitro-o-oxylene), TSPAP (thiosulfuric acid-S-(2-diisopropyl amino ethyl)-O-phenylester, 4-NP (4- ... |
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| A Model for Voltammograms of the Under-Potential Deposition of Copper on Solid Gold (111) in the Presence of Bisulfate |
15 JAN 93 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
L. Blum; Dale A. Huckaby; PUERTO RICO UNIV RIO PIEDRAS DEPT OF PHYSICS
|
| A model for the underpotential deposition of Cu on Au(lll) in the presence of H2SO4, was recently proposed. In this model we assumed that the HSO4(-) ions formed a square root of 3 x square root of 3 lattice which produced a honeycomb template for the deposition of the copper. This results in the electrodeposition of about 3/3 of the copper of a monolayer, corresponding to the first peak in ... |
|
| Impedance and Voltammetric Studies of Electrogenerated Polyaniline Conducting Films |
14 DEC 92 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
Giselle Sandi; Petr Vanysek; NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIV DE KALB DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Polyaniline films were electrochemically synthesized from three acidic media; sulfuric, hydrochloric and perchloric acids. Cyclic voltammetry was used in the electrosynthesis and the effects of voltammetric parameters on the properties of the films were investigated. The main tool of film characterization was impedance spectroscopy. Semiautomated plotting of three- dimensional Argand diagrams with potential parameter was used for synoptic view of the system and nonlinear least square data fitting was used ... |
|
| Measuring Variation in Ecosystem Sensitivity to Stress |
28 OCT 92 |
|
| Authors:
John Cairns Jr.; Paul V. McCormick; Eric P. Smith; VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST AND STATE UNIV BLACKSBURG UNIV CENTER FOR ENVIRON- MENTAL/HAZARDOUS MATERIALS STUDIES
|
| The objectives of this study were to develop a method for measuring biological responses to stress in situ and to use this method to evaluate the extent to which stream ecosystems vary their sensitivity to anthropogenic stress. Chemical-diffusing substrates were constructed from tissue culture flasks and ceramic tiles, which provided a surface that was suitable for the growth of stream microorganisms and porous to most chemicals. Static laboratory tests showed ... |
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| A Cloud Chamber Study of the Effect Which Nonprecipitating Clouds Have on the Aerosol Size Distribution |
30 SEP 92 |
50 pages |
| Authors:
G. M. Frick; W. A. Hoppel; J. W. Fitzgerald; B. J. Wattle; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
|
| When an air parcel in the atmosphere passes through a nonprecipitating cloud cycle, a subset of the aerosol population called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) is activated and forms cloud droplets. During the cloud phase, trace gases, such as SO2, are dissolved into the droplets and undergo aqueous-phase chemical reactions, forming low-volatility products, such as sulfates, which remain as residue when the cloud droplets evaporate. The resulting increase in residual mass ... |
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| Synthesis of Aminonitrobenzodifuroxan. |
22 SEP 1992 |
|
| Authors:
Stephen L. Christian; Andrew P. Chafin; Arnold T. Nielsen; Ronald L. Atkins; William P. Norris; DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON DC
|
| Aminonitrobenzodifuroxan (CL-18) is prepared by directly converting pentanitroaniline to aminonitrobenzodifuroxan with heat in the presence of an excess of sodium azide. The pentanitroaniline is prepared in high yield from 3,5-dinitroaniline with a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid in which the final sulfuric acid concentration is from 99.0 to 99.5%. |
|
| Durability of Adhesively Bonded Structure |
31 AUG 92 |
78 pages |
| Authors:
Al E. Hohman; Charles M. Standard; LTV AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE CO DALLAS TX
|
| Two adhesives were exposed to marine atmosphere for a 10-year period. The specimens compared durability of phosphoric acid anodize to sodium dichromate/sulfuric acid (OFPL) surface preparations, each primed with a chromated epoxy primer. Double lap shear specimens were exposed with no load and spring loaded to two stress levels to compare combined corrosion/stress effects. Nondestructive tests were conducted to determine their capability to show delaminations or the presence of corrosion ... |
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| Evaluation of Corrosion Protection Methods for Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites |
09 JUL 92 |
289 pages |
| Authors:
Harold J. Greene; NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER DAHLGREN DIV VA
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| Corrosion protection of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) using anodizing, chromate conversion coating and polymer coatings was investigated. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, DC polarization measurements, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were used. The materials studied included 606 1/SiC, A356/SiC, 2009/SiC, 2014/Al203 and 6061/Al203 in various reinforcement concentrations. The electrochemical behavior of the MMCs without protection was also investigated. MMCs were found to have similar corrosion ... |
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| A Survey: Destruction of Chemical Agent Simulants in Supercritical Water Oxidation |
JUL 92 |
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| Authors:
Michael R. Blank; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH
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| The supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) process exhibits distinct advantages for destruction of toxic waters. Examples of these waters are two chemical agent simulants, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and thiodiglycol (2, 2'-thiodiethanol). DMMP is similar to the nerve agent GB Sarin in structure, and thiodiglycol is a hydrolysis product of the blister agent HD Sulfur Mustard. Both simulants are miscible in water and relatively non-toxic in comparison to the actual chemical agents. ... |
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| Comparison of Different Synthetic Routes for Sulfonation of Polyaniline |
29 JUN 92 |
33 pages |
| Authors:
J. Yue; G. Gordon; A. J. Epstein; PENNSYLVANIA UNIV PHILADELPHIA DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
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| Polyanilines containing sulfonic groups covalently bonded to the back were synthesized from parent polyaniline via sulfonation of the polymer utilizing differing sulfonation agents and differing means. The sulfonation conditions were studied as a function of several parameters including sulfonation time, starting forms of the precursor polymer, presence of oxidizer, ((NH4)2S2O8), and temperature. The sulfonated polyanilines were characterized by FTIR, elemental analyses, DC conductivity and electrochemical methods. It was found that ... |
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| Real Time Investigations of the Polymerization of 2-Pentadecyl Aniline on the Langmuir Blodgett Trough |
19 MAY 92 |
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| Authors:
H. C. Zhou; R. S. Duran; FLORIDA UNIV GAINESVILLE DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
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| The monomer, 2-pentadecyl aniline, was spread at air-aqueous interfaces to produce stable monolayer films. Its surface pressure and surface potential isotherms are discussed. Polymerization of 2-pentadecyl aniline confined to a monolayer with a Langmuir trough was also studied. By using the trough itself as an instrument to probe the polymerization, the effects of initiator concentration and subphase acid concentration on the polymerization reaction are discussed. |
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| Protonation of Cobalt Tetraneopentoxyphthalocyanine as a Function of Oxidation State |
03 MAR 92 |
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| Authors:
P. A. Bernstein; A. B. Lever; YORK UNIV TORONTO (ONTARIO) DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
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| The protonation of cobalt tetraneopentoxy-phthalocyanine (CoTNPc) has been studies as a function of the oxidation state of this species. Data are reported for phthalocyanine cobalt (I), cobalt (II), and cobalt (III) cation radical species, usually dissolved in dichlorobenzene (DCB). Up to four stepwise protonation processes were observed using trifluoroacetic (TFAA), hydrochloric or sulphuric acid. These were followed by recording the electronic spectra of these species as a function of acid ... |
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SULFURIC ACID
