| Metal Residue Deposition from Military Pyrotechnic Devices and Field Sampling Guidance |
May 2012 |
127 pages |
| Authors:
Jay L Clausen; Julie Richardson; Nic Korte; Nancy Perron; Susan Taylor; Anthony Bednar; Andrew Bray; Patricia Tuminello; William Jones; Shawna Tazik; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
 | Pyrotechnic devices used at military installations as part of routine training activities contain metals such as aluminum, antimony, barium, boron, cerium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, strontium, titanium, tungsten, zirconium, and zinc. The US Army's Military Munitions Response Program (MMRP) is responsible for determining whether this use of pyrotechnic devices resulted in an environmental impact because of exceedance of acceptable risk standards. This study examined the metals ... |
|
| Operational Lessons Learned in the Korean War |
01 Dec 2011 |
60 pages |
| Authors:
Dale B Woodhouse; ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLL FORT LEAVENWORTH KS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED MILITARY STUDIES
|
| More than 60 years since the outbreak of war on the Korean Peninsula, U.S. Armed Forces continue to stand by the soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines of the Republic of Korea in an effort to deter further North Korean aggression. The purpose of this monograph is to capture operational lessons learned during the Korean War that should be taken into consideration by operational planners as they prepare for future conflict ... |
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| Greenland Inland Traverse (GrIT): 2010 Mobility Performance and Implications |
Oct 2011 |
51 pages |
| Authors:
James H Lever; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| The National Science Foundation initiated the Greenland Inland Traverse (GrIT) to resupply science stations at NEEM and Summit via over-snow transport. The inaugural traverse in 2008, while successful, encountered mobility problems owing to steep slopes along the first 60 miles, soft snow along much of the route, and higher than expected towing resistance of the fuel sleds. With our guidance, GrIT implemented several changes to improve performance in 2010, and ... |
|
| Trends and Implications of Climate Change for National and International Security |
Oct 2011 |
175 pages |
| Authors:
DEFENSE SCIENCE BOARD WASHINGTON DC
|
| This report describes observable climate change and its consequences. It does not attempt to address the complex and controversial set of causes, nor does it offer recommendations on the possibility of changing the pace or scope of climate change. Instead, the focus is on the need to manage consequences. To that end, this report describes evidence of impacts over recent decades while recognizing uncertainty about the pace of future changes. ... |
|
| Reforming Disaster and Emergency Response |
24 Mar 2011 |
32 pages |
| Authors:
Mark D Johnson; ARMY WAR COLL STRATEGIC STUDIES INST CARLISLE BARRACKS PA
|
| Over the past two decades, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has focused too much on day-to-day disasters, from snow storms to forest fires, tripling the number of disaster declarations and overstretching its resources. During this time, FEMA has been federalizing routine natural disasters that had historically been handled entirely by state and local governments. Congress and the Administration should focus on lessening the role of the federal government in ... |
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| Paint Pavement Marking Performance Prediction Model That Includes the Impacts of Snow Removal Operations |
MAR 2011 |
68 pages |
| Authors:
Dale Mull; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
|
| The results of this research effort were captured in two manuscripts drafted for publication in peer reviewed journals. The first manuscript validated a previously published model with an expanded data set, updated service life predictions for painted pavement markings using recently released pavement marking retroreflectivity minimums, and incorporated recent cost data to evaluate two alternative methods of compliance with the new retroreflectivity minimums for two-lane roads. The second manuscript developed ... |
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| The Battle for Hill 3234: Last Ditch Defense in the Mountains of Afghanistan |
Jan 2011 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Lester W Grau; FOREIGN MILITARY STUDIES OFFICE (ARMY) FORT LEAVENWORTH KS
|
| There is something about a defensive fight by an outnumbered small unit that stirs national pride and interest. The Russians have the Battle for Hill 3234, a small, bitterly contested mountain fight that was a near-run thing, yet part of one of the most successful operations of the Soviet-Afghan War -- Operation Magistral. Indeed, this combat by an under-strength 39-man paratrooper company has inspired the popular movie and computer game ... |
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| Deicing Challenges & Solutions |
01 Dec 2010 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Mary Wyderski; AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS CENTER WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH
|
| This keynote speech will consist of a general overview of U.S. military's recent efforts to develop new aircraft and runway deicing technologies that will reduce impact on ecosystems; issues and challenges the military has faced in this area; teaming arrangements formed to effectively meet these challenges; and environmental, operational and safety drivers impacting military deicing operations. Over the past several years, the environmental and operational issues associated with deicing activities ... |
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| Hand Grenade Residuals (Environmental Security Technology Certification Program) |
Jun-2009 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
Steven L Larson; W A Martin; Deborah R Felt; Jeffrey L Davis; Catherine C Nestier; Gene L Fabian; Gregory O'Connor; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
|
| The Department of Defense operates hundreds of hand grenade ranges for training purposes. The majority of hand grenades used at fixed position ranges are fragmentation grenades that are typically composed of a steel shell and composition B explosive material. Measurable explosive levels have been observed in hand grenade range soils at levels in the low parts per billion up to percent levels. Previous attempts to measure hand grenade residues have ... |
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| United States and Mongolia Conduct Exercise Gobi Wolf (CSL Issue Paper, Volume 5-09, June 2009) |
Jun-2009 |
5 pages |
| Authors:
Bradshaw; Arthur L Jr; ARMY WAR COLL CARLISLE BARRACKS PA CENTER FOR STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP
|
| Cooperation between the United States and Mongolia has developed dynamically since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1987. Today Mongolia and the United States share a growing and strong cooperative partnership based on shared values, a commitment to democracy and a free-market economy, and the global war against terrorism. To that end the two nations are partnering in several areas to expand expertise and training to Mongolia as it reconfigures ... |
|
| Cold Regions: Materiel Effects |
22-Sep-2008 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
ARMY COLD REGIONS TEST CENTER FORT GREELY AK
|
| This Test Operations Procedure (TOP) provides background information on testing of military systems for operation in the cold regions. Information is presented on the effects of the cold environment on materiel and Military Systems. Materiel covered includes tank/automotive systems, weapons, soldier systems, support equipment, communications and information systems equipment, and small arms. This is an overview TOP and is organized to provide knowledge on what material effects can be expected ... |
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| Assessment of Superstructural Ice Protection as Applied to Offshore Oil Operations Safety |
01-Sep-2008 |
155 pages |
| Authors:
Charles C Ryerson; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Superstructure sea spray icing and atmospheric icing from snow, freezing rain, freezing drizzle, rime, sleet, and frost reduce the safety of offshore platform and supply boat operations. Though icing reduces safety and reduces operational efficiency, it has not caused the loss of offshore platforms. Supply boats are at greater risk of loss from icing than are platforms. Platforms operating in cold regions are protected primarily by designs that reduce ice ... |
|
| Guest Editorial: Cryospheric Science and Engineering |
Jan-2008 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
Mary R Albert; Cathleen A Geiger; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| This Special Issue of Cold Regions Science and Technology contains a sampling of papers that were presented at the Cryospheric Science and Engineering Symposium held at the U.S. Army ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab in Hanover, NH on 19 October 2006. The Symposium brought together cold regions engineers and scientists to share results on topics spanning many cold regions issues. Some of the topics have been important endeavors ... |
|
| Cold Regions: Instrumentation Operation and Use. Test Operations Procedure (TOP) 1-1-004 |
10 OCT 2007 |
13 pages |
| Authors:
ARMY COLD REGIONS TEST CENTER FORT GREELY AK
|
| This Test Operating Procedure (TOP) provides background information on the problems and adaptations associated with instrumentation, photographic, and video equipment required for conducting tests in cold regions. Basic information and procedures are presented as general guidelines to planning and using instrumentation systems for cold environments. Further information regarding cold temperature effects is contained in Army Material Command Pamphlet (AMCP) 706-116, Engineering Design Handbook, Environmental Series, Part Two, Natural Environmental Factors, ... |
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| Propellant Residues Deposition from Small Arms Munitions |
SEP 2007 |
43 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; Marianne E. Walsh; Susan R. Bigl; Nancy M. Perron; Dennis J. Lambert; Alan D. Hewitt; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Military live-fire training missions utilize a variety of energetic materials that are never completely consumed during firing. In February 2007, the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory teamed with the Vermont National Guard at Camp Ethan Allen to conduct tests to determine the propellant residues deposition related to the firing of small arms. Samples were collected from the snow surface at the firing points for 5.56-, 7.62-, 9-, ... |
|
| Explosives Residues Resulting from the Detonation of Common Military Munitions: 2002-2006 |
FEB 2007 |
30 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Detonation of military munitions from live-fire and blow-in-place operations results in the deposition of explosives residues on training ranges. Residue accumulation may cause range availability restrictions and adversely affect training. As part of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and through support from the U. S. Army Garrison, Alaska, methodologies were developed for the sampling and analysis of residues. Several munitions were detonated and their residues examined to obtain ... |
|
| Solutions Analysis for Helicopter Brownout |
OCT 2006 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Lee Anderson; Pete Doty; Manuel Griego; Ken Timko; Brian Hermann; John Colombi; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH CENTER FOR SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
|
| This briefing applies systems engineering to the question of how to safely perform a vertical landing when you can't see outside due to recirculating dust/snow. |
|
| Settlement of a Foundation on a Permanent, Deep Snowpack |
FEB 2006 |
42 pages |
| Authors:
George L. Blaisdell; Jason C. Weale; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The U.S. Antarctic Program is nearing completion of a nine-year project to reconstruct its primary facility at the South Pole. The new building is elevated and jackable to accommodate bulk and differential settlement into the snowpack. The building's foundation consists of rigidly connected grade beams from which 36 columns extend upward 13 ft (4 m) to support the state-of-the-art living and scientific facility. A limit of 2 in. (50 mm) ... |
|
| Electro-Optical Aerosol Phase Function Database PFNDAT2005 |
NOV 2005 |
58 pages |
| Authors:
Richard C. Shirkey; David H. Tofsted; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM
|
| The Phase Function Database (PFNDAT) 2005 consists of a series of wavelength dependent phase functions, single scattering albedos, extinction coefficients, and asymmetry parameters of ten naturally occurring and four manmade aerosols along with brief descriptions of the scattering parameters, concentrations, and aerosol size distribution characteristics. The naturally occurring aerosols consist of maritime, urban, rural, tropospheric, fog, rain, snow, and dust aerosols; a wind-lofted desert aerosol; and the Navy aerosol model. ... |
|
| National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report to Congress: An Integrated Assessment |
2005 |
98 pages |
| Authors:
Tamara Saltman; Robert Cook; Mark Fenn; Richard Haeuber; Bryan Bloomer; Chris Eagar; Tom Huntington; B.J. Cosby; Ann Watkins; Sandy McLaughlin; EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT WASHINGTON DC NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL
|
| Acid deposition, more commonly known as acid rain, occurs when emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react in the atmosphere (with water, oxygen, and oxidants) to form various acidic compounds. These acidic compounds then fall to earth in either a wet form (rain, snow, and fog) or a dry form (gases, aerosols, and particles). Prevailing winds transport the acidic compounds hundreds of miles, often across state and ... |
|
| The Effects of Vegetation on the Dynamic State of the Ground |
DEC 2004 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
Susan Frankenstein; George Koenig; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The Battlespace Terrain Reasoning and Awareness (BTRA) research program edict for the Future Combat System(s) (FCS) is to "provide warfighters with an accurate and timely understanding of the battlespace environment's effect on personnel, platforms, sensors and systems in order to develop improved tactics, techniques, procedures and plans that insure information superiority and situational awareness" (R. Davis, ERDCCRREL, personal communication). BTRA is developing tools which will be embedded in DTSS (Digital ... |
|
| Proceedings of the Siberian Polarization Workshop (SibPol 2004) (3rd) held 7-9 September 2004 in Surgut, Russia |
01 NOV 2004 |
252 pages |
| Authors:
DELFT UNIV OF TECHNOLOGY (NETHERLANDS)
|
| This document contains the Final Proceedings for the Third Siberian Polarization Workshop (Sibpol 2004), which was held on 7-9 September 2004. The workshop's 34 papers focused on the following topics: (1) polarization of electromagnetic waves at reflection and scattering by complex objects; (2) vector processing of optical signals; (3) polarization characteristics of signals in radar, radio navigation, and communication systems; and (4) polarization radar. A partial listing of titles follows: ... |
|
| Mobility of Cargo Trains during Year Two of the Proof-of-Concept South Pole Traverse |
NOV 2004 |
55 pages |
| Authors:
J. H. Lever; J. C. Weale; R. G. Alger; G. L. Blaisdell; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The U.S. Antarctic Program is conducting a proof-of-concept traverse to haul heavy cargo 1600 km from McMurdo Station to South Pole Station. During the 2003-04 season (year two), the tractor-trains experienced poor mobility over undisturbed snow on the Ross Ice Shelf. despite relatively low sled ski pressures and encouraging results of pre-departure tests conducted on the McMurdo Ice Shelf. To understand why, we conducted expedient mobility tests, snow-strength measurements, and ... |
|
| Field Sampling Tools for Explosives Residues Developed at CRREL |
APR 2004 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Characterization of active military ranges is critical to the sustainability of training lands for the United States Military. An important element in this characterization is the determination of explosives residues resulting from both live fire and disposal of dudded munitions on these ranges. The U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory has developed a suite of tools for use in sampling for residues in both soils and snow. These ... |
|
| Calculations of Inhomogeneous Ground Effects in Outdoor Sound Propagation Using the Boundary Element Method (BEM) |
APR 2004 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Donald G. Albert; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| This report summarizes the results of a study to calculate the effect of inhomogeneous ground impedance on acoustic wave propagation. The boundary element method was used to investigate the effect of snow or bare ground patches along the acoustic propagation path. This method can be used to calculate the effect of inhomogeneities in the propagation medium with a relatively small computational effort compared to many other methods (for example, the ... |
|
| Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (FP-XRF) Determinations of Metals in Post-Blast Ordnance Residues |
MAR 2004 |
33 pages |
| Authors:
Marianne E. Walsh; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Field-portable X-ray fluorescence (FP-XRF) analyzers, such as the Niton 700, provide rapid, on-site analyses for a variety of elements. FP-XRF was used to determine metals in post-blast ordnance residue that was deposited on snow, which provided large collection surfaces that were free of soil particles. The ordnance items included M67 hand grenades, 40-mm grenades, 60-mm and 81-mm mortar projectiles, 105-mm howitzer projectiles, claymore mines, and C4 demo blocks with M6 ... |
|
| Flightfax: Army Aviation Risk-Management Information. Volume 31, Number 12, December 2003 |
DEC 2003 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
ARMY SAFETY CENTER FORT RUCKER AL
|
| This issue of Flightfax contains the following contributions: DASAF's Corner -- Safety Success in Korea: Leadership in Action reviews the aviation safety strategies in place in Korea that keep the accident rate there lower than in the Army at large; FY03 Aviation Safety Performance Review provides accident statistics for four helicopters and fixed wing aircraft; STACOMs are Back! provides trend information for the standardization of aircrew training programs that has ... |
|
| Study of The Physical Mechanisms of Ice Adhesion |
20 OCT 2003 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
Victor F. Petrenko; THAYER SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING HANOVER NH
|
| In this research we have investigated main physical mechanisms of ice adhesion and have developed several novel deicing and anti-icing methods. The following mechanisms of ice adhesion have been studied experimentally and theoretically: 1) electrostatic interactions between the electrical charge at the ice surface and the charge induced on a solid substrate; 2) hydrogen bonding between water molecules and substrate atoms; and 3) Liftshitz-van der Waals (LVW) dispersion forces. Using ... |
|
| MISR Cloud Detection over Ice and Snow Based on Linear Correlation Matching |
SEP 2003 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Tao Shi; Bin Yu; Amy Braverman; CALIFORNIA UNIV BERKELEY DEPT OF STATISTICS
|
| Cloud detection is a crucial step in any climate modelling or prediction. Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer "MISR" was launched in 1999 by NASA to provide 9 angle and 4 band data to retrieve or estimate the cloud height and hence cloud detection. However, cloud detection even with MISR data has been proven very difficult over ice and snow. In this paper, we bypass the cloud height estimation step to directly tackle ... |
|
| Early Warning Flood Stage Monitoring Equipment |
APR 2003 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Christopher Williams; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Communities built along both large and small rivers can be threatened by flooding and the associated potential for loss of life and personal property. whether resulting front heavy rains, snowmelt, ice jams, or combinations of these, flooding can occur unpredictably and without warning. An advanced early flood warning system could prevent fatalities and loss of personal property. The Engineering Resources Branch of the Engineer Research and Development Center's Cold Regions ... |
|
| Army Aircraft Icing |
SEP 2002 |
128 pages |
| Authors:
Lindamae Peck; Charles C. Ryerson; C. J. Martel; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Icing is among aviation's most serious weather hazards because it renders aircraft unflyable before flight and severely reduces aircraft performance within flight. Army aviation is vulnerable to icing, which occurs most frequently at lower altitudes, and which generally has the greatest impact upon small fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters that fly slowly and low. Icing causes mission delays during ground deicing of aircraft and mission cancellations and abortions because of forecast ... |
|
| Outdoor Testing of Type I Fluids in Snow |
SEP 2002 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Arlene Beisswenger; Nathalie Gagne; Jean-Louis Laforte; UNIVERSITE DU QUEBEC A CHICOUTIMI ANTI-ICING MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL LAB
|
| Outdoor testing of five SAE Type I ground aircraft deicing fluids were conducted for natural snow in Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada, between January and March 2002. These tests were performed using aluminum boxes which were shown to be thermodynamically equivalent to a wing leading edge coated with fluid. For these tests, the boxes were coated with 0.5 L of Type I fluid heated to 60C and applied to the test surface ... |
|
| Cooling of Hands and Fingers Wetted by Snow |
APR 2002 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
Hannu Rintamaeki; Tero Maekinen; Sirkka Rissanen; Juha Oksa; Art Peitso; INSTITUTE OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OULU (FINLAND)
|
| While working with bare hands in winter, hands and fingers get often contact with loose snow. The snow then attaches to the skin and melts quickly, which causes rapid cooling. However, the effect of snow cooling is not quantified. In this study the effect of ca. 2s immersion of hand into pulverized snow on subsequent hand and finger temperatures at - 10 deg C and 2.0 m/s wind were studied. ... |
|
| A Multi-Parameter Snow Sounding Probe |
14 MAR 2002 |
62 pages |
| Authors:
Robert L. Foster; Kelly Clifford; Bryan Manning; Michael Y. Louge; CAPACITEC INC AYER MA
|
| Vertical soundings of the snowpack are essential diagnostic tools for snow hydrologists and avalanche forecasters. Hydrologists require quantitative profiles of snow density from which they can infer the total amount of snow coverage in a region. Because variations in altitude and terrain can result in widely different coverage, they must dig a relatively large number of pits or extract and weigh many core samples to estimate the snow water equivalent ... |
|
| Isotope and Chemical Compositions of Meteoric and Thermal Waters and Snow From the Greater Yellowstone National Park Region |
2002 |
76 pages |
| Authors:
Yousif K. Kharaka; James J. Thordsen; Lloyd D. White; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MENLO PARK CA
|
| An intensive hydrogeologic investigation, mandated by U.S. Congress and centered on the Norris-Mammoth corridor was conducted by USGS and other scientists during 1988-90 to determine the effects of using thermal water from a private well located in the Corwin Springs Known Geothermal Resources Area, Montana, on the thermal springs of Yellowstone National Park (YNP), especially Mammoth Hot Springs. As part of this investigation, we carried out a detailed study of ... |
|
| Distribution and Fate of Energetics on DoD Test and Training Ranges |
SEP 2001 |
79 pages |
| Authors:
Judith C. Pennington; Thomas F. Jenkins; Thomas A. Ranney; Marianne E. Walsh; Alan D. Hewitt; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
|
| The current state of knowledge concerning the nature and extent of residual explosives contamination on military testing and firing ranges is inadequate to ensure management of these facilities as sustainable resources. The objective of this project is to develop techniques for assessing the potential for enviromnental impacts from energetic materials on testing and training ranges; methods for defining the physical and chemical properties, concentration, and distribution of energetics and residuals ... |
|
| The Micromechanisms of Flow and Fracture of Ice |
JUL 2001 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Ian Baker; THAYER SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING HANOVER NH
|
| The overall goals of this work were to relate the microstructure, including the defect structure and impurity content and location, to the mechanical and physical properties of ice. Research focused on determining the structure and microstructural location of impurities in natural ice using a scanning electron microscope equipped with a cold stage and x-ray microanalysis. Thus, for the first time, the microstructure and microchemistry of pond and river ice was ... |
|
| Anti-Icing Endurance Time Tests of Two Certified SAE Type 1 Aurcraft Deicing Fluids |
APR 2001 |
68 pages |
| Authors:
Kathy Bouchard; Jean-Louis Laforte; Arlene Beisswenger; QUEBEC UNIV CHICOUTIMI
|
| This report presents the results of Anti-Icing Endurance Time (AET) tests performed with unsheared samples of two certified SAE Type I aircraft deicing fluids from September 5 to October 15, 1999, at the Anti-Icing Materials International Laboratory (AMIL). Over 100 tests, including 25 calibration and 50 fluid tests, were conducted at various temperatures and icing intensities, under the six environmental conditions addressed in the holdover time (HOT) guidelines published by ... |
|
| Physical and Chemical Factors Affecting Contaminant Hydrology in Cold Environments |
DEC 2000 |
37 pages |
| Authors:
Steven A. Grant; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH EXPERIMENTAL ENGINEERING DIV
|
| This report surveys some of the physical and chemical effects of cold temperatures that should be considered when developing a contaminant-transport model. This discussion begins with a working definition of cold regions for the purpose of contaminant hydrology modeling: an area with appreciable frozen ground and with a substantial fraction of the annual precipitation falling as snow. The chemical thermodynamics of geochemical solutions below 0 deg C is then reviewed. ... |
|
| Development and Validation of Improved Techniques for Cloud Property Retrieval from Environmental Satellites |
17 NOV 2000 |
53 pages |
| Authors:
Gary B. Gustafson; Robert P. d'Entrement; ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INC LEXINGTON MA
|
| A basic research program was conducted for the Air Force Research Laboratory, consisting of three tasks: (1) develop extensible cloud property retrieval algorithms suitable for expanding existing cloud analysis capabilities to utilize data from new and future environmental satellite sensing systems; (2) develop advanced algorithms for retrieval of cloud properties that are insufficiently resolved to satisfy Air Force requirements using existing techniques; and (3) validate cloud property retrieval algorithms using ... |
|
| Unified Retrieval of Cloud Properties, Atmospheric Profiles, and SurfaceParameters from Combined DMSP Imager and Sounder Data |
01 MAY 2000 |
60 pages |
| Authors:
Ronald G. Isaacs; Sid Boukabara; Jennifer Hegarty; Chris Lietzke; Richard Lynch; ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INC CAMBRIDGE MA
|
| The main objective of the proposed study was to investigate the complementary information provided by microwave and infrared sensors in order toenhance both the microwave retrieval and the current cloud analysis. This primary task investigated and assessed the impact of incorporating cloud horizontal and vertical spatial distribution information on the performance and accuracy of simultaneous physical retrievals of atmospheric profiles from microwave sensors. The second task explored additional attributes of ... |
|
| Results of Holdover Time Testing of Type IV Anti-Icing Fluids With the Improved NCAR Artificial Snow Generation System |
DEC 1999 |
44 pages |
| Authors:
Roy M. Rasmussen; Allan Hills; Scott Landolt; Charlie Knight; NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH BOULDER CO
|
| This report discusses improvements to the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) artificial snow generation machine and the results of anti-icing fluid testing with the improved machine. The improvements include: (1) improved control of snowfall rate, (2) development of an integrated frosticator plate/snow mass measuring system, (3) automatic control and recording of the experiment, and (4) direct control of the frosticator plate temperature through an ... |
|
| Ventilating Cathedral Ceilings to Prevent Problematic Icings at Their Eaves |
SEP 1999 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Wayne Tobiasson; Thomas Tantillo; James Buska; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Building heat from an unventilated steep-slope roof system can cause bottom melting of snow on that roof's surface. This often creates icicles, ice dams, leaks and structural damage at cold eaves. A prior study of attics showed that, to minimize such problems, attic ventilation systems should be sized to keep the underside of the roof below freezing when it is 22 F (-5.6C) outside. When it is colder than that, ... |
|
| A Synopsis and Comparison of Selected Snowmelt Algorithms |
JUL 1999 |
23 pages |
| Authors:
Rae A. Melloh; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| One-dimensional snowpack algorithms in major operational snowmelt models used in the United States (HEC-1, SSARR, NWSRFS, SRM, and PRMS) are reviewed and contrasted with two U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) algorithms (SNTHERM and SNAP) that are candidates for use in distributed operational models. In contrast to current operational models, the CRREL algorithms provide more detail in snowpack processes and require no calibration. The CRREL algorithms also ... |
|
| Survey of Nonglycol and Reduced Glycol Aircraft Deicing Methods |
APR 1999 |
67 pages |
| Authors:
Jeremy Cornish; Frank Eyre; INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT MONTREAL (CANADA)
|
| This survey of no glycol and low-glycol aircraft deicing practices, methods, and procedures used by the world's airlines, including cargo carriers, was conducted under contract to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) william J. Hughes Technical Center. A representative sample of 80 of the world's airlines and airports with operations under winter ground icing conditions were surveyed by mail for their experience with no glycol or reduced-glycol deicing methods. Twenty-five responded ... |
|
| The CRREL South Pole Tunneling System |
JAN 1999 |
29 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Facilities operations in a polar ice cap environment present many challenges. Coping with the temperatures, associated wind chills, darkness during the long winter months, and blowing and drifting snow all hamper installation, maintenance, and repair. For over 40 years, the concept of using tunnels for utilities and personnel has been tried with mixed results. In 1991, the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory initiated a project to design, ... |
|
| Development of a Method to Test Holdover Times of Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids in a Cold Room Using Artificially Generated Snow |
JAN 1999 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Roy M. Rasmussen; Charlie Knight; Allan Hills; NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH BOULDER CO
|
| A new method to test deicing fluids under laboratory conditions has been successfully demonstrated. This method generates artificial snow by grinding an ice core fed into a horizontally oriented rotating drill bit. The system is capable of producing snowfall rates from 5 to 50 gm/dm(exp 2)/hr over the area of a 30- x 50-cm frosticator plate. Since the snowfall rate can be accurately controlled, other variables such as temperature and ... |
|
| Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology. Volume 52. Part 1 |
DEC 1998 |
368 pages |
| Authors:
R. W. Goldblatt; C. Minkus; O. K. Radford; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| The Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology was first published in 1951 and is a continuing publication of the Cold Regions Bibliography Project (CRBP) in the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. It is sponsored by and prepared for the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (formerly Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Volumes 1-15 were issued as the Bibliography ... |
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| Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology. Volume 52. Part 2 |
DEC 1998 |
651 pages |
| Authors:
R. W. Goldblatt; C. Minkus; O. K. Radford; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| The Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology was first published in 1951 and is a continuing publication of the Cold Regions Bibliography Project (CRBP) in the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. It is sponsored by and prepared for the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (formerly Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Volumes 1-15 were issued as the Bibliography ... |
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| Diurnal Patterns in the Persistence of "Thin-Layers" of Marine Snow, Zooplankton and Turbulent Microstructure in Coastal Waters |
30 SEP 1998 |
5 pages |
| Authors:
Alice L. Alldredge; Sally MacIntyre; CALIFORNIA UNIV SANTA BARBARA MARINE SCIENCE INST
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| Recent evidence indicates that large detrital aggregates, known as marine snow, are highly concentrated at pycnoclines and other density discontinuities in the water column due to turbulence, shear, and reduced sinking rates as settling aggregates encounter layers of higher density (MacIntyre et al, 1995). The characteristics of these thin layers of high aggregate abundance and their impacts on the distributions of phytoplankton, microbes, and zooplankton in the water column are ... |
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