| Aquatic Toxicity of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-Triazol-5-One |
Sep-2009 |
29 pages |
| Authors:
Mark V Haley; Ronald T Checkai; Roman G Kuperman; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR
|
 | 3-Nitro-l,2,4-triazol-5-onc (NTO) is an explosive developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1984. The thermal decomposition characteristics of NTO, including calculated detonation velocity and pressure, are similar to those of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX); however, NTO is less sensitive and more stable. Little or no open literature is available about the environmental toxicity of NTO and understanding of potential ecological impacts of its accidental release into aquatic ecosystems is necessary prior ... |
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| Hand Grenade Residuals (Environmental Security Technology Certification Program) |
Jun-2009 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
Steven L Larson; W A Martin; Deborah R Felt; Jeffrey L Davis; Catherine C Nestier; Gene L Fabian; Gregory O'Connor; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
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| The Department of Defense operates hundreds of hand grenade ranges for training purposes. The majority of hand grenades used at fixed position ranges are fragmentation grenades that are typically composed of a steel shell and composition B explosive material. Measurable explosive levels have been observed in hand grenade range soils at levels in the low parts per billion up to percent levels. Previous attempts to measure hand grenade residues have ... |
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| Understanding the Plasma-Propellant Interaction through Experimental Modeling |
08-May-2009 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
Rik Blumenthal; AUBURN UNIV AL
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| The goal of the project was to develop an understanding of the plasma-propellant interaction, specifically the ignition of RDX by ETC. Based on experimental results a model of ETC ignition was developed in which ignition occurs through a process that resembles that of a primary explosive more than a secondary explosive. In this process, hydrogen ions in the ETC igniter plasma implant into the RDX surface are rapidly neutralized. The ... |
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| Sensitivity Analysis of QSAR Models for Assessing Novel Military Compounds |
Jan-2009 |
43 pages |
| Authors:
Igor Linkov; Jay L Clausen; Erin Bennett; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Reliable estimates of physical and biochemical properties of novel energetic compounds are essential before making the investment to synthesize, scale-up, and manufacture a new material for use in either military or civilian applications. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) software tools are available for predicting the physicochemical properties and environmental impacts of these emerging materials. The uncertainty and variability in melting point, solubility, half-lives, and related properties as a means of determining ... |
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| Promising New High-Explosives: Triaminoguanidinium (TAG) and Dinitramide (DN) Salts |
Dec-2008 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas M Klapoetke; Norbert Mayr; Joerg Stierstorfer; LUDWIG-MAXIMILIANS UNIV MUNICH (GERMANY) DEPT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
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| High nitrogen energetic materials with astonishing thermal behaviors and performances were synthesized by different metathesis reactions. Particularly the new compound triaminoguanidinium 1-methyl-5-nitriminotetrazolate (TAG-1 Me-AtNO2, 4) shows great explosion performance and may be an alternative to commonly used and toxic RDX. An improved synthesis for the promising energetic compound 4 is also presented. The new compound TAG2-OD (trianinoguanidinium 3,3'-bis-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-onate, 7) with an N-content of 60% and a relatively low isobaric (20 ... |
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| Reversible Polymer Hydrogels |
Dec-2008 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
V M Boddu; N Naismith; H Patel; R C Flowers; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
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| Temperature sensitive hydrogels based on N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPA) and acryloyl glucosamine (AG) were synthesized using ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator, N,N,N',N' -tetramethylenediamene (TEMED) as activator, and N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (BIS) as cross-linker. The hydrogels were characterized using FTIR spectral analysis to investigate the chemical composition of the hydrogels. Swelling studies of the gel in water at room temperature to relate the swelling characteristics to the chemical composition were conducted. Further, the ... |
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| Common Trends in the Relationships Between Chemical and Physical Properties and Molecular Structure of Nitramine, Cage Nitramine, and Nitroaromatic Energetics |
Dec-2008 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Mohammad Qasim; Jerzy Leszczynski; Leonid Gorb; Minori Uchimiya; Brett Moore; Lyssa Taylor; Matthew Middleton; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
|
| Chemical and physical properties of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives were related to their molecular structure with the objective of predicting types, sites and rates of reactivity as well as prediction of transformation intermediate and final products, stability, and toxicity potential. Understanding these relationships is intrinsic to the development of computational chemistry (CC) protocols for basic research into new compounds as well as for specific applications to military sites. Our comparisons ... |
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| From the Theory of Chemical Lasers to the Spectra of High-Energy Density Materials Higher Order Conical Interactions Play a Key Role |
30-Nov-2008 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
David R Yarkony; JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV BALTIMORE MD DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Our AFOSR funded work has included both the development of new computational tools to determine photoelectron spectra within the time independent multimode vibronic coupling model, and the use of those tools, and techniques developed as part of other funded research, to determine photoelectron spectra for the selected azolides, anion precursors of the radical species, (CH)mN5_m, forw = 0-4. These anions have been suggested as components of ionic liquids and have ... |
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| Quantitative Study of the Effects of Chemical Additives in Propellant Flames |
02-Nov-2008 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
Terrill A Cool; CORNELL UNIV ITHACA NY OFFICE OF SPONSORED PROGRAMS
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| This research addresses perceived needs of the U.S. Army in the development and use of biodiesel fuels and in the combustion chemistry of small cyclic nitramines. Studies are described of the chemistry of simple methyl and ethyl esters chosen as surrogates for the long chain mono-alkyl esters that are primary constituents of biodiesel fuels. The principal goal of these studies is the elucidation of the reaction mechanisms responsible for observed ... |
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| Groundwater Chemistry and Microbial Ecology Effects on Explosives Biodegradation |
01-Sep-2008 |
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| Authors:
Mark E Fuller; Robert J Steffan; SHAW ENVIRONMENTAL INC LAWRENCEVILLE NJ
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 | The overall goal of this project was to gain a better understanding of the microbial ecology of explosives compound biodegradation in groundwater. Deciphering which organisms are involved with explosives degradation under various in situ conditions could lead to better diagnostic and monitoring tools for bioremediation of energetics based on biomarkers, as well as lead to better conceptual and predictive models. Initially, the scope of this project included most of the ... |
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| Role of Myelofibrosis in Hematotoxicity of Munition RDX Environmental Degradation Product MNX |
Sep-2008 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
Sharon A Meyer; LOUISIANA UNIV AT MONROE
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| The purpose of this research is to determine mechanisms through which hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine (MNX) environmental degradation product of high energetic munition hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX) causes persistent anemia in the rat. We have hypothesized MNX targets hematopoeitic stem cells and like other myelosuppressive chemicals will be fibrogenic to the bone marrow. Findings of this period are: 1) detection of extramedullary hematopoiesis in support of the hypothesis that RDX is toxic to hematopoietic bone marrow ... |
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| Energetic Residues and Crater Geometries from the Firing of 120-mm High-Explosive Mortar Projectiles into Eagle River Flats, June 2007 |
01-Jul-2008 |
62 pages |
| Authors:
Susan Taylor; Marianne E Walsh; Charles M Collins; Michael R Walsh; Charles A Ramsey; Susan R Bigl; Ronald N Bailey; Alan D Hewitt; Mark Prieksat; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Fourteen 120-mm high-explosive mortar projectiles were fired into the Eagle River Flats (ERF) impact area in June 2007 to determine physical disturbance of the mudflat when it is not covered by ice. Currently, ERF is used only when it is covered by ice that prevents disturbance of the underlying sediment. Thirteen of the projectiles functioned normally and produced high-order detonations. The high order detonation craters averaged 2.7 m in diameter ... |
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| Experimental Investigation of the Role of Defects in Detonation Sensitivity of Energetic Materials: Development of Techniques for Characterization |
04-Mar-2008 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
Craig J Eckhardt; NEBRASKA UNIV LINCOLN
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| A report of the activity related to the research on the role of defects and electronic structure on the sensitivity of energetic materials detonation. |
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| Anaerobic Treatment of Wastewaters Containing Perchlorate from Munitions Handling and Production |
01-Jan-2008 |
87 pages |
| Authors:
Emina Atikovic; Stephen W Maloney; Makram T Suidan; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
|
| Perchlorate, an oxidizer routinely used in solid rocket motors, is easily washed out of old motors. The washout operation, however, leads to wastewater containing perchlorate. Royal Demolition Explosive (RDX), a major component of military high explosives, is transferred to Army industrial wastewaters during assembly of new munitions and during demilitarization of old munitions. New high explosives contain perchlorate, commingling perchlorate and RDX for the first time. In addition to their ... |
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| Cylindrical Explosive Dispersal of Metal Particles: Predictive Calculations in SUpport of Experimental Trials |
11-Dec-2007 |
30 pages |
| Authors:
Robert C Ripley; Laura Donahue; MARTEC LIMITED HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA)
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| The Explosive dispersal of densely-packed metal particles in cylindrical RDX-based charges was studied numerically in support of experimental trials. Simulations were conducted using a reactive multiphase fluid dynamic code. Fundamental studies using a large-scale explosive were performed to show scaling phenomena while avoiding potential initiation and critical diameter effects. Spherical tungsten particles were applied in high metal mass fraction cylindrical and spherical charges in two configurations: a particle matrix uniformly ... |
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| Environmentally Responsible Microbiological Production of Energetic Ingredients |
01-Nov-2007 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas Wood; Vladimir Gilman; Michael Cushman; Edwin Jahngen; INFOSCITEX CORP WALTHAM MA
|
| In this SERDP proof-of-concept project, Infoscitex evaluated a possibility to generate explosives nitramines (RDX, HMX) using biosynthetic approaches. Nitramines are widely used by the U.S. military as key components of contemporary weapons. However, production of these nitroenergetics involves the use of highly concentrated hot nitric and sulfuric acids, results in the emission of nitrogen oxides, and is also a potential health hazard. The development of an alternative process for producing ... |
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| Photochemical Degradation of Composition B and Its Components |
SEP 2007 |
64 pages |
| Authors:
Judith C. Pennington; Kevin A. Thorn; Larry G. Cox; Denise K. MacMillan; Sally Yost; Randy D. Laubscher; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
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| Products of photodecomposition of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) have been observed as a coating on TNT particles and as a fine powdered residue surrounding TNT particles on ranges receiving limited rainfall. The significance of photolysis of explosive formulations on training ranges is unknown. Therefore, photolysis of a common explosive formulation, Composition B, and its components in a soil matrix were evaluated. Objectives included determination of photolysis rates, effects of light intensity and ... |
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| Candidate Herbaceous Plants for Phytoremediation of Energetics on Ranges. Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program |
SEP 2007 |
47 pages |
| Authors:
Elly P. Best; Thomas Smith; Frank L. Hagen; Jeffrey Dawson; Alan J. Torrey; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
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| This report identifies rapidly colonizing and resilient grasses/forbs that are tolerant to range-relevant contaminants, with emphasis on TNT and RDX. A literature review identified herbaceous plant species with characteristics that make them potential candidates for use on ranges for phytostabilization and phytoextraction purposes. The review was limited to native and introduced grass and forb species, and species with improved genetic characteristics that have successfully been used on training lands in ... |
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| Responsie van Verschillende Munitieartikelen bij Opwarming en Brand (Response of Munitions Items Due to Heating or a Fire) |
SEP 2007 |
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| Authors:
J. H. Scholtes; V. Verboom; TNO DEFENCE SECURITY AND SAFETY RIJSWIJK (NETHERLANDS)
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| Safety of munitions for personnel and ordnance in all kinds of situations is important. One of the major threats for munitions is heating of munitions (cook-off), direct (fire) as well as indirect heating (fire in adjacent room). In this study the time to cook-off for several munitions items has been investigated by means of simple 1-dimensional calculations. These calculations have been performed on in-service munitions items, from 35 mm up ... |
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| Energetic Residues on Alaskan Ranges: Studies for US Army Garrison Alaska 2005 and 2006 |
AUG 2007 |
86 pages |
| Authors:
Marianne E. Walsh; Charles M. Collins; Charles A. Ramsey; Thomas A. Douglas; Ronald N. Bailey; Michael R. Walsh; Alan D. Hewitt; Jay L. Clausen; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Soil was collected from Alaskan firing points and impact areas to assess accumulation of 2,4-DNT, NG, RDX, TNT, and/or HMX resulting from live-fire training activities. At each sampling site, the energetic compound was known from previous sampling or from specific training events. Surface soils at firing points for 105-mm howitzers had part-per-million concentrations of 2,4-DNT resulting from deposition of slivers of propellant from multi-perforated single-base propellant grains. 2,4-DNT was not ... |
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| Environmental Screening Assessment of Perchlorate Replacements |
AUG 2007 |
53 pages |
| Authors:
Jay L. Clausen; Stephen Clough; Michael Gray; Patrick Gwinn; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| A screening level assessment of the fate, transport, and toxicity of four potential replacements for perchlorate was performed. Resulting data will allow for evaluation and minimization of the potential environmental liability associated with the use of energetic compounds as propellants. This report details methods used and assessment findings. Inorganic oxidizer ammonium di(nitramido)amine (ADNA); cyclic nitramine/ gem-dinitro compound 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC); 1,3,3,5,7,7-hexanitro-1,5-diazacyclooctane (HCO); and diammonium di(nitramido)dinitroethylene (ADNDNE) were evaluated. Their respective analogue ... |
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| Effect of Treatment pH on the End Products of the Alkaline Hydrolysis of TNT and RDX |
JUN 2007 |
40 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffrey L. Davis; Catherine C. Nestler; Deborah R. Felt; Steven L. Larson; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
|
| The development of effective treatment options for munitions contaminants is essential for Department of Defense live fire range management and sustainability. The energetic compounds 2,4,6-trinitotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-13,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) have been identified in range soil. Alkaline hydrolysis, initiated through treatment with lime, has been shown to effectively destroy these compounds in solution and in well-mixed soil. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of treatment pH on the end ... |
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| Engineering Considerations for Hydroxide Treatment of Training Ranges |
JUN 2007 |
99 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffrey L. Davis; Steven L. Larson; Deborah R. Felt; Catherine C. Nestler; W. A. Martin; LeeAnn Riggs; Edward J. Valente; G. R. Bishop; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
|
| The use of hydrated lime has the potential to be an effective in situ technology for the destruction and containment of explosives contamination. This was proven with the results from the SERDP project CU-1230, where it was shown to rapidly degrade RDX and TNT. However, prior to field deployment of this technology additional experimental work was required to address concerns regarding the mechanism of the alkaline hydrolysis reaction, the character ... |
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| Development of Environmental Data for Navy, Air Force, and Marine Munitions |
JUN 2007 |
60 pages |
| Authors:
Jay L. Clausen; Constance Scott; Randall J. Cramer; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Use of conventional weapons and explosives in live-fire military training can lead to release of munitions constituent residues, which can migrate to groundwater and drinking water sources. The extent to which major energetic constituents (RDX, HMX, TNT, and perchlorate) are present at military installations is being analyzed and assessed. Studies of the presence of energetic materials on US Army live-fire training sites have increased our understanding of the environmental fate ... |
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| Novel Methods for Detecting Buried Explosive Devices |
10 APR 2007 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Stephen W. Kercel; Robert S. Burlage; David R. Patek; Cyrus M. Smith; A. D. Hibbs; T. J. Rayner; OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB TN
|
| Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Quantum Magnetics, Inc. (QM) are exploring novel landmine detection technologies. Technologies considered here include bioreporter bacteria, swept acoustic resonance, nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR), and semiotic data fusion. Bioreporter bacteria look promising for third-world humanitarian applications; they are inexpensive, and deployment does not require high-tech methods. Swept acoustic resonance may be a useful adjunct to magnetometers in humanitarian demining. For military demining, NQR is a ... |
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| Molecular Structure Determines Chemical Reactivities and, Thus, Transformation Pathways |
NOV 2006 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Mohammad Qasim; Patricia Honea; Leonard Gorb; Jerzy Leszczynski; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
|
| Structural reactivities of a nitroaromatic and heterocyclic nitramines were compared under selected reaction conditions, with 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene (TNT) as the exemplar of nitroaromatic; hexahydro-1,4,5-trinitro-1,3,5- triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5-tetranitro- 1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) exemplifying the heterocyclic nitramine; and 2,4,6,8,10,12- hexanitrohexaazoisowurtzitane representing cage heterocyclic nitramine explosives. The hypothesis that molecular structure determines chemical reactivities and transformations was supported through a combination of computational chemistry (CC) and spectroscopic techniques. This combination of predictive and analytical ... |
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| A Laser-Based Explosives Sensor |
NOV 2006 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
ROSARIO C. SAUSA; Jerry Cabalo; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Trace explosives residues of CL20 (hexanitrohexazaisowurtzitane) and RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-hexanitro-1,3,5-triazine) are measured in real-time by surface laser photofragmentation-fragment detection (SPFFD) spectroscopy at ambient conditions. A 248-nm laser photofragments the target residue on a substrate, and a 226-nm laser ionizes the resulting NO fragment by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization by means of its A-X (0,0) transitions near 226 nm. We investigate the effects of laser wavelength and energy, delay between photofragmentation and ionization ... |
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| Ecological Soil Screening Levels For Invertebrates at Explosives-Contaminated Sites: Supporting Sustainability of Army Testing and Training |
NOV 2006 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Roman G. Kuperman; Ronald T. Checkai; Michael Simini; Carlton T. Phillips; Jan E. Kolakowski; Nancy A. Chester; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| The Army Strategy for the Environment applies an ecosystem approach to managing natural resources on Army installations. It incorporates the principles of sustainability across the Army into all functional areas. We conducted investigations to develop critical environmental data required for successful management of Army installations in a sustainable manner, and for the knowledge-based decision making. Assessment and protection of the terrestrial environment at Army installations can be advanced by developing ... |
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| Effects of Nano-sized Energetic Ingredients in High Performance Solid Gun Propellants |
NOV 2006 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
T. G. Manning; N. M. Masoud; D. P. Thompson; R. Luman; B. Wehrman; K. K. Kuo; R. A. Yetter; H. A. Bruck; ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ
|
| Unique propellant configurations, such as fast-core designs, require a layered propellant with tailored burn rate. The use of these layered propellants is expected to improve the energy management during the ballistic cycle and hence increase the muzzle velocity. These new propellants under development have different thermochemistry from that of traditional nitrocellulose-based propellants. The layered propellant is typically stacked as laminated disks in the cartridge chamber. Layered propellants (also called fast-core ... |
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| Reduced Sensitivity RDX (RS-RDX) Part II: Sympathetic Reaction |
NOV 2006 |
|
| Authors:
Ian J. Lochert; Mark D. Franson; Brian L. Hamshere; DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION EDINBURGH (AUSTRALIA) WEAPONS SYSTEMS DIV
|
| Australian-manufactured Grade A RDX has been proven to be a Reduced Sensitivity grade of RDX. That is, when used in cast-cured PBX formulations, the PBX is intrinsically less sensitive to shock stimuli than if conventional RDX is used. The implications for insensitive munitions compliance may be significant, particularly in sympathetic reaction scenarios. This work assesses the sympathetic response of ADI Grade A RDX in a standard polymer-bonded explosive formulation in ... |
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| Distribution and Fate of Energetics on DoD Test and Training Ranges: Interim Report 6 |
NOV 2006 |
308 pages |
| Authors:
J. C. Pennington; T. F. Jenkins; G. Ampleman; S. Thiboutot; A. D. Hewitt; S. Brochu; J. Robb; E. Diaz; J. Lewis; H. Colby; R. Martel; K. Poe; K. Groff; K. L. Bjella; C. A. Ramsey; C. A. Hayes; S. Yost; A. Marois; A. Gagnon; B. Silverblatt; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
|
| Understanding the potential for generation and transport of residual explosives is necessary to sustain live-fire training ranges. The objective of this study was to characterize the distribution and fate of explosive residues from various training activities. The physical and chemical properties, concentrations, and distribution of residues in soils, and the potential for transport to groundwater were defined. Surface soils associated with impact craters, target areas, and firing points on U.S. ... |
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| Electronically Induced Redox Barriers for Treatment of Groundwater: Cost & Performance Report |
OCT 2006 |
44 pages |
| Authors:
Tom Sale; David Gilbert; COLORADO STATE UNIV FORT COLLINS ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER
|
| Given success with a demonstration, there is an opportunity for a full-scale e-barrier that could replace an existing high-cost pump-and-treat system. In summary, data presented in this report describes substantive progress in demonstrating a new technology for managing contaminated groundwater at DoD facilities. At present, it is not clear that either cost or efficacy results will drive near-term widespread use of the technology for chlorinated ethenes. On the other hand, ... |
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| Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 in Supercritical Fluids |
SEP 2006 |
49 pages |
| Authors:
Veera Boddu; Rebecca K. Toghiani; Reddy Damavarapu; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
|
| The solubility of CL20 in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) was evaluated using the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state. Thermodynamic properties of CL20 were required for this estimation. A comprehensive search of the literature revealed little data regarding the critical point of the compound. Also lacking were vapor pressure data for the compound. Critical properties as well as other required thermodynamic properties were estimated using a variety of available estimation techniques, ... |
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| Extraction Kinetics of Energetic Compounds from Training Range and Army Ammunition Plant Soils |
MAR 2006 |
46 pages |
| Authors:
Marianne E. Walsh; Dennis J. Lambert; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Field-contaminated soils from army ammunition plants, training ranges, and an explosive ordnance disposal area were used to determine the effect of machine grinding and extraction procedure on concentration estimates of energetics. Machine grinding for one minute did not degrade the major analytes of interest (HMX, RDX, TNT, or 2,4-DNT), but did significantly reduce the subsampling error. The platform shaker extraction procedure was found to be at least as efficient as ... |
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| Temperature Programmable Injection Techniques for Explosives (Postprint) |
Mar-2006 |
17 pages |
| Authors:
Howard T Mayfield; Eila M Burr; Kimberly R Lombardi; APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC TYNDALL AFB FL
|
| Temperature programmable injection ports promise great versatility, capable of normal split/splitless injections and offering options to inject thermally labile materials with gentle heating profiles. Nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds useful in explosive formulations tend to be thermally labile and limited in volatility. Although LC/MS techniques have been proposed for analysis of these chemicals, GC and GC/MS techniques remain more convenient and more cost effective than LC/MS, and more sensitive than conventional ... |
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| Sampling Studies at an Air Force Live-Fire Bombing Range Impact Area |
FEB 2006 |
56 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas F. Jenkins; Alan D. Hewitt; Charles A. Ramsey; Kevin L. Bjella; Susan R. Bigl; Dennis J. Lambert; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Field sampling experiments were conducted at an Air Force live-fire bombing range. The main objective was to assess the effectiveness of using a systematic-random, multi-increment sampling strategy for the collection of representative surface soil samples in areas where bombing practice is conducted with bombs containing high explosives. Replicate surface soil samples were collected within several craters and in different sized grids (1 m x 1 m, 10 m x 10 ... |
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| Reduced Sensitivity RDX Round Robin Program |
26 JAN 2006 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Ruth M. Doherty; Lori A. Nock; Duncan Watt; NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER INDIAN HEAD DIV MD
|
| Reduced Sensitivity RDX - Background (1) In the late 1990s Eurenco (an SNPE company) reported an "insensitive" form of RDX (I-RDX) * Woolwich synthesis * Employed proprietary recrystallization process -- process on industrial scale for >10+ years -- Produced RDX that displayed reduced sensitivity to shock initiation as measured by Large Scale Gap Test + other tests (2) Subsequently, other manufacturers have also reported forms of RDX that exhibit reduced ... |
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| Microstructure of Conventional and Reduced Sensitivity RDX |
DEC 2005 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Michael J. Herrmann; Bastian Ludwig; FRAUNHOFER-INST FUER CHEMISCHE TECHNOLOGIE BERGHAUSEN (GERMANY F R)
|
| This report results from a contract tasking Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology as follows: Reduced Sensitivity (RS) energetic materials are in the scope of interest, particularly, for the development and refinement of IM PBX as PBXN-109. Such improved versions of current explosive ingredients as RDX and HMX facilitate progress in times of limited funding, as an introduction of new ingredients as FOX-7 would give rise to considerably higher costs. However ... |
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| Energetic Residues From Live-Fire Detonations of 120-mm Mortar Rounds |
DEC 2005 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; Marianne E. Walsh; Charles M. Collins; Stephanie P. Saari; Jon E. Zufelt; Arthur B. Gelvin; James W. Hug; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Only limited data are available on energetic residues resulting from the firing and detonation of rounds from 120-mm mortars. After a live-fire training exercise at Fort Richardson, Alaska, we sampled a firing point for propellant residues (NG) and the impact area for high-explosives residues (RDX, HMX, and TNT). The firing point was snow-covered soil, and the impact area was snow-covered ice. The total explosives residue mass averaged 19 mg per ... |
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| Identity and Distribution of Residues of Energetic Compounds at Military Live-Fire Training Ranges |
NOV 2005 |
69 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas F. Jenkins; Sonia Thiboutot; Guy Ampleman; Alan D. Hewitt; Marianne E. Walsh; Thomas A. Ranney; Charles A. Ramsey; Clarence L. Grant; Charles M. Collins; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
|
| Environmental stewardship of military training ranges is an important objective of the Department of Defense. Therefore, an understanding of the explosives residues resulting from military training with various weapon systems is critical to range managers. A series of field sampling experiments was conducted at 27 military firing ranges in the United States and Canada to provide information on the identity and distribution of energetic munitions constituents. Different types of ranges ... |
|
| Alkaline Hydrolysis of CL-20 |
AUG 2005 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
P. Karakaya; M. Sidhourn; C. Christodoulatos; Wendy Balas; Steven Nicolich; ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ ENERGETICS WARHEADS ENVIRO TECH
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| The Energetics and Warheads Division of the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center has been involved in the development of CL-20. An alkaline hydrolysis study was performed to better understand the fate and transport of CL-2O through environmental systems. CL-20, also known as HN 1W (2,4,6,8,10,1 2-hexanitro-2,4,6,8, 10,1 2-hexaaziaisowurtzitane), is a high energy, high density material. Concerns regarding the envirnnmental fate and transport of CL-20 are arising due ... |
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| Elution of Energetic Compounds from Propellant and Composition B Residues |
JUL 2005 |
37 pages |
| Authors:
Alan D. Hewitt; Susan R. Bigl; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Surface soils from two firing points, an artillery impact range, and soils fortified with propellants were evaluated in column elution experiments assessing the release of energetic compounds from melt-cast crystalline explosives and nitrocellulose-based polymeric propellant formulations. Soils obtained from active military ranges were collected at locations identified as potential source zones for energetic residues. The laboratory columns contained 30 g of a silty-sand loam beneath 5.0 g of soil laden ... |
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| Toxicity of Nitro-Heterocyclic and Nitroaromatic Energetic Materials to Terrestrial Plants in a Natural Sandy Loam Soil |
APR 2005 |
105 pages |
| Authors:
Sylvie Rocheleau; Majorie Martel; Ghalib Bardai; Manon Sarrazin; Sabine Dodard; Louise Paquet; Alain Corriveau; Roman G. Kuperman; Ronald T. Checkai; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
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| The United States Environmental Protection Agency is developing ecological soil screening level (Eco-SSL) values for ecological risk assessment of contaminants at Superfund sites. Insufficient information for RDX, HMX, 2,4-DNT, 2,6-DNT, and TNB to generate Eco-SSLs for terrestrial plants necessitated toxicity testing to fill the data gaps. Standardized toxicity tests were selected and used, on the basis of their ability to measure chemical toxicity to ecologically relevant test species, and their ... |
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| Microbial Community Shifts Associated with RDX Loss in a Saturated and Well-Drained Surface Soil |
MAR 2005 |
25 pages |
| Authors:
David B. Ringelberg; Charles M. Reynolds; Karen L. Foley; Lawrence B. Perry; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Low-order, incomplete detonations can deposit hexahydro-1,3,5- trinitro- 1,3,5-triazine (RDX) into training range surface soils. In previous work, we showed that aqueous RDX could be rapidly biotransformed (4-day half- life) in water-saturated surface soil. However, biotransformation rates in the same soil at 0.15-bar soil moisture tension were significantly slower (28-day half-life). Here we report on the microbial community composition associated with the deposited RDX under the differing soil moisture tensions. Phospholipid ... |
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| Effect of Acetonitrile on RDX Biodegradation in an Unsaturated Surface Soil |
MAR 2005 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
David B. Ringelberg; Charles M. Reynolds; Lawrence B. Perry; Karen L. Foley; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| In previous work, we documented the biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3, 5- trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in an unsaturated cold-region surface soil and showed that acetonitrile (ACN) could inhibit RDX removal rates when used as a dispersant for the contaminant. Here, we document that the added ACN had an effect on microbial community development in the RDX-contaminated soil. In the absence of ACN, the soils showed a striking increase in microbial biomass and in ... |
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| Estimating Energetic Residue Loading on Military Artillery Ranges: Large Decision Units |
MAR 2005 |
63 pages |
| Authors:
Alan D. Hewitt; Thomas F. Jenkins; Charles A. Ramsey; Kevin L. Bjella; Thomas A. Ranney; Nancy M. Perron; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Sampling experiments were conducted at three artillery/mortar impact ranges at Fort Hood, Texas; 29 Palms, California; and Fort Carson, Colorado, and at a mortar firing point at Fort Carson. The objective of these investigations was to assess the use of multi-increment sampling as a means of estimating the concentrations and mass loading of energetic compounds in surface soils for decision units ranging in size from 100 to 10,000 m2. In ... |
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| Sequential Desorption of Nitroaromatic Compounds (NAC) from Soils |
MAR 2005 |
68 pages |
| Authors:
Monika Emmrich; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
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| Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are widely used energetic chemicals. Especially at many military facilities and former ammunition plants the contamination of soil and water with explosives and related NACs has been recognized as a serious environmental problem. Studies, performed on ranges in both the United States and Canada, have shown that there is a large degree of variability in NACs contamination type, concentration, and spatial distribution [11, 12, 15, 16]. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene ... |
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| Demonstration of the Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor for Pinkwater Treatment at McAlester Army Ammunition Plant |
MAR 2005 |
53 pages |
| Authors:
Stephen W. Maloney; Robert L. Heine; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
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| This report documents a demonstration project conducted at McAlester Army Ammunition Plant in Oklahoma. The technology is based on anaerobic bacteria which attack dissolved explosives such as TNT and RDX at the nitro groups, converting them to amino groups. Once the explosives are transformed, they become amenable to aerobic degradation. This process functions as a pretreatment for the pinkwater, after which the effluent is discharged to an aerobic treatment plant ... |
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| Pre-Screening for Explosives Residues in Soil Prior to HPLC Analysis Utilizing Expray |
FEB 2005 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
Kevin L. Bjella; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| The characterization of Department of Defense (DoD) training lands for explosives residues involves sampling and analyzing soil samples collected at firing points and impact areas. Laboratory instruments used for this analysis are susceptible to accumulating high concentrations of these compounds, thus possibly requiring reanalyzing. By using the Expray Explosives Detection Kit to determine the approximate concentration of explosives compounds prior to analysis, soil extracts can be diluted to a concentration ... |
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| Explosive Chemical Signature-Based Detection of IEDs |
31 DEC 2004 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Mark Fisher; NOMADICS INC STILLWATER OK
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| The objectives of this contract were as follows: To further characterize and understand the explosive chemical signature of improvised explosive devices (IEDs); Develop and adapt high-volume sampling methods for use against IEDs and for incorporation into a robotic platform; Modify and adapt the Fido sensor device to operation on a small robot; Integrate the Fido and high- volume sampling functions into a small footprint commensurate with operation of a small ... |
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Reports by Keyword(s)
RDX
