| Potential for Biodegradation of the Alkaline Hydrolysis End Products of TNT and RDX |
NOV 2007 |
88 pages |
| Authors:
Deborah R. Felt; Catherine C. Nestler; Jeffrey L. Davis; Steven L. Larson; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
|
 | Energetic compounds, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and their degradation products, can act as a source of contamination for soil on Department of Defense testing and training ranges. Base-catalyzed hydrolysis degrades nitroaromatics and nitramines, and the potential effectiveness of this reaction in soil has been demonstrated at both bench and pilot scales. This report evaluates the potential for soil bacteria to degrade the transformation products from the alkaline hydrolysis ... |
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| Effects of Molecular Environments on the Electrical Switching with Memory of Nitro-Containing OPEs |
22 JUN 2006 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
N. Gegel-Hackett; N. Majumdar; Z. Martin; N. Swami; L. R. Harriott; J.C. Bean; G. Pattanaik; G. Zangari; Y. Yao J. M. Tour; VIRGINIA UNIV CHARLOTTESVILLE DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
|
| An oligo (phenylene ethynylene) (OPE) molecule with a nitro side group has exhibited electrical switching with memory and thus has potential for use in molecular electronic devices. However, different research groups have reported different electrical behaviors for this molecule. In addition to variations among test structures, differences in local molecular environments could be partially responsible for the differences in the reported results. Thus, we tested four variations of a nitro-OPE/ ... |
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| Temperature Programmable Injection Techniques for Explosives (Postprint) |
Mar-2006 |
17 pages |
| Authors:
Howard T Mayfield; Eila M Burr; Kimberly R Lombardi; APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC TYNDALL AFB FL
|
| Temperature programmable injection ports promise great versatility, capable of normal split/splitless injections and offering options to inject thermally labile materials with gentle heating profiles. Nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds useful in explosive formulations tend to be thermally labile and limited in volatility. Although LC/MS techniques have been proposed for analysis of these chemicals, GC and GC/MS techniques remain more convenient and more cost effective than LC/MS, and more sensitive than conventional ... |
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| Solid State Thermochemical Decomposition of Neat 1,3,5,5-Tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC) and Its DNNC-d6 Perdeuterio-Labeled Analogue (PREPRINT) |
07 JUL 2005 |
35 pages |
| Authors:
Scott A. Hendrickson; Scott A Shackleford; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA SPACE AND MISSILE PROPULSION DIV
|
| The solid state thermochemical decomposition kinetics and activation energy of neat 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC) and its DNNC-d6 deuterium labeled analogue were obtained by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (IDSC) at 142, 145, and 148 oC. Global rate constants and kinetic deuterium isotope effect (KDIE) data from the exothermic decomposition process suggest that homolytic C-H bond rupture, in one or both types of chemically non-equivalent methylene (-CH2) groups of the DNNC ring structure, ... |
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| Electrochemical Oxidation of Alkylnitro Compounds PP-1345 |
17 AUG 2004 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
Scott K. Lusk; ATK THIOKOL PROPULSION CORP BRIGHAM CITY UT
|
| Energetic materials such as bis-dinitropropyl acetal-formal (BDNPA/F), 2,2',4,4',6,6'- hexanitrostillbene (HNS), 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMDNB), 1,3,5-triamino- 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), and 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) are of strategic interest to the Department of Defense (DoD). These compounds all share energetic structural elements consisting of nitro groups bound to carbon atoms, and the production of such materials is generally accomplished with numerous powerful chemical oxidizers. Use of these reagents generate pernicious waste streams, and these chemical oxidizers are ... |
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| Ion Dynamics Related to Hypersonics |
02 JAN 2004 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
Stephen R. Leone; Veronica M. Bierbaum; Shuji Kato; COLORADO UNIV AT BOULDER DEPT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
|
| This research focused on the study of reactivity and dynamics of ion systems with relevance to atmospheric chemistry and combustion processes. The mobility of the fuel ion, t-C4H9(+), was measured drifting in polar and nonpolar atmospheric gases. These measurements were compared to polarization theory and locked dipole estimates as well as to related ion mobility measurements to better understand differences in interaction potentials. unimolecular and bimolecular reactions of the t-C4H9(+) ... |
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| Topical Lime Treatment for Containment of Source Zone Energetics Contamination |
SEP 2003 |
101 pages |
| Authors:
Michael C. Brooks; Jeffrey L. Davis; Steven L. Larson; Deborah R. Felt; Catherine C. Nestler; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
|
| Energetic compounds, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and their degradation products can act as a source of contamination for soil on Department of Defense testing and training ranges. Base hydrolysis degrades nitroaromatics and nitramines, and the potential effectiveness of lime to induce this reaction has been demonstrated at the laboratory scale. The objective of this research was to further examine both basic and applied aspects of alkaline application ... |
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| Analysis of CL-20 in Environmental Matrices: Water and Soil |
AUG 2001 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
Steven L. Larson; Deborah R. Felt; Lynn Escalon; Jeffrey D. Davis; Lance D. Hansen; CORPS OF ENGINEERS WASHINGTON DC
|
| The determination of new explosive formulations in environmental matrices is necessary for understanding both the environmental threat these compounds present and the effectiveness of remediation technologies for the treatment of contaminated soils and waters. Analytical techniques for the detection of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazatetracyclo5 .5.0.05,9. 03,11dodecane (CL-20) in water and soil have been developed. Methods traditionally utilized for the analysis of nitroaromatics were adapted for the determination of CL-20, a cage-like explosive compound. ... |
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| Sonochemical Degradation Reactions of Nitrobenzene: Oxidation, Reduction, and Dimerization |
OCT 2000 |
36 pages |
| Authors:
Donald M. Cropek; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
|
| Nitroaromatic compounds with energetic characteristics are frequently present in waste streams produced at U.S. Army facilities. Previous work on the sonolytic destruction of nitroaromatic species in aqueous solutions involved primarily denitration together with oxidation via hydroxyl radical attack. Subjecting a chemical reaction to ultrasound, with frequencies roughly between 15 kHz and 10 MHz, can have a drastic effect. Ultrasound causes acoustic cavitation - the creation, ... |
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| A Review of Laser Photofragmentation/Fragment Detection Techniques for Chemical Analysis of the Gas Phase |
SEP 2000 |
35 pages |
| Authors:
Rosario C. Sausa; Joseph B. Simeonsson; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Laser photofragmentation/fragment detection techniques utilize one or multiple lasers for photolysis of the analyte species and spectroscopic detection of the characteristic photofragments. Fragment detection techniques include laser-induced fluorescence, photoionization, prompt emission, stimulated emission, and laser ionization recombination emission spectroscopies. Applications for chemical analysis of the gas phase has been performed by the detection of atomic and molecular fragments. Recent reports on photofragmentation/fragment detection ... |
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| Energetic Polymers and Plasticisers for Explosive Formulations - A review of Recent Advances |
APR 2000 |
|
| Authors:
Arthur Provatas; DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION MELBOURNE (AUSTRALIA)
|
 | In an effort to comply with Insensitive Munitions (IM) criteria, energetic binders comprising polymer and plasticiser(s) are finding use in cast- cured polymer bonded explosives and cast composite rocket propellants. Energetic binders can be considered as cross-linked polymers that provide a matrix to bind explosive ingredients together with a plasticiser. Once cured, the polymeric binder is a tough elastomeric rubber capable of absorbing and dissipating energy from hazardous ... |
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| A Novel Approach to Prostate Cancer Chemotherapy: Design of Prodrugs for Tissue-Specific Activation |
AUG 1999 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Longqin Hu; OKLAHOMA UNIV HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER OKLAHOMA CITY
|
| During the first year of funding, we accomplished the synthesis of three of the four protected Linker-Drug conjugates of doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) proposed in the original application (Task 1). We have also successfully tested the cyclization activation process of one type of Linker-Drug conjugate of 5-FU (Task 2). Our results established chemically the feasibility of using carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil conjugates as potential prodrugs for the treatment of cancer such as advanced ... |
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| Biotransformation of Nitroaromatic Compounds by Methanogenic Archaea |
31 MAR 1999 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Peter E. Jablonski; NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIV DE KALB
|
| The specific aim of this proposal has been to clarify some of the discrepancies in the literature regarding nitroaromatic transformation by methanogenic archaebacteria. We have shown that methanogens are able to transform only a small number of nitroaromatics including p-nitrophenol, m- nitrophenol, 2,4-nitrophenol, p-nitrobenzoic acid, and p- nitroaniline, but not 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene or2,6-dinitrotoluene. In all cases the methanogens lyse unless they are pregrown to a know optical density before adding the ... |
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| Rydberg States of Energetic Materials |
01 JUL 1998 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
Elliot R. Bernstein; COLORADO STATE UNIV FORT COLLINS DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Energetic materials are modeled experimentally and theoretically with regard to possible excited electronic Rydberg state reactivity and dissociation. The systems of methyl and ethyl alkyl amines have been studied. We show that these Rydberg states can be both highly reactive and dissociative. Thus, excited Rydberg states are a possible route to radicals and other reactive species for these model systems. We are presently expanding our experimental capabilities to allow study ... |
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| Study of the Effects of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Reactions on ProductMineralization by Activated Sludge |
JUL 1998 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
Steven P. Harvey; EDGEWOOD RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUNDMD
|
| Biological mineralization of the products of several 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene (TNT) reactions was investigated using activated sludge. The NaOH, NaBH4, UV Photocatalysis, and zinc, iron, and H2O2 at high and low pH all enhanced TNT mineralization in comparison to the unreacted TNT control, which was mineralized <1%. Significant correlation was found between mineralization and denitration, suggesting the importance of denitration in facilitating biological attack on ... |
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| Mechanism and Model of Laser-Driven Mass Transport in Thin Films of Azo Polymers |
23 JUN 1998 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
C. J. Barrett; A. Natansohn; P. Rochon; QUEEN'S UNIV KINGSTON (ONTARIO) DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Samples of poly 4'-(2-(ACRYLOYLOXY)ETHYLethylamino-4-nitroazobenzene were used to inscribe surface gratings by optical means, and the Navier-Stokes theory of flow under an applied pressure was used to model the process. Dependence on molecular weight, light intensity, quantum yields of photoisomerization, chromophore free volume, film thickness and bulk modules was established. |
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| Characterizing the NLO Chromophore Orientation of Polymeric Film by Electroabsorption Spectroscopy |
14 JAN 98 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Ke Yang; X. Wang; W. Kim; A. Jain; L. Li; MASSACHUSETTS UNIV LOWELL DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
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| The dispersion of third-order nonlinear coefficients chi-3 1133 and chi-3 3333 of three different NLO(nonlinear optical) polymer films were determined by electroabsorption spectroscopy. The first material investigated is an epoxy-based polymer BP-2A-NT, with azobenzene NLO chromophore 4-((4- NITROPHENYL)(AZO)PHENYL)AZO)aniline in its side chain. The other materials are two polydiacetylenes, poly(BPOD) and poly(4-BCMU), in which the delocalized polymer chains contribute to the third-order nonlinearity. The complex spectrum of chi-3 3333 of each ... |
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| Improved Economical and Environmentally Benign Routes for the Large- Scale Synthesis of 1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine |
12 JAN 98 |
79 pages |
| Authors:
Alan P. Marchand; UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS DENTON DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Several routes for the synthesis of 1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) have been investigated. Of these the most promising new method involves studies of additions of various reagents, X-Y, across the highly strained C(3)-N sigma- bond in 3-ethyl-1-azabicyclo1.1.0butane. In the course of this study, it was found that reaction of this highly strained bicyclic amine with in situ generated HNO2 resulted in addition across the C(3)-N bond with concomitant N- nitrosation of the ... |
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| Ab Initio and Nonlocal Density Functional Study of 1,3,5-trinitro-s- triazine (RDX) Conformers |
JAN 98 |
44 pages |
| Authors:
Betsy M. Rice; Cary F. Chabalowski; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Geometry optimizations and normal-mode analyses of three conformers of 1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (RDX) are performed using second-order Moller- Plesset (MP2) and nonlocal density functional theory (DFT) methods. The density function used in this study is B3LYP. The three conformers of RDX are distinguished mainly by the arrangement of the nitro groups relative to the ring atoms of the RDX molecule. NO2 groups arranged in either pseudo-equatorial or axial positions are denoted with ... |
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| Chemical Mechanisms of Shock Initiation of NTO |
OCT 97 |
143 pages |
| Authors:
D. F. McMillen; David C. Erlich; Chun He; Christopher H. Becker; Donald A. Shockey; SRI INTERNATIONAL MENLO PARK CA MOLECULAR PHYSICS LAB
|
| A powerful analytical tool has been developed for in-situ, real-time measurement of the thermally and mechanically induced transient decomposition processes of energetic materials, and has been applied to the new, insensitive high explosive, nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). Modification of the vacuum chamber of a laser-desorption mass spectrometry apparatus has enabled us to perform simple-shear and compressive fracture of pressed pellets directly beneath the sampling region: fragments spontaneously emitted from fractured NTO pellets ... |
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| Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy of Shock Wave Dynamics in Explosive Materials Studied With Nanometer Spatial Resolution: Nanoexplosions |
14 MAY 97 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Dana D. Dlott; ILLINOIS UNIV CHAMPAIGN
|
| The project focuses on understanding the initial steps of energetic material ignition at the molecular level, with the long range goal of understanding the fundamental mechanisms of the sensitivity of energetic materials. The effort involves three distinct, but ultimately related projects: (1) understanding the detailed behavior of solid-state molecules immediately behind a shock front; (2) developing new diagnostic techniques and using them to investigate the picosecond time scale behavior of ... |
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| Azo Polymers for Optical Storage. 13. Photoorientation of Rigid Side Groups Containing Two Azo Bonds |
10 SEP 96 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
X. Meng; A. Natansohn; P. Rochon; QUEEN'S UNIV KINGSTON (ONTARIO) DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Copolymers of methyl methacrylate with a methacrylate containing a rigid group with two azo bonds (3RM) were prepared and their photoinduced birefringence levels and rates were studied. Birefringence levels of 0.11 for the copolymer with 11.6 mol % azo structural units and 0.13 for the copolymer with 30.0 mol % azo structural units were found; this is higher than the birefringence inducible in typical azo homopolymer containing a chromophore with ... |
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| Azo Polymers for Reversible Optical Storage. 12. Poly ?1- Acryloyl-4-4- (4-Nitrophenylazo)PhenylPiperazine! |
10 SEP 96 |
32 pages |
| Authors:
X. Meng; A. Natansohn; P. Rochon; QUEEN'S UNIV KINGSTON (ONTARIO) DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Two azo-containing vinyl monomers, 1-acryloyl-4-4-(4-NITROPHENYLAZO) PHENYLpiperazine! (ANPP) and 1-methacryloyl-4-4-(4-NITROPHENYLAZO) phenylpiperazine! (MNPP), were synthesized. MNPP did not polymerize in a few solvents, with a few free radical initiators and at a few temperatures. pANPP is amorphous with a Tg of 156 deg C and decomposes above 230 deg C. Birefrigence can be induced by a polarized laser (514 nm) on a pANPP film to a level of 0.1 and is very ... |
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| Evaluation of a Transportable Hot-Gas Decontamination System for the Decontamination of Explosives-Contaminated Debris & Piping. Validation Test Report. Volume II, Appendices A-D |
SEP 96 |
|
| Authors:
Roy F. Weston; WESTON (ROY F) INC WEST CHESTER PA
|
| Partial contents: -Sampling and Analytical Methods Used During Validation Testing -Validation Test Spiking Logs -Post-Treatment Sampling for Explosives - Analytical Results for Furnace Runs 1-17 - Analytical Results for Duplicate Samples Taken During Test Runs 3-15 -Post-Treatment Sampling Explosives Worksheets |
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| Energetic Fluoronitro Prepolymer. |
26 AUG 1996 |
17 pages |
| Authors:
G. W. Lawrence; William H. Gilligan; DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON DC
|
| Accordingly, an object of this invention is to provide new polymers. Another object of this invention is to provide new high energy polymers. A further object of this invention is to provide polymers having a high concentration of stable, high energy 2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl groups. |
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| Synthesis of Benzotriazolo 1, 2-A Benzotriazole Derivatives as New High Density, Insensitive Energetic Materials |
25 JUL 96 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Ganesan Subramabian; Genevieve Eck; Joseph H. Boyer; Edwin D. Stevens; Mark L. Trudell; NEW ORLEANS UNIV LA DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The synthesis of the new high density energetic compound 4,8-dinitro- 12H- 1,2,5 oxadiazolo3,4-E 1,2,5 oxadiazolo3',4':4,5benzotriazolo 1 ,2- Abenzotriazol-13-ium inner salt 1,11-dioxide (7) was achieved in three steps (37% yield) from 2,4,8,10- tetranitrobenzotriazolo1 ,2-Abenzotriazolo-6-ium inner salt (4). The compound 7 was found to be thermally stable up to 274 deg C and was insensitive to impact (hammer/anvil test). p1 |
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| Energetics of HF Elimination and N-F Bond Cleavage in Some Difluoramines and Gem-Nitro/Difluoramines |
05 JUL 96 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Peter Politzer; Pat Lane; M. E. Grice; NEW ORLEANS UNIV LA DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| We have shown, through density functional calculations (Becke exchange/Lee, Yang and Parr correlation functionals, 6-31G** basis set) that the elimination of HF from H3C-NF2 is thermodynamically favored, Delta G(298.15 K) = -29 kcal/mole, but has a relatively high activation barrier, Delta G(double dagger)(298.15 K) = 38 kcal/mole. The N-F dissociation energy, Delta E sub(N-F), is found to be 69 kcal/mole. Introduction of a nitro group, giving H2C(NO2)NF2, produces only small ... |
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| Single Crystal Films and Waveguides of Organic Materials: Preparation and Nonlinear Optical Properties |
24 MAY 96 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
M. Thakur; AUBURN UNIV AL
|
| The objective of this program includes establishment of a generic method for the growth of single crystal films of important organic materials and measurement of their nonlinear optical properties. In the last three years we have developed a method which is a modification of the 'shear method' to prepare single crystal films of specific organic materials having very large second order nonlinearities. This is the first time that single crystal ... |
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| Computed Heat of Formation and Impact Sensitivity of a New Dinitro-N- fluorotriazole |
07 MAR 96 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
Peter Politzer; J. S. Murray; M. E. Grice; NEW ORLEANS UNIV LA DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The dinitro-N-fluorotriazole 1 has recently been synthesized 1 and characterized crystallographically 2. We now report our computed heat of formation and impact sensitivity for 1. The gas phase heat of formation was calculated using our density functional procedure 3. It was converted to the solid phase value by means of eq. (1), delta H(sub f) (solid) = delta H(sub f) (gaseous) - delta Hsub (1) in which delta Hsub is ... |
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| Structures and Molecular Surface Electrostatic Potentials of High Density C, N, H Systems. |
25 JAN 1996 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
Jane S. Murray; Richard Gildardi; M. E. Grice; Pat Lane; Peter Politzer; NEW ORLEANS UNIV LA DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Tri-s-triazine and two ditetrazolodiazines are known to have unusually high crystal densities (for unsubstituted C, N, H compounds). We have used a nonlocal density functional procedure to compute the geometries and energies of these and three related molecules, and then calculated the ab initio SCF electrostatic potentials on their molecular surfaces. We attribute the high densities to the relatively small molecular volumes and the strong intermolecular attractions arising from highly ... |
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| Catalysis by Polymer Colloids |
12 DEC 95 |
|
| Authors:
Warren T. Ford; OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV STILLWATER
|
| The aim of this research is to understand how the properties of colloids affect their activity as catalysts and to design catalysts in aqueous colloids that have general activity for decontamination of chemical warfare agents. Polystyrene-based anion exchange latexes particles 200 nm in diameter promote the reactions of anions and neutral organic compounds in aqueous dispersions. They increase the intrinsic rate of reaction relative to that in water, and they ... |
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| Cooperative Motion of Side Groups in Amorphous Polymers: Dipolar Interactions |
06 NOV 95 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
X. Meng; A. Natansohn; C. Barrett; P. Rochon; QUEEN'S UNIV KINGSTON (ONTARIO) DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Two ester-type monomers with different polarity, BEM and NBEM, copolymerize with the azo-containing monomer DR1M in random fashion and form amorphous copolymers. The polarity of BEM is comparable to the polarity of DR1M, and the electronic spectra confirm that BEM and DR1M interact with each other more strongly than NBEM and DR1M do. A nonlinear increase of the photoinduced birefringence as a function of azo content is found in DR1M ... |
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| Gas-Phase Kinetics Measurements for Underwater Explosives |
09 OCT 95 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
Arthur Fontijn; RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INST TROY NY
|
| To aid in the development of boron-enhanced fluoronitramino explosives, the kinetics of individual reactions are measured over wide temperature ranges. Using the HTFFR technique it was established that, for BO + HCl yields OBCl + H, k (300-760 K) = (5.7x 10(exp-13))exp(-1437 K/T)cu cm/ molecule/s. Currently this determination, and HTFFR results on the BO reactions with O2, CO2 and N2O, are being ... |
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| Dichloroborane-Dimethyl Sulfide, A Highly Selective Reducing Agent for Reduction of Organyl Azides to Amines |
19 SEP 95 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Ashok M. Salunkhe; Herbert C. Brown; PURDUE UNIV LAFAYETTE IN
|
| Dichloroborane-dimethyl sulfide reduces a variety of organyl azides, including primary, secondary, tertiary alkyl, cycloalkyl, aromatic and benzylic, to the corresponding amines in excellent yields. The reagent is highly selective and many functional groups, such as halogen, ester, nitrile, aliphatic and aromatic nitro, survive in this process. jg p.3 |
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| Transformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene Under Controlled Eh/pH conditions |
SEP 95 |
32 pages |
| Authors:
Cynthia B. Price; James M. Brannon; Charlotte A. Hayes; ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION VICKSBURG MS
|
| The presence of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in soil and groundwater can present serious environmental problems. The processes that control the mobility and transformation of TNT in these environments are not well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of redox potential (Eh) and pH on the transformation of TNT. Soil components responsible for the transformation of TNT were also investigated. Laboratory investigations included testing at four different ... |
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| Evaluation of Clean Solid Phases for Extraction of Nitroaromatics and Nitramines from Water |
SEP 95 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas F. Jenkins; Phillip G. Thorne; Karen F. Myers; Erika F. McCormick; Don E. Parker; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Salting-out solvent extraction (SOE) was compared with cartridge and membrane solid-phase extraction (SPE) for preconcentration of nitroaromatics, nitramines, and aminonitroaromatics prior to determination by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The solid phases used were manufacturer- cleaned materials: Porapak RDX for the cartridge method and Empore SDB-RPS for the membrane method. Thirty-three groundwater samples from the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane, Indiana, were analyzed using the direct analysis protocol specified in SW846 ... |
|
| Evaluation of Ultraviolet Oxidation (UV/Ox) Methods for the Remediation of Explosives Contaminated Groundwater |
JUN 95 |
588 pages |
| Authors:
Peter J. Marks; Walter J. Wujcik; Charles T. Young; John O. Hammell; WESTON (ROY F) INC WEST CHESTER PA
|
| The primary objective of this task was to evaluate the technical-and cost effectiveness of advanced oxidation processes (AOP), specifically UV/ oxidation (UVIOX) in remediating groundwaters containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and other nitroaromatics by performing a pilot-scale demonstration. In addition to evaluating the effectiveness of UV/OX methods, USAEC wanted to identify the cost parameters associated with each of the commercially available processes for the treatment of explosives and assess the adequacy of ... |
|
| Preservation of Water Samples Containing Nitroaromatics and Nitramines |
MAY 95 |
37 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas F. Jenkins; Philip G. Thorne; Erika F. McCormick; Karen F. Myers; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| This study was conducted to develop a method for stabilizing water samples to be analyzed for nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives using SW846 Method 8330. Several options were tested using river water fortified with 15 nitroaromatic, nitramine, and aminonitroaromatic analytes. Acidification to pH 2 using sodium bisulfate was selected based on its ability to retard microbiological and chemical transformations, its ease of use under field conditions, and its usability with both ... |
|
| Thermal Decomposition Pathways in Nitramine Propellants |
04 APR 95 |
45 pages |
| Authors:
F. J. Lovas; R. D. Suenram; NATIONAL INST OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY GAITHERSBURG MD MOLECULAR PHYSICS DIV
|
| We have investigated intermediates and products in the thermal decomposition of RDX vapor, using a variety of experimental microwave techniques previously employed in our laboratory in studies of pyrolysis decomposition of organic amines. We used microwave spectroscopy to determine the chemical composition of the decomposition of nitramines by pyrolysis methods and identify the products in the thermal decomposition processes. The objective was to determine the validity of proposed decomposition mechanisms, ... |
|
| Acidity and Basicidity of Nitro Substituted Imidazoles |
APR 95 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
T. Vladimiroff; ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER PICATINNY ARSENAL N J ARMAMENT ENGINEERING DIRECTORATE
|
| The antibiotic azomycin is 2-nitroimidazole. 2,4-dinitroimidazole has recently been found to be a fairly powerful yet stable explosive. The family of all nitro substituted imidazoles constitute an interesting series of molecules from both the biological and the energetic material points of view. Imidazole is a heterocyclic five membered ring with two nitrogen atoms in the ring. One of these nitrogens is bound to a hydrogen atom so that it can ... |
|
| Second Harmonic Generation from Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes |
30 MAR 95 |
40 pages |
| Authors:
Ieva R. Politzer; XAVIER UNIV OF LOUISIANA NEW ORLEANS
|
| Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were formed from p-nitroanilines and aniline analogs as well as from selected bimanes. Only in very few instances did complexation with cyclodextrins increase the second harmonic generation when compared to the parent compound (aniline/analog or bimane). Solid state UV reflectance spectroscopy was found to be a viable method for differentiating between solid cyclodextrin-guest inclusion complexes and cyclodextrin-guest physical admixtures. Isobestic points could be determined by solution UV ... |
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| Subchronic Toxicity Studies on 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene, l,3- Dinitrobenzene, and Tetryl in Rats |
01 FEB 95 |
158 pages |
| Authors:
Tirumuru V. Reddy; F. B. Daniel; M. Robinson; G. R. Olson; B. Wiechman; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CINCINNATI OH ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SU PPORT LAB
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| Nitroaromatics, such as 1 ,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB), 1 ,3,5- trinitrobenzene (TN B), and N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline (tetryl), have been detected as environmental contaminants of groundwater and soil near production sites and in some instances at military test grounds. DNB is formed as a by-product during 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) production. It is also formed through photochemical oxidative degradation of 2,4- dinitrotoluene a by- product released into the environment from TNT manufacturing (Spanggord et.al., 1980). DNB ... |
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| Phase Behavior in TNAZ-Based and Other Explosive Formulations |
30 SEP 94 |
69 pages |
| Authors:
Robert D. Chapman; John W. Fronabarger; William B. Sanborn; Gary Burr; Sally Kneuppel; TPL INC ALBUQUERQUE NM
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| The best predictor of the extent of eutectic formation between explosive ingredients is the difference between their reciprocal melting temperatures (r2 > 0.86 among 61 examples). Though the basis for predicting eutectic behavior from thermodynamic relationships such as van't Hoff's equation has come to be recognized in recent years, the correlation to melting point differences as the major contributor to this behavior seems to have been unrecognized in the energetic ... |
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| Diffuse Reflectance Spectra of Energetic Material |
SEP 94 |
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| Authors:
Rodney A. Borg; DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION CANBERRA (AUSTRALIA)
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| The diffuse reflectance spectra of pure, solid HNS, TNT, HMX, RDX and PETN have been recorded. These spectra reveal that all of the high explosives (HE) have strong absorption profiles in the UV region of the spectrum and much weaker absorption in the visible/near infrared. The influence of particle size on the diffuse reflectance spectra has also been investigated. Reducing the particle size leads to a blue shift of the ... |
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| Fate of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in a Simulated Compost System |
SEP 94 |
60 pages |
| Authors:
Judith C. Pennington; Karen F. Myers; Douglas Gunnison; Erika F. McCormick; ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION VICKSBURG MS
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| Composting of explosives-contaminated soils is an economical alternative to other available treatment technologies. Development of a protocol for treatability studies in this work unit required mass balance of 2,4,6 trinitrotoluene (TNT) in the composting process to determine whether environmentally undesirable emissions or residuals are produced. The objective of the study was to develop methods for determining mass balance of TNT in a small-scale (473-cu cm 3) compost system. Results of ... |
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| Liquid Crystal Materials for Laser Beam Steering |
AUG 94 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Shin-Tson Wu; J. D. Margerum; HUGHES RESEARCH LABS MALIBU CA
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| Several new liquid crystal compounds have been developed for laser beam steering application. The asymmetric diakyl diphenyl-diacetylenes exhibit a low melting temperature, wide nematic range, high birefringence, low viscosity and small heat fusion enthalpy. They are excellent host materials for forming eutectic mixtures except for the small dielectric anisotropy. To enhance dielectric anisotropy, some polar diphenyl-diacetylenes and tolanes, and a new series of the nitro-azo-benzene dyes have been considered. Among ... |
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| Development of a Dosimeter System for Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine, Monomethylhydrazine and Hydrazine |
27 JUN 94 |
35 pages |
| Authors:
Karen P. Brenner; Susan L. Rose-Pehrsson; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
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| A dosimeter for real-time, colorimetric detection of current and proposed threshold limit value (TLV) levels of hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine (MMH) and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH)in air has been developed. The dosimeter consists of a replaceable dosimeter card and a reusable, polypropylene badge housing containing a clear, LTV adsorbent shield. The replaceable dosimeter card has two reaction sites, each containing one of two chemistries on a paper substrate. One chemistry uses 2,4-dinitrobenzaldehyde which ... |
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| Energetic Binder Explosive. |
31 MAY 1994 |
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| Authors:
May L. Chan; Edward M. Roy; Alan Turner; DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON DC
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| A castable, energetic, plastic-bonded explosive containing glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) an energetic polymer binder combined with the energetic plasticizers trimethyloethane trinitrate (TMETN) and trimethylene glycol dinitrate (TEGDN) or bisdinitropropyl formal and acetal mixture (BDNPF/A), and the explosive solid cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) or cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) having the desirable mechanical properties, insensitivity, and excellent aging properties at much higher solids loading and thus explosive performance than previous compositions. The invention uniquely ... |
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| Single Crystal Films and Waveguides of Organic Materials: Preparation and Nonlinear Optical Properties |
31 MAR 94 |
5 pages |
| Authors:
Mrinal Thakur; AUBURN UNIV AL DEPT OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING
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| The objective of this program is to establish a generic method for the growth of thin single crystal films of important organic nonlinear optical materials and measurement of their nonlinear optical properties. Through the last year's effort we have successfully prepared single crystal films of three organic materials which are: i) (N-(4-Nitrophenyl)-L-prolinol) abbreviated as NPP, ii) 2-cyclooctylamino-5-nitropyridine, abbreviated as COANP, iii) 4'-N, N- dimethylamino-4-N-methylstilbazolium toluene-p-sulfonate, abbreviated as DAST. These materials ... |
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| Novel Polydiacetylenes as Materials for Second and Third Order Nonlinear Optics |
18 MAR 94 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
W. H. Kim; B. Bihari; C. E. Masse; J. Kumar; Sukany K. Tripathy; MASSACHUSETTS UNIV LOWELL DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
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| The objective of this investigation was to develop stable nonlinear optical (NLO) materials which possess both second and third order NLO properties. These materials were envisioned as having a polydiacetylene (PDA) backbone with a second order active NLO chromophoric substituent consisting of a donor group, a p-conjugated bridge, and an acceptor group. The choice of a PDA backbone in this investigation was twofold. In terms of third order NLO properties, ... |
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