| Department of Defense Fuel Spending, Supply, Acquisition, and Policy |
22-Sep-2009 |
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| Authors:
Anthony Andrews; LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE
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 | Department of Defense (DOD) fuel consumption varies from year to year in response to changes in mission and the tempo of operations. DOD may consume upwards of 1% of the petroleum products refined in the United States annually. Petroleum products purchased and consumed overseas may double DOD's consumption. The majority of DOD's bulk fuel purchases are for jet fuel, which has ranged as high as 101 million barrels annually in ... |
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| Evaluation of the Impact of a Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene and JP-8 Blend on the Filters and Filter/Coalescer Performance |
11-Aug-2009 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Michael Domen; Richard A Kamin; Douglas F Mearns; NAVAL AIR SYSTEMS COMMAND PATUXENT RIVER MD
|
 | Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) is a liquid hydrocarbon fuel which can be produced by several different methods, one of which being the Fischer Tropsch (FT) process. Since 70 percent of the petroleum currently used in the U.S. is imported and SPK can be produced from domestic hydrocarbon sources such as coal and natural gas, certification of SPK for use as a blending component in JP-8 fuel is being pursued to ... |
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| Chemical Reactivity as a Probe of Ionic-Liquid Surfaces |
30-Apr-2009 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Kenneth McKendrick; Carla Waring; Paul A Bagot; Matthew L Costen; HERIOT-WATT UNIV EDINBURGH (UNITED KINGDOM)
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| This report results from a contract tasking Heriot-Watt University as follows: The work will be similar to that which the group has pioneered in related studies of the reactions of O(3P) atoms with hydrocarbon liquids. It is based on laser-photolysis of a low pressure of a suitable O(3P) precursor (NO2 at 355 nm) above the surface of the liquid. This produces O(3P) atoms with a relatively broad, superthermal kinetic energy ... |
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| Flame Stabilization and Structure of Reaction Zones |
31-Mar-2009 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Kevin M Lyons; NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV AT RALEIGH OFFICE OF CONTRACTS AND GRANTS
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| This report discusses recent progress in understanding turbulent, lifted hydrocarbon jet flames and the conditions under which they stabilize, which has implications for both gaseous- and spray-burner design. Experiments are discussed which support the importance of a variety of effects, including partial premixing, local extinction, streamline divergence, air co-flow and large-scale structures. Specifically, advances in flame hystersis and propagation are reported, which have helped clarify the overall understanding of combustion ... |
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| An Automated Process for Generation of New Fuel Breakdown Mechanisms |
28-Feb-2009 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Angela Violi; MICHIGAN UNIV ANN ARBOR
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| The work performed by our research group over the last years aimed to develop an integrated and innovative computational approach for predicting reaction mechanisms for JP8 surrogate components. The modeling effort has integrated various computational tools to build chemical kinetic pathways, starting from the structure of the proposed fuel components and ending with a list of reactions pathways, rate constants, thermodynamic and transport data. Studies were conducted in several research ... |
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| Carbon Dioxide Corrosion and Acetate: A Hypothesis on the Influence of Microorganisms |
Nov-2008 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Brenda J Little; Joseph M Suflita; Tommy J Phelps; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV
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| It is our hypothesis that fermentative acetogenic, and sulfate-reducing bacteria residing in pipeline facilities can influence corrosion through the production of carbon dioxide and acetate under the prevailing anaerobic conditions. The exacerbation of carbon dioxide corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of acetic acid is a well-known phenomenon in the oil industry. Both chemical compounds can be produced and consumed by microorganisms during the anaerobic biodegradation of organic matter-- ... |
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| Engine Durability Evaluation Using Synthetic Fuel, Caterpillar C7 Engine |
Oct-2008 |
99 pages |
| Authors:
Matthew E Schulman; Edwin A Frame; SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INST SAN ANTONIO TX BELVOIR FUELS AND LUBRICANTS RESEARCH FACILITY
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| Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthetic fuel is considered a clean fuel because it typically will contain no sulfur or aromatics, but these differences from petroleum fuel (JP-8) may translate to some degree of change in equipment/engine performance in regards to power output, fuel ignition and combustibility, fuel system sealing, and fuel lubricity. A Caterpillar C7 engine was used to compare operations between JP-8 and F-T fuel. The engine was measured dimensionally, broken-in, ... |
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| Bacterial Degradation of Nitrogenous Energetic Compounds (NEC) in Coastal Waters and Sediments |
10-Sep-2008 |
59 pages |
| Authors:
T J Boyd; C L Osburn; Michael T Montgomery; S W Walker; L J Hamdan; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CHEMICAL DYNAMICS AND DIAGNOSTICS BRANCH
|
| Once released in the environment, either through detonation, casing breakage, or by slow leaks from unexploded ordnance (UXO), nitrogenous energetic compounds (NEC, such as TNT, HMX, RDX) may sorb onto particulates, partition to dissolved organic matter, or remain dissolved in aqueous media. Our hypothesis was that NEC would be transient in coastal ecosystems. This was based primarily on the understanding that microbial grown in these systems is typically nitrogen-limited and ... |
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| Evaluation of Synthetic Fuel in Military Tactical Generators |
JUN 2008 |
40 pages |
| Authors:
Ruben Alvarez; Edwin A. Frame; SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INST SAN ANTONIO TX BELVOIR FUELS AND LUBRICANTS RESEARCH FACILITY
|
| A program was developed to compare data on performance, fuel economy and exhaust emissions during side by-side evaluations of military tactical generator sets while using various fuels, including Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthetic aviation kerosene fuel. The generators identified as Tactical Quiet Generators, 10kW 60 Hz, MEP-803A were provided by the Mobile Electric Power Group at Ft. Belvoir, VA. All three generators were operated on a 25-hour break-in run using Ultra-Low Sulfur ... |
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| Iraq: Oil and Gas Legislation, Revenue Sharing, and U.S. Policy |
02 APR 2008 |
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| Authors:
Christopher M. Blanchard; LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE
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| Iraqi leaders continue to debate a package of hydrocarbon sector and revenue sharing legislation that would define the terms for the future management and development of the country's significant oil and natural gas resources. The package includes an oil and gas sector framework law and three supporting laws that would outline revenue sharing, restructure Iraq 's Ministry of Oil, and create an Iraqi National Oil Company. Both the Bush Administration ... |
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| History of Fuel Cell R&D at Fort Belvoir, Virginia |
01 APR 2008 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Walter G. Taschek; ARMY POWER DIV FORT BELVOIR VA POWER TECHNOLOGY BRANCH
|
| Fuel cell R&D in the United States before 1958 was minimal but, with the advent of Sputnik, interest in fuel cells exploded. While NASA pursued fuel cells for space applications, Army Labs at Fort Monmouth and Fort Belvoir pursued air breathing fuel cells for tactical and ground applications. By the mid 1960's, both Army Labs had strong efforts and each had staffs of over eight researchers directed at fuel cell ... |
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| Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Thermal Management Applications |
04-Feb-2008 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
Pulickel M Ajayan; RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INST TROY NY
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| The work was designed towards creating aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube arrays by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of xylene hydrocarbon precursor and simultaneous vapor phase delivery of catalyst particles. Low density nanotube arrays as well as highly dense pyrolitic carbon coated nanotube arrays were produced. The nanotube arrays could be grown to several hundreds of microns long. The simultaneous growth of nanotubes and densification of the aligned carbon nanotube (ACNT) films ... |
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| Estimating Cleanup Times Associated With Combining Source-Area Remediation With Monitored Natural Attenuation |
Feb-2008 |
192 pages |
| Authors:
Mark Widdowson; Francis Chapelle; Clifton Casey; Mark Kram; VIRGINIA TECH BLACKSBURG BRADLEY DEPT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
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| Under suitable conditions, monitored natural attenuation (MNA) can be a cost-effective strategy for restoring contaminated aquifer systems either as a stand-alone technology or in combination with other engineered remedial actions. However, USEPA guidance specifically requires MNA to achieve site-specific cleanup objectives within a reasonable time frame. Thus, it is necessary to provide estimates of cleanup times whenever MNA is proposed as part of a cleanup strategy. In response, the Natural ... |
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| MIL SPEC 28 Square Foot Fire Burnback and Extinguishment Testing of FireAde, FlameOut II and Hawk ALLFIRE |
JAN 2008 |
10 pages |
| Authors:
Kimberly D. Barrett; Jennifer L. Kalberer; APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC TYNDALL AFB FL
|
| The Air Force, in cooperation with the Federal Aviation Administration, is screening new fire fighting foam concentrates to determine their effectiveness at extinguishing and resisting burnback for hydrocarbon fuel fires. This report documents the evaluation performed on the fire extinguishing agents FireAde 2000 AFFF LP, FlameOut II and Hawk ALLFORE in accordance with the parameters set forth in Military Specification ( MIL SPEC) MIL-F-0024385F, Section 4.7.13 for the twenty-eight-square-foot fire ... |
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| Iraq: Oil and Gas Legislation, Revenue Sharing, and U.S. Policy |
02 OCT 2007 |
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| Authors:
Christoper M. Blanchard; LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE
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| Iraqi leaders continue to debate a package of hydrocarbon sector and revenue sharing legislation that would define the terms for the future management and development of the country's significant oil and natural gas resources. The package includes an oil and gas sector framework law and three supporting laws that would outline revenue sharing, restructure Iraq's Ministry of Oil, and create an Iraqi National Oil Company. Both the Bush Administration and ... |
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| Thermochemistry and Kinetics for Designer Molecules Additives to Energetic Materials for Improved Performance: Thermal Generation of Hydrazine |
28-Sep-2007 |
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| Authors:
William Anderson; John da Cole; Gabriel Silva; Joseph W Bozzelli; NEW JERSEY INST OF TECH NEWARK
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| A number of JANNAF publications have illustrated the remarkable performance modification that the addition of Tag-ZT can have in formulations of energetic materials, where the Tag-ZT additive resulted in significant improvement in performance the energetic material. Recent studies in the research lab or Dr. Rich Behrens have demonstrated that the thermal reaction of TAG-ZT results in formation of hydrazine, N2H4. The Behrens group further evaluate the hydrazine to be a ... |
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| Ignition and Dentonation Characteristics of Hydrogen and Hydrocarbon Fuels in a PDE |
SEP 2007 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Tim Heifrich; Fred Schauer; Royce Bradley; John Hoke; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH TURBINE ENGINE DIV
|
| Over the past two decades, several fuels have been tested in pulsed detonation engines (PDEs) throughout the world. This research focuses on developing a baseline set of ignition and detonation performance measures for six distinct fuels in air: Hydrogen, ethylene, propane, aviation gasoline (avgas), JP-8, and Fischer-Tropsch JP-8 (S-8). To quantify the ignition and detonation performance, four parameters are examined: Ignition time, deflagration- to-detonation transition (DDT) time, DDT distance, and ... |
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| Evaluation of Catalytic and Thermal Cracking in a JP-8 Fueled Pulsed Detonation Engine (Postprint) |
SEP 2007 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Timothy M. Helfrich; Frederick R. Schauer; Royce P. Bradley; John L. Hoke; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIRECTORATE
|
| Pulsed detonation engines (PDEs) depend on rapid ignition and transition from deflagration to detonation. The prospect of converting the PDE from experimental to operational use necessitates a considerable reduction in the time required to ignite and detonate a liquid hydrocarbon fuel in air, such as JP-8. This research effort is focused on PDE operation enhancements using dual detonation tube, concentric-counter-flow heat exchangers to elevate the fuel temperature levels sufficiently to ... |
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| Turbulent Mixing and Combustion for High-Speed Air-Breathing Propulsion Application |
12 AUG 2007 |
126 pages |
| Authors:
Paul E. Dimotakis; CALIFORNIA INST OF TECH PASADENA DEPT OF AERONAUTICS
|
| Work was completed on mixing, chemical-reaction, and combustion processes in turbulent, subsonic, and supersonic flows. Research included high-speed internal flows of interest to scramjet mixing and combustion, aimed at flow-control and flame holding issues. The control authority and mixing in subsonic and transonic flows affected by mass injection and heat release was quantified. In parallel, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) modeling of these flows was conducted with ... |
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| Low Temperature Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Direct Microwave Irradiation |
09 AUG 2007 |
29 pages |
| Authors:
KUN-HONG LEE; POHANG UNIV OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (KOREA SOUTH) DEPT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
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| The data suggest that microwave heating is a very efficient method to heat catalyst particles, decompose hydrocarbons, and finally synthesize CNTs. However, final conclusion will be made after completing the analysis of synthesized CNTs. |
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| Environmental Evaluation of Dust Stabilizer Products |
AUG 2007 |
69 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffery Steevens; Burton Suedel; Alfreda Gibson; Alan Kennedy; William Blackburn; David Splichal; J. T. Pierce; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
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| Personnel of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Vicksburg, MS, and Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC), Portsmouth, VA, evaluated the environmental fate and effects of six commercially available dust stabilizer products. As part of the evaluation, a relative risk comparison was made of the six materials to other materials that have been used historically to control dusts (i.e., diesel, crude oil, fuel oil). Data for this evaluation ... |
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| Iraq: Oil and Gas Legislation, Revenue Sharing, and U.S. Policy |
26 JUN 2007 |
|
| Authors:
Christopher M. Blanchard; LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE
|
| Iraqi leaders continue to debate a package of hydrocarbon sector and revenue sharing legislation that will define the terms for the future management and development of the country's significant oil and natural gas resources. The package includes an oil and gas sector framework law and three supporting laws that would outline revenue sharing mechanisms, restructure Iraq 's Ministry of Oil, and create an Iraqi National Oil Company. Both the Bush ... |
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| Experimental and Numerical Investigations of RP-2 Under High Heat Fluxes |
MAY 2007 |
32 pages |
| Authors:
M. C. Billingsley; H. Y. Lyu; R. W. Bates; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA PROPULSION DIRECTORATE
|
| Interest in developing reusable, long-life, liquid hydrocarbon fueled rocket engines has continued to grow in recent years. Of critical importance in designing and developing an engine with these characteristics is of course the fuel and its impact on potential cooling schemes. For several years now, the Air Force Research Laboratory Propulsion Directorate has been developing the capability to examine the thermal performance of newly emerging petroleum distillate fuels such as ... |
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| Microchemical Systems for Fuel Processing and Conversion to Electrical Power |
15 MAR 2007 |
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| Authors:
Klavs F. Jensen; MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE
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| This final report describes progress and accomplishments of the MIT MURI Microchemical Systems for Fuel Processing and Conversion to Electrical Power. The program aimed to develop a fundamental understanding of the different physical phenomena underlying fuel processing at millimeter to micron scale as well as to establish the engineering principles needed to realize portable electrical power generation from hydrocarbon fuels. Competing approaches to fuel conversions were addressed with particular emphasis ... |
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| In Situ Catalytic Groundwater Treatment Using Pd-Catalysts and Horizontal Flow Treatment Wells |
Feb-2007 |
270 pages |
| Authors:
Carmen Lebron; Martin Reinhard; Gary Hopkins; Matthew Davie; NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING SERVICE CENTER PORT HUENEME CA
|
| The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated in 1996 that approximately 70% of the 8,336 Department of Defense (DoD) sites requiring cleanup had contaminated groundwater, usually from chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE). Palladium (Pd) catalysis is a rapid destruction method that, in the presence of hydrogen gas, transforms many chlorinated ethylenes into ethane and some other halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into their respective hydrocarbon compounds. ... |
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| Branch Detonation of a Pulse Detonation Engine With Flash Vaporized JP-8 |
DEC 2006 |
99 pages |
| Authors:
John D. Slack; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
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| Pulse Detonation Engines (PDE) operating on liquid hydrocarbon fuels are limited to operating frequencies of 35 Hz due to long ignition times from a low energy ignition sources. This study shows ignition time of JP-8 can be nearly eliminated by igniting a thrust tube using a secondary detonation. A counter flow heat exchanger attached to a thrust tube utilized waste heat from the detonation process to heat JP-8 to supercritical ... |
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| Development of a PBPK Model for JP-8 |
15 NOV 2006 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Jeff Fisher; Michael Bartlett; Shonetta D. Gregg; GEORGIA UNIV ATHENS
|
| The overarching goal of this research project was to develop a mathematical dosimetry model for aerosolized JP-8 to better understand human exposure to inhaled JP-8. The JP-8 dosimetry model could then be used to determine human health risks from exposure to JP-8. For the first time, individual hydrocarbon data were collected to characterize the atmospheric exposures and dosimetry for laboratory animals exposed to vaporized or aerosolized JP-8. Both chamber atmosphere ... |
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| Researching the Possibility of Creating Highly Effective Catalysts for the Thermochemical Heat Regeneration and Hydrocarbon Reforming |
NOV 2006 |
84 pages |
| Authors:
Alexander L. Kuranov; LENINETZ HOLDING CO NIPGS SAINT PETERSBURG (RUSSIA) HYPERSONIC SYSTEM RESEARCH INST
|
| This report results from a contract tasking Leninetz Holding Company. NIPGS as follows: The contractor will investigate using a two-stage fuel conversion process for cooling hypersonic air vehicle and engine structures. The two stage process has been shown to significantly reduce fuel coking while maximizing cooling capacity. In the first stage the fuel is reformed to produce methane. The second stage provides additional cooling and reforms the methane into hydrogen. ... |
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| In the Midst of a Fuels Evolution - An Army Perspective |
02 OCT 2006 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Patsy Muzzell; TACOM RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER WARREN MI
|
| (1) Army is already using alternative fuels in its non-tactical fleets; (2) Fuels used in tactical fleets must accommodate military's worldwide deployment; (3) Under the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) Assured Fuels Initiative, DoD is pursuing qualification and use of unconventional fuels (not made from petroleum) in its aircraft, ships and tactical vehicle fleets. |
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| The Low Temperature Oxidation Chemistry of JP-8 and its Surrogates at High Pressure |
OCT 2006 |
37 pages |
| Authors:
N. P. Cemansky; D. L. Miller; DREXEL UNIV PHILADELPHIA PA DEPT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS
|
| A research program to study the low temperature oxidation chemistry of JP-8 at high pressures has been conducted at Drexel University. The current program was initiated in June 2003 through a grant from the Army Research Office (Grant No. DAAD19-03-1-0070, Project No. 44458-EG) and was completed in July 2006. The objectives of this project were to determine the effects of fuel composition variations in JP-8 reactivity at low and intermediate ... |
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| Performance of Pylons Upstream of a Cavity-Based Flameholder in Non-Reacting Supersonic Flow (Postprint) |
01-Jul-2006 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Mark R Gruber; Lane C Haubelt; Paul I King; Campbell C Carter; Kuang-Yu M Hsu; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION SCIENCES BRANCH
|
| Cavity-based fuel injection and flame holding, typically found in hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet applications, are of current interest for use in supersonic combustors. The Air Force Research Lab (AFRL) and the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFlT) are investigating the enhancement of fuel-air mixing with small pylons that project into the supersonic flow upstream of a flame holder. The pylons were of three sizes and were shaped as a thin triangular wedge ... |
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| Elastomer Impact When Switch-Loading Synthetic Fuel Blends and Petroleum Fuels |
JUL 2006 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
Patsy A. Muzzell; Leo L. Stavinoha; Eric Sattler; Angela Terry; Luis Villahermosa; TACOM RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER WARREN MI
|
| When some elastomer (rubber) compounds, and specifically those used for seals in fuel-wetted components of vehicles and equipment, are suddenly "switch-loaded" from a fuel of given composition to one of a somewhat different composition, swell/shrink issues relating to seal performance may arise, possibly leading to fuel leakage. The key objective of this study was to evaluate what happens to the elastomers with sudden switches from a conventional (petroleum-derived) fuel to ... |
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| The Role of AhR in Breast Cancer Development |
JUL 2006 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Xinhai Yang; BOSTON UNIV MA
|
| The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an environmental carcinogen-activated transcription factor associated with tumorigenesis. Little is known of the transcriptional consequences of constitutive AhR activation. The effects of constitutively active and environmental ligand-induced AhR on c-myc, an oncogene, were investigated. Results indicate that: (1) the AhR constitutively binds the c-myc promoter; (2) there is a low but significant baseline level of c-myc promoter activity, which is not regulated by NF-kappaB ... |
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| Thermochemical Processes in Plasma Aerodynamics |
JUN 2006 |
71 pages |
| Authors:
LENINETZ HOLDING CO NIPGS SAINT PETERSBURG (RUSSIA) HYPERSONIC SYSTEM RESEARCH INST
|
| Active Thermal Protection on the Basis of Endothermic Reactions The Problems of Catalysis at the Hydrocarbon Fuel Regeneration Combustion of a Modified Hydrocarbon Fuel Non-Equilibrium Kinetics with Hydrocarbon Components Participation Plasma Aerodynamics of Flows Introduction of a Laser Energy to the Stable Air and Intersected Shock Waves |
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| A Comparative Analysis of Single-Stage-To-Orbit Rocket and Air-Breathing Vehicles |
JUN 2006 |
100 pages |
| Authors:
Benjamin S. Orloff; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH DEPT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
|
| This study compares and contrasts the performance of a variety of rocket and air breathing, single-stage-to-orbit, reusable launch vehicles. Fuels considered include bi-propellant and tri-propellant combinations of hydrogen and hydrocarbon fuels. Astrox Corporation's HySIDE code was used to model the vehicles and predict their characteristics and performance. Vehicle empty mass, wetted area and growth rates were used as figures of merit to predict the procurement, operational and maintenance cost trends ... |
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| Effect of Biodiesel on Diesel Engine Nitrogen Oxide and Other Regulated Emissions |
01-May-2006 |
|
| Authors:
Bruce Holden; Jason Jack; Wayne Miller; Tom Durbin; NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING SERVICE CENTER PORT HUENEME CA
|
| This report summarizes the results of a 3-year project lead by the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC) to obtain emissions factors (i.e. tailpipe air pollution emissions data) from 10 types of Department of Defense (DoD) operated diesel powered engines. Emissions data was obtained from 8 vehicles, primarily buses and trucks, and 2 portable generators. All testing was performed with the engines installed in the vehicles/portable equipment. Emissions factors were ... |
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| Pulse Detonation Physiochemical and Exhaust Relaxation Processes |
MAY 2006 |
44 pages |
| Authors:
Frederick R. Schauer; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH PROPULSION DIRECTORATE
|
| The objective of this program is to establish the scientific knowledge of detonation initiation, propagation, and blow-down needed to develop a pulse detonation engine (PDE) that will function on hydrocarbon fuels. The complex interaction of chemistry, gas dynamics, turbulent mixing, and geometry are responsible for the success or failure of the detonation phenomena required to operate a PDE. Detonation tube exhaust blow-down conditions, which are predicted to have a significant ... |
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| Supercritical Hydrocarbon Impinging Injector Simulation Facility |
APR 2006 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Michael M. Micci; PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV UNIVERSITY PARK DEPT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
|
| A supercritical hydrocarbon impinging injector simulation facility was procured and installed to increase the available computational capability to conduct molecular dynamics simulations of supercritical impinging injectors using hydrocarbon propellants. Supercritical impinging injectors using hydrocarbon propellants are of interest to the next generation of liquid propellant rocket engines. The procured high performance computing cluster allows simulations to be conducted in a sufficiently short time period to allow investigation of the effects ... |
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| Future Fuels |
APR 2006 |
80 pages |
| Authors:
A. M. Andrews; W. Bryzik; R. Carlin; J. M. Feigley; III Harrison W. E.; D. J. Katz; J. Y. Rodriguez; R. L. Snead; J. C. Sommerer; J. T. Tozzi; NAVAL RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE ARLINGTON VA
|
| The challenge "Unleash us from the tether of fuel," came from Lt. Gen. James Mattis, USMC, Commanding General of Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC), and his Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) experience as CG of First Marine Division. As a near-term response, the Panel determined that the fuel tether remains, but found a way to lengthen it (Hybrid Electric Vehicle technology) and untangle it (dynamic fuel management). The Marine Corps ... |
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| Cycle Performance of a Pulse Detonation Engine with Supercritical Fuel Injection |
23 MAR 2006 |
188 pages |
| Authors:
Timothy M. Helfrich; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
|
| Pulse detonation engines (PDE) rely on rapid ignition and formation of detonation waves. Because hydrocarbon fuels are composed typically of long carbon chains that must be reduced in the combustion process, it would be beneficial to create such reduction prior to injection of fuel into the engine. This study focused on PDE operation enhancements using dual detonation tube, concentric-counter-flow heat exchangers to elevate the fuel temperature up to supercritical temperatures. ... |
|
| Comparative Analysis of Two-Stage-to-Orbit Rocket and Airbreathing Reusable Launch Vehicles for Military Applications |
MAR 2006 |
254 pages |
| Authors:
Joseph M. Hank; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
|
| The Department of Defense (DoD) has identified operationally responsive, low-cost access to space as vital to maintaining U.S. military supremacy. Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLVs) will allow the U.S. to keep a technological advantage over our adversaries, and advances in airbreathing propulsion technology have made it feasible for use in space launch vehicles. This study considers two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) RLV configurations, each using combinations of propulsion including pure rocket, pure turbine, rocket-based-combined-cycle ... |
|
| Inhibitory Ah Receptor-Androgen Receptor Crosstalk in Prostate Cancer |
FEB 2006 |
93 pages |
| Authors:
Stephen Safe; TEXAS A AND M UNIV COLLEGE STATION
|
| Treatment for prostate cancer depends on multiple factors including the stage of the tumor and expression of the androgen receptor (AR). Endocrine therapy can be used for treatment of early stage androgen-responsive tumors, whereas chemotherapy for later stage androgennon responsive tumors is problematic. We investigated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a potential target for treating prostate cancer using a new series of relatively non-toxic selective AhR modulators (SAhRMs). Initial ... |
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| Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Military Environments |
2006 |
|
| Authors:
Jason S. Lee; Richard I. Ray; Brenda J. Little; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV
|
| MICROBIOLOGICALLY INFLUENCED CORROSION (MIC) designates corrosion due to the presence and activities of microorganisms. Microorganisms can accelerate rates of partial reactions in corrosion processes and/or shift the mechanism for corrosion processes and/or shift the mechanism for corrosion (Ref 1). Most laboratory and field MIC studies have focused on bacterial involvement: however, other single-celled organisms, including fungi, can influence corrosion. This article focuses on MIC of military assets and is divided ... |
|
| Optical Properties of Biological Aerosols |
2006 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
Rosalba Saija; Paolo Denti; Ferdinando Borghese; MESSINA UNIV (ITALY)
|
| The study of the optical properties of biological aerosols, i.e. aerosols composed of biological spores and other organic compounds, presents unique difficulties both on the experimental and on the theoretical side. On the experimental side, we cite, as an example, the fact that all organic materials, both spores and organic compounds present a luminescence spectrum whose most carachteritic features occur in the range of wavelength in which the atmosphere is ... |
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| Future Fuels |
04 OCT 2005 |
37 pages |
| Authors:
NAVAL RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE ARLINGTON VA
|
| At the briefing, the following topics were discussed: identify, review and assess technolgies for reducing fuel consumption, including alternative propulsion technologies. Recommend a strategy to leverage the coo-perative research among DoD, DoE and industry. |
|
| Evaluation and Selection of an Efficient Fuel/Air Initiation Strategy for Pulse Detonation Engines |
SEP 2005 |
71 pages |
| Authors:
Brent T. Channell; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| Rapid and efficient initiation of hydrocarbon/air mixtures has been identified as one of the critical and enabling technologies for Pulse Detonation Engines (PDEs). Although the NPS Rocket Propulsion Laboratory has successfully demonstrated fuel/air detonations in a valveless pulse detonation engine using ethylene, propane, and JP-10 fuels, past engine designs have relied upon a sensitive fuel/oxygen initiator unit. To realize the increased thermodynamic efficiencies of PDEs and thus compete with ramjets ... |
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| Characterization of Engine Mount Elastomers |
24 AUG 2005 |
|
| Authors:
Jeffrey P. Szabo; DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ATLANTIC DARTMOUTH (CANADA)
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| As part of a project to develop methods for modelling the performance of engine mounts, several oil resistant alternative materials were prepared, and compared to conventional materials from mounts that are currently in service on the Canadian Patrol Frigate (CPF). This report describes the preparation and characterization of these elastomers, including two that were prepared at Platform Sciences Laboratory (PSL) in Melbourne, Australia under the Canada/ Australia MOU on Defence ... |
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| Self Contained Fuel System for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell |
18 AUG 2005 |
10 pages |
| Authors:
Louis G. Carreiro; DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY WASHINGTON DC
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| A power source for an unmanned undersea vehicle with increased energy density is described that employs a self-contained fuel system to address carbon dioxide evolution. A solid oxide fuel cell serves as the power source in the self- contained fuel system. In combination with the solid oxide fuel cell, the system comprises a chemical composite that is combined with water to create both a hydrocarbon fuel for the solid oxide ... |
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| Ignition and Supersonic Burning of Air - Fuel Mixtures Initiated by Electrical Discharges |
04 AUG 2005 |
139 pages |
| Authors:
Vladimir A. Levin; MOSCOW STATE UNIV (RUSSIA)
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| This report results from a contract tasking Moscow State University as follows: The contractor will investigate the use of pulsed plasma jets and transversal pulsed-periodic discharges to ignite and efficiently combust hydrocarbon fuel/air mixtures in supersonic flows. Effects of pulse duration pulse power. electrode material and operating frequency will be determined for both propane/air and kerosene/air mixtures over equivalence rations from 0.3 to 1.0 at Mach 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0. ... |
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| The Role of AHR in Breast Cancer Development |
JUL 2005 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
Xinhai Yang; BOSTON UNIV MA
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| The study described herein was designed to determine if and how a non-toxic, naturally occurring bioflavonoid, galangin, affects growth of human mammary tumor cells. Our previous studies demonstrated that, in other cell types, galangin is a potent inhibitor of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), an environmental carcinogen- responsive transcription factor implicated in mammary tumor initiation and growth control. Our results indicated that breast cancer Hs578T cells expressed high levels of ... |
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Reports by Keyword(s)
HYDROCARBONS
