| Reversible Polymer Hydrogels |
Dec-2008 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
V M Boddu; N Naismith; H Patel; R C Flowers; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
|
 | Temperature sensitive hydrogels based on N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPA) and acryloyl glucosamine (AG) were synthesized using ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator, N,N,N',N' -tetramethylenediamene (TEMED) as activator, and N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide (BIS) as cross-linker. The hydrogels were characterized using FTIR spectral analysis to investigate the chemical composition of the hydrogels. Swelling studies of the gel in water at room temperature to relate the swelling characteristics to the chemical composition were conducted. Further, the ... |
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| Common Trends in the Relationships Between Chemical and Physical Properties and Molecular Structure of Nitramine, Cage Nitramine, and Nitroaromatic Energetics |
Dec-2008 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Mohammad Qasim; Jerzy Leszczynski; Leonid Gorb; Minori Uchimiya; Brett Moore; Lyssa Taylor; Matthew Middleton; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
|
| Chemical and physical properties of nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives were related to their molecular structure with the objective of predicting types, sites and rates of reactivity as well as prediction of transformation intermediate and final products, stability, and toxicity potential. Understanding these relationships is intrinsic to the development of computational chemistry (CC) protocols for basic research into new compounds as well as for specific applications to military sites. Our comparisons ... |
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| From the Theory of Chemical Lasers to the Spectra of High-Energy Density Materials Higher Order Conical Interactions Play a Key Role |
30-Nov-2008 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
David R Yarkony; JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV BALTIMORE MD DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Our AFOSR funded work has included both the development of new computational tools to determine photoelectron spectra within the time independent multimode vibronic coupling model, and the use of those tools, and techniques developed as part of other funded research, to determine photoelectron spectra for the selected azolides, anion precursors of the radical species, (CH)mN5_m, forw = 0-4. These anions have been suggested as components of ionic liquids and have ... |
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| Quantitative Study of the Effects of Chemical Additives in Propellant Flames |
02-Nov-2008 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
Terrill A Cool; CORNELL UNIV ITHACA NY OFFICE OF SPONSORED PROGRAMS
|
| This research addresses perceived needs of the U.S. Army in the development and use of biodiesel fuels and in the combustion chemistry of small cyclic nitramines. Studies are described of the chemistry of simple methyl and ethyl esters chosen as surrogates for the long chain mono-alkyl esters that are primary constituents of biodiesel fuels. The principal goal of these studies is the elucidation of the reaction mechanisms responsible for observed ... |
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| Groundwater Chemistry and Microbial Ecology Effects on Explosives Biodegradation |
01-Sep-2008 |
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| Authors:
Mark E Fuller; Robert J Steffan; SHAW ENVIRONMENTAL INC LAWRENCEVILLE NJ
|
 | The overall goal of this project was to gain a better understanding of the microbial ecology of explosives compound biodegradation in groundwater. Deciphering which organisms are involved with explosives degradation under various in situ conditions could lead to better diagnostic and monitoring tools for bioremediation of energetics based on biomarkers, as well as lead to better conceptual and predictive models. Initially, the scope of this project included most of the ... |
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| Energetic Residues and Crater Geometries from the Firing of 120-mm High-Explosive Mortar Projectiles into Eagle River Flats, June 2007 |
01-Jul-2008 |
62 pages |
| Authors:
Susan Taylor; Marianne E Walsh; Charles M Collins; Michael R Walsh; Charles A Ramsey; Susan R Bigl; Ronald N Bailey; Alan D Hewitt; Mark Prieksat; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Fourteen 120-mm high-explosive mortar projectiles were fired into the Eagle River Flats (ERF) impact area in June 2007 to determine physical disturbance of the mudflat when it is not covered by ice. Currently, ERF is used only when it is covered by ice that prevents disturbance of the underlying sediment. Thirteen of the projectiles functioned normally and produced high-order detonations. The high order detonation craters averaged 2.7 m in diameter ... |
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| Experimental Investigation of the Role of Defects in Detonation Sensitivity of Energetic Materials: Development of Techniques for Characterization |
04-Mar-2008 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
Craig J Eckhardt; NEBRASKA UNIV LINCOLN
|
| A report of the activity related to the research on the role of defects and electronic structure on the sensitivity of energetic materials detonation. |
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| Photochemical Degradation of Composition B and Its Components |
SEP 2007 |
64 pages |
| Authors:
Judith C. Pennington; Kevin A. Thorn; Larry G. Cox; Denise K. MacMillan; Sally Yost; Randy D. Laubscher; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
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| Products of photodecomposition of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) have been observed as a coating on TNT particles and as a fine powdered residue surrounding TNT particles on ranges receiving limited rainfall. The significance of photolysis of explosive formulations on training ranges is unknown. Therefore, photolysis of a common explosive formulation, Composition B, and its components in a soil matrix were evaluated. Objectives included determination of photolysis rates, effects of light intensity and ... |
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| Responsie van Verschillende Munitieartikelen bij Opwarming en Brand (Response of Munitions Items Due to Heating or a Fire) |
SEP 2007 |
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| Authors:
J. H. Scholtes; V. Verboom; TNO DEFENCE SECURITY AND SAFETY RIJSWIJK (NETHERLANDS)
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| Safety of munitions for personnel and ordnance in all kinds of situations is important. One of the major threats for munitions is heating of munitions (cook-off), direct (fire) as well as indirect heating (fire in adjacent room). In this study the time to cook-off for several munitions items has been investigated by means of simple 1-dimensional calculations. These calculations have been performed on in-service munitions items, from 35 mm up ... |
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| Environmental Screening Assessment of Perchlorate Replacements |
AUG 2007 |
53 pages |
| Authors:
Jay L. Clausen; Stephen Clough; Michael Gray; Patrick Gwinn; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| A screening level assessment of the fate, transport, and toxicity of four potential replacements for perchlorate was performed. Resulting data will allow for evaluation and minimization of the potential environmental liability associated with the use of energetic compounds as propellants. This report details methods used and assessment findings. Inorganic oxidizer ammonium di(nitramido)amine (ADNA); cyclic nitramine/ gem-dinitro compound 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC); 1,3,3,5,7,7-hexanitro-1,5-diazacyclooctane (HCO); and diammonium di(nitramido)dinitroethylene (ADNDNE) were evaluated. Their respective analogue ... |
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| Reactive Gas Phase Compression Due to Shock-Induced Cavity Collapse in Energetic Materials |
JUN 2007 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Linhbao Tran; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD WEAPONS AND MATERIALS RESEARCH DIRECTORATE
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| A mesoscale simulation is carried out to examine shock-initiation due to gas phase reaction at site of cylindrical pore within an HMX crystal. The focus here is to investigate viscoplastic heating with gas pore compression that leads to chemical reactions within the gas phase. Systems of conservation laws for both solid and gas phases are solved along with species conservation from a reduced set of chemical kinetic model. Mass, momentum, ... |
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| Development of Environmental Data for Navy, Air Force, and Marine Munitions |
JUN 2007 |
60 pages |
| Authors:
Jay L. Clausen; Constance Scott; Randall J. Cramer; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Use of conventional weapons and explosives in live-fire military training can lead to release of munitions constituent residues, which can migrate to groundwater and drinking water sources. The extent to which major energetic constituents (RDX, HMX, TNT, and perchlorate) are present at military installations is being analyzed and assessed. Studies of the presence of energetic materials on US Army live-fire training sites have increased our understanding of the environmental fate ... |
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| Molecular Structure Determines Chemical Reactivities and, Thus, Transformation Pathways |
NOV 2006 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Mohammad Qasim; Patricia Honea; Leonard Gorb; Jerzy Leszczynski; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
|
| Structural reactivities of a nitroaromatic and heterocyclic nitramines were compared under selected reaction conditions, with 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene (TNT) as the exemplar of nitroaromatic; hexahydro-1,4,5-trinitro-1,3,5- triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5-tetranitro- 1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) exemplifying the heterocyclic nitramine; and 2,4,6,8,10,12- hexanitrohexaazoisowurtzitane representing cage heterocyclic nitramine explosives. The hypothesis that molecular structure determines chemical reactivities and transformations was supported through a combination of computational chemistry (CC) and spectroscopic techniques. This combination of predictive and analytical ... |
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| Ecological Soil Screening Levels For Invertebrates at Explosives-Contaminated Sites: Supporting Sustainability of Army Testing and Training |
NOV 2006 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Roman G. Kuperman; Ronald T. Checkai; Michael Simini; Carlton T. Phillips; Jan E. Kolakowski; Nancy A. Chester; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
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| The Army Strategy for the Environment applies an ecosystem approach to managing natural resources on Army installations. It incorporates the principles of sustainability across the Army into all functional areas. We conducted investigations to develop critical environmental data required for successful management of Army installations in a sustainable manner, and for the knowledge-based decision making. Assessment and protection of the terrestrial environment at Army installations can be advanced by developing ... |
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| Distribution and Fate of Energetics on DoD Test and Training Ranges: Interim Report 6 |
NOV 2006 |
308 pages |
| Authors:
J. C. Pennington; T. F. Jenkins; G. Ampleman; S. Thiboutot; A. D. Hewitt; S. Brochu; J. Robb; E. Diaz; J. Lewis; H. Colby; R. Martel; K. Poe; K. Groff; K. L. Bjella; C. A. Ramsey; C. A. Hayes; S. Yost; A. Marois; A. Gagnon; B. Silverblatt; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
|
| Understanding the potential for generation and transport of residual explosives is necessary to sustain live-fire training ranges. The objective of this study was to characterize the distribution and fate of explosive residues from various training activities. The physical and chemical properties, concentrations, and distribution of residues in soils, and the potential for transport to groundwater were defined. Surface soils associated with impact craters, target areas, and firing points on U.S. ... |
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| Solubility and Phase Behavior of CL20 in Supercritical Fluids |
SEP 2006 |
49 pages |
| Authors:
Veera Boddu; Rebecca K. Toghiani; Reddy Damavarapu; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
|
| The solubility of CL20 in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) was evaluated using the Peng-Robinson cubic equation of state. Thermodynamic properties of CL20 were required for this estimation. A comprehensive search of the literature revealed little data regarding the critical point of the compound. Also lacking were vapor pressure data for the compound. Critical properties as well as other required thermodynamic properties were estimated using a variety of available estimation techniques, ... |
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| The Nominal/Generic Specific Heat per Average Atom Concept for CHNO Energetic Materials |
JUL 2006 |
57 pages |
| Authors:
James P. Billingsley; MISSILE RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER REDSTONE ARSENAL AL MISSILE GUIDANCE DIRECTORATE
|
| This document is a follow on to U.S. Army Micom TR-RD-SS-95-2, AMCOM-TR-RD-SS-98-2, and TR-RD-SS-06-09 that related plane impact shock sensitivity of CHNO energetic materials to specific heat per average atom magnitude and Reactive Temperature (T(r)) conditions. Observation of the C(p) per average atom versus absolute Temperature (T) plots revealed relatively little difference in magnitude for seven important explosive compounds. Thus, a universal nominal/generic C(p) per average atom is proposed for ... |
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| Extraction Kinetics of Energetic Compounds from Training Range and Army Ammunition Plant Soils |
MAR 2006 |
46 pages |
| Authors:
Marianne E. Walsh; Dennis J. Lambert; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Field-contaminated soils from army ammunition plants, training ranges, and an explosive ordnance disposal area were used to determine the effect of machine grinding and extraction procedure on concentration estimates of energetics. Machine grinding for one minute did not degrade the major analytes of interest (HMX, RDX, TNT, or 2,4-DNT), but did significantly reduce the subsampling error. The platform shaker extraction procedure was found to be at least as efficient as ... |
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| Environmental Fate and Transport of a New Energetic Material, CL-20 |
MAR 2006 |
|
| Authors:
Jalal Hawari; Vimal Balakrishnan; Ghalib Bardai; Bharat Bhushan; Sabine Dodard; Diane Fournier; Carl Groom; Annamaria Halasz; Fanny Monteil-Rivera; Pierre Y. Robidoux; Sylvie Rocheleau; Manon Sarrazin; Kathleen Savard; Geoffrey Sunahara; NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA MONTREAL (QUEBEC) BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INST
|
| CL-20 is an emerging munition compound that may replace RDX and HMX, but little information is available on its environmental fate and ecological impact. Therefore the present report first describes the development and validation of an analytical method to analyze CL-20 in soil and water and the determination of key physicochemical parameters such as Kow (82.6), solubility (3.87 mg/L) and sorption/desorption parameters (Kd, Koc) of the chemical under various conditions ... |
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| Energetic Residues From Live-Fire Detonations of 120-mm Mortar Rounds |
DEC 2005 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; Marianne E. Walsh; Charles M. Collins; Stephanie P. Saari; Jon E. Zufelt; Arthur B. Gelvin; James W. Hug; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Only limited data are available on energetic residues resulting from the firing and detonation of rounds from 120-mm mortars. After a live-fire training exercise at Fort Richardson, Alaska, we sampled a firing point for propellant residues (NG) and the impact area for high-explosives residues (RDX, HMX, and TNT). The firing point was snow-covered soil, and the impact area was snow-covered ice. The total explosives residue mass averaged 19 mg per ... |
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| Identity and Distribution of Residues of Energetic Compounds at Military Live-Fire Training Ranges |
NOV 2005 |
69 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas F. Jenkins; Sonia Thiboutot; Guy Ampleman; Alan D. Hewitt; Marianne E. Walsh; Thomas A. Ranney; Charles A. Ramsey; Clarence L. Grant; Charles M. Collins; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
|
| Environmental stewardship of military training ranges is an important objective of the Department of Defense. Therefore, an understanding of the explosives residues resulting from military training with various weapon systems is critical to range managers. A series of field sampling experiments was conducted at 27 military firing ranges in the United States and Canada to provide information on the identity and distribution of energetic munitions constituents. Different types of ranges ... |
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| Experimental Validation of Detonation Shock Dynamics in Condensed Explosives |
AUG 2005 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
David E. Lambert; D. S. Stewart; Sunhee Yoo; Bradley Wescott; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EGLIN AFB FL MUNITIONS DIRECTORATE
|
| Experiments on the HMX-based, condensed explosive PBX-9501 were carried out to validate a reduced asymptotically derived description of detonation shock dynamics (DSD). The experiments, coined passover experiments' have embedded disks of lead in right circular cylinders of PBX-9501. A range of dynamically changing states, with both divergent and convergent shock shapes are realized as a detonation front is created on one end of the cylinder and passes over the embedded ... |
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| Alkaline Hydrolysis of CL-20 |
AUG 2005 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
P. Karakaya; M. Sidhourn; C. Christodoulatos; Wendy Balas; Steven Nicolich; ARMY ARMAMENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER PICATINNY ARSENAL NJ ENERGETICS WARHEADS ENVIRO TECH
|
| The Energetics and Warheads Division of the U.S. Army Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center has been involved in the development of CL-20. An alkaline hydrolysis study was performed to better understand the fate and transport of CL-2O through environmental systems. CL-20, also known as HN 1W (2,4,6,8,10,1 2-hexanitro-2,4,6,8, 10,1 2-hexaaziaisowurtzitane), is a high energy, high density material. Concerns regarding the envirnnmental fate and transport of CL-20 are arising due ... |
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| Elution of Energetic Compounds from Propellant and Composition B Residues |
JUL 2005 |
37 pages |
| Authors:
Alan D. Hewitt; Susan R. Bigl; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Surface soils from two firing points, an artillery impact range, and soils fortified with propellants were evaluated in column elution experiments assessing the release of energetic compounds from melt-cast crystalline explosives and nitrocellulose-based polymeric propellant formulations. Soils obtained from active military ranges were collected at locations identified as potential source zones for energetic residues. The laboratory columns contained 30 g of a silty-sand loam beneath 5.0 g of soil laden ... |
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| Dynamic Deformation Properties of Energetic Composite Materials |
APR 2005 |
164 pages |
| Authors:
J. E. Field; W. G. Proud; C. R. Siviour; S. M. Walley; S. G. Grantham; D. M. Williamson; H. Czerski; CAMBRIDGE UNIV (UNITED KINGDOM)
|
| This final report consists of six chapters: (1) An introduction to the PCS Fracture and Shock Physics Group (PCS FSP) and some preliminary experiments on PBXs (pp. 3-46); (2) The effect of particle size and temperature on the high strain rate properties of an AP/HTPB PBX (pp. 47-55); (3) Developments in Hopkinson bar instrumentation (pp. 56-74); (4) Visits of Clive R. Siviour to Eglin Airforce Base and studies of impact-induced ... |
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| Toxicity of Nitro-Heterocyclic and Nitroaromatic Energetic Materials to Terrestrial Plants in a Natural Sandy Loam Soil |
APR 2005 |
105 pages |
| Authors:
Sylvie Rocheleau; Majorie Martel; Ghalib Bardai; Manon Sarrazin; Sabine Dodard; Louise Paquet; Alain Corriveau; Roman G. Kuperman; Ronald T. Checkai; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| The United States Environmental Protection Agency is developing ecological soil screening level (Eco-SSL) values for ecological risk assessment of contaminants at Superfund sites. Insufficient information for RDX, HMX, 2,4-DNT, 2,6-DNT, and TNB to generate Eco-SSLs for terrestrial plants necessitated toxicity testing to fill the data gaps. Standardized toxicity tests were selected and used, on the basis of their ability to measure chemical toxicity to ecologically relevant test species, and their ... |
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| Estimating Energetic Residue Loading on Military Artillery Ranges: Large Decision Units |
MAR 2005 |
63 pages |
| Authors:
Alan D. Hewitt; Thomas F. Jenkins; Charles A. Ramsey; Kevin L. Bjella; Thomas A. Ranney; Nancy M. Perron; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Sampling experiments were conducted at three artillery/mortar impact ranges at Fort Hood, Texas; 29 Palms, California; and Fort Carson, Colorado, and at a mortar firing point at Fort Carson. The objective of these investigations was to assess the use of multi-increment sampling as a means of estimating the concentrations and mass loading of energetic compounds in surface soils for decision units ranging in size from 100 to 10,000 m2. In ... |
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| Pre-Screening for Explosives Residues in Soil Prior to HPLC Analysis Utilizing Expray |
FEB 2005 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
Kevin L. Bjella; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The characterization of Department of Defense (DoD) training lands for explosives residues involves sampling and analyzing soil samples collected at firing points and impact areas. Laboratory instruments used for this analysis are susceptible to accumulating high concentrations of these compounds, thus possibly requiring reanalyzing. By using the Expray Explosives Detection Kit to determine the approximate concentration of explosives compounds prior to analysis, soil extracts can be diluted to a concentration ... |
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| Proceedings of the International Heat Flow Calorimetry Symposium for Energetic Materials (4th) Held on 7-10 September 2003 (CD-ROM) |
19 JAN 2005 |
|
| Authors:
Ted Charsley; Trevor Griffiths; HUDDERSFIELD UNIV LEEDS (UNITED KINGDOM)
|
| ELECTRONIC FILE CHARACTERISTICS: 20 files; Adobe Acrobat (.PDF). PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: 1 CD-ROM; 4 3/4 in.; 8.45 MB. SYSTEMS DETAIL NOTE: ABSTRACT: These are the Proceedings of the 4th International Heat Flow Calorimetry Symposium for Energetic Materials held in Leeds, UK, on 7-10 September 2003. There are 17 full text papers, plus 2 in abstract only, all In English. A large variety of topics were addressed in the field of ... |
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| Real-Time, Laser-Based Sensors for Military and Civilian Applications |
DEC 2004 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Rosario C. Sausa; Jerry Cabalo; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| We report on a novel laser-based technique coined surface laser photofragmentation-fragment detection (SPF-FD) spectroscopy for detecting explosives residues, chemical warfare agents, and other hazardous materials on surfaces in real time at ambient conditions. Our technique utilizes one or two laser to both photolyze the target species and to facilitate the detection of the characteristic photofragments by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization, laser induced fluorescence, or both. We demonstrate its analytical utility on ... |
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| An Ab Initio Study of Solid Nitromethane, HMX, RDX, and CL20: Successes and Failures of DFT |
DEC 2004 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Edward F. Byrd; Cary F. Chabalowski; Gustavo E. Scuseria; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Using the PW91 and PBE density functional theories (DFT), we have studied four energetic molecular crystals: nitromethane, HMX, RDX, and CL20 with a wide range of basis sets. Our goal is to assess the accuracy of DFT when applied to organic molecular crystals (such as energetic materials) as scientists are beginning to include this methodology in energetic materials research without knowledge of the limitations of the method. Intramolecular distances, simple ... |
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| Immobilization of Energetics on Live Fire Ranges (CU-1229). Revision 1.0 |
31 JUL 2004 |
218 pages |
| Authors:
Robert Steffan; Mark Fuller; SHAW ENVIRONMENTAL INC LAWRENCEVILLE NJ
|
| This project resulted in development and proof-of-concept laboratory testing of cost-effective technology to immobilize and biodegrade energetic compounds (TNT, RDX, HMX, and breakdown products) released as residues at firing ranges to prevent their migration to groundwater. The technology is comprised of a sorbent material to immobilize newly generated explosives residues at the soil surface, and a biostimulant to enhance the biotransformation and biodegradation of the explosive compounds before they can ... |
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| Representative Sampling for Energetic Compounds at an Antitank Firing Range |
APR 2004 |
66 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas F. Jenkins; Thomas A. Ranney; Alan D. Hewitt; Marianne E. Walsh; Kevin L. Bjella; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Field sampling experiments were conducted at the CFB-Valcartier Arnhem antitank rocket range to investigate various sampling schemes that would yield representative soil samples at firing points and impact areas of antitank ranges. Three sampling strategies were evaluated. Between the firing point and the target, 10-m x 10-m grids were established and 30-increment composite soil samples were collected. In two of these grids, one near the firing point and one at ... |
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| Toxicity of Nitro-Heterocyclic and Nitroaromatic Energetic Materials to Enchytraeid Worm.Enchytraeus Crypticus in a Natural Sandy Loam Soil |
MAR 2004 |
50 pages |
| Authors:
Roman G. Kuperman; Ronald T. Checkai; Michael Simini; Carlton T. Phillips; Jan E. Kolakowski; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR
|
| U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing Ecological Soil Screening Level (Eco-SSL) values for ecological risk assessment of contaminants at Superfind sites. Insufficient information for RDX, HMX, 2,4-DNT, 2,6-DNT, and TNB to generate Eco-SSLs necessitated standardized toxicity testing to fill the data gaps. The Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (ISO/16387:2001) was adapted using Enchytraeus crypticus in these studies. Tests were conducted in Sassafras sandy loam soil, which supports relatively high bioavailability of energetic ... |
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| Continuous Treatment of Low Levels of TNT and RDX in Range Soils Using Surface Liming |
FEB 2004 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
Philip G. Thorne; Thomas F. Jenkins; Michael K. Brown; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Significant quantities of residual energetics are deposited on surface soils at live-fire ranges. Most of these residues come from bulk composition left over following low-order detonations. Of particular concern is RDX, which is environmentally persistent and mobile, and can therefore lead to groundwater pollution. Base hydrolysis can be used to rapidly decompose TNT and RDX in aqueous solutions. Hydrolysis of TNT produces soluble and insoluble polymers, while hydrolysis of RDX ... |
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| Phylogeny of Cyclic Nitramine-Degrading Psychrophilic Bacteria in Marine Sediment and Their Potential Role in the Natural Attenuation of Explosives |
2004 |
10 pages |
| Authors:
Jian-Shen Zhao; Jim Spain; Sonia Thiboutot; Guy Ampleman; Charles Greer; Jalal Hawari; NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF CANADA OTTAWA (ONTARIO) BIOCHEMISTRY LAB
|
| Previously we reported on in situ mineralization of cyclic nitramine explosives including hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in marine sediment from Halifax Harbour. In the present study, we isolated several novel psychrophilic bacteria from the sediment with optimal growth temperature at 10 or 15 C. Phylogenetic analysis of their 16S rRNA genes identified the isolates as members of the gamma and delta subdivisions of Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Clostridiales. The isolates ... |
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| Characterization of the Microstructure of Fine Energetic Materials |
NOV 2003 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Michael J. Herrmann; FRAUNHOFER-INST FUER TREIB- UND EXPLOSIVSTOFFE PFINZTAL- BERGHAUSEN (GERMANY F R)
|
| This report results from a contract tasking Fraunhofer Institut fur Chemische Technologie as follows: Lattice defects in energetic materials will be measured using X-ray diffraction. The method shall be tested for its ability to characterize lattice defects in RDX and HMX, where dislocations gliding and deformation twinning are believed to dominate mechanical behavior. X-ray diffraction patterns will be evaluated relating to phase, residual strain, crystallite size and micro strain. The ... |
|
| Physics of Combustion of New Oxidizer/Polymer Mixtures |
OCT 2003 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
Anatoli A. Zenin; SEMENOV INST OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS MOSCOW(RUSSIA)
|
| Combustion of mixtures of CL-20 (hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane - HNIW) with thermoplastics BAMO-AMMO, and GAP, and mixtures of GAP/HMX and (BAMO- ANMO)/HMX is investigated by methods of thermocouple technique in a bomb of constant pressure at sample temperature and pressure variations. The main burning wave parameters are determined. Macrokinetics of gasifications are evaluated and positions of burning rate control stages are established. Temperature and pressure sensitivities of burning rates and surface temperatures ... |
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| Topical Lime Treatment for Containment of Source Zone Energetics Contamination |
SEP 2003 |
101 pages |
| Authors:
Michael C. Brooks; Jeffrey L. Davis; Steven L. Larson; Deborah R. Felt; Catherine C. Nestler; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
|
| Energetic compounds, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and their degradation products can act as a source of contamination for soil on Department of Defense testing and training ranges. Base hydrolysis degrades nitroaromatics and nitramines, and the potential effectiveness of lime to induce this reaction has been demonstrated at the laboratory scale. The objective of this research was to further examine both basic and applied aspects of alkaline application ... |
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| Stimulating the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Explosives by the Addition of Hydrogen or Electron Donors That Produce Hydrogen |
SEP 2003 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
Neal R. Adrian; Clint M. Arnett; Robert F. Hickey; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER CHAMPAIGN IL CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING RESEARCH LAB
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| The anaerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3 ,5-trinitro- 1,3 ,5- triazine (RDX), octahydro-1,3,5,7- tetranitro-1,3,5,7- tetrazocine (HMX), and 2, 4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) by a methanogenic mixed culture was investigated. Microcosms containing a basal medium and the mixed culture were amended with ethanol, propylene glycol (PG), butyrate or hydrogen gas as the electron donor and a mixture of TNT (50 micrometer), RDX (25 micrometer), and HMX (8 micrometer). After 29 days, TNT and RDX were ... |
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| Novel Experimental, Theoretical, and Calculational Approaches to Understanding the Detonation of Explosives |
14 JUN 2003 |
10 pages |
| Authors:
Craig J. Eckhardt; NEBRASKA UNIV LINCOLN
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| Report of results of research on the initial stage of detonation is made. Experimental results involve location of a heretofore undetected intramolecular mode in RDX and confirmation of prior findings on the Raman scattering of HMX. Preliminary Brillouin scattering studies have permitted experimental determination of approximate values of all components of the HMX crystals' stiffness tensor. The results of a mechanochemical theory are presented. The model account for the initial ... |
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| The Pyramid Liner Concept |
JUN 2003 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
William P. Walters; Daniel R. Scheffler; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
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| A shaped charge device was designed from a charge with a four-sided pyramid as the liner. Devices of this nature were first studied by Geiger and Honcia in 1977 and relegated to the area of interesting concepts, but without application. The current study represents probably the first numerical simulations of this charge, including parametric variations of the altitude of the pyramid and the initiation mode of the explosive. The numerical ... |
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| First Principles Calculations of the Interaction of Nitro Compounds with the A1 (111) Surface |
07 MAY 2003 |
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| Authors:
Jerry Boatz; Dan C. Sorescu; Donald L. Thompson; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB EDWARDS AFB CA SPACE AND MISSILE PROPULSION DIV
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| Stability of CL-20, TNAZ, HMX, RDX, NG, and PETN in Moist, Unsaturated Soil |
APR 2003 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas F. Jenkins; Claudia Bartolini; Thomas A. Ranney; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| The stability of a number of the chemical components of energetic materials was evaluated in three moist, unsaturated soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the stability of several components of currently used energetic materials and two chemicals that may be used in future energetic material compositions in unsaturated, moist surface soils from three military training ranges. The compounds studied were nitroglycerin (NG), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1, 3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7- ... |
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| Stability of CL-20, TNAZ, HMX, RDX, NG, and PETN in Moist, Unsaturated Soil |
APR 2003 |
25 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas F. Jenkins; Claudia Bartolini; Thomas A. Ranney; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| The stability of a number of the chemical components of energetic materials was evaluated in three moist, unsaturated soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the stability of several components of currently used energetic materials and two chemicals that may be used in future energetic material compositions in unsaturated, moist surface soils from three military training ranges. The compounds studied were nitroglycerin (NC), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro- 1,3,5-triazine (RDX), octahydro- ... |
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| A Microstructure Dependant Reactive Flow Model for Heterogeneous Energetic Materials |
FEB 2003 |
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| Authors:
C. J. Doolan; DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION EDINBURGH (AUSTRALIA) WEAPONS SYSTEMS DIV
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| A new reactive flow model for heterogeneous energetic materials has been developed based the physical and chemical parameters of the material as much as possible rather than solely relying on empirical constants to determine the reaction rates behind the shock wave Firstly this report presents an extended viscoplastic pore collapse (hot spot) model based on previous models presented in the literature. Results from this hot spot model are then used ... |
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| Distribution and Fate of Energetics on DoD Test and Training Ranges: Interim Report 2 |
OCT 2002 |
141 pages |
| Authors:
Judith C. Pennington; Thomas F. Jenkins; Guy Ampleman; Sonia Thiboutot; James M. Brannon; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS
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| Testing and training ranges are essential to maintaining the readiness of the Armed Forces of the United States and Canada. Recently, concerns have arisen over potential environmental contamination from residues of energetic materials at impact ranges. The current state of knowledge concerning the nature, extent, and fate of contamination is inadequate to ensure sound management of ranges as sustainable resources. This project was designed to develop techniques for assessing the ... |
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| Dissolution Kinetics of High Explosive Compounds (TNT, RDX, HMX) |
SEP 2002 |
133 pages |
| Authors:
Jason C. Lynch; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER VICKSBURG MS ENVIRONMENTAL LAB
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| The production and usage of high explosive compounds such as 2,4,6- trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-l,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-I,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,S,7-tetrazocine (HMX) have resulted in their release in the environment. These compounds pose potential harm because of their reactivity and effects on health. Agencies that use high explosive compounds are working to better understand the physical and chemical properties surrounding these explosive compounds to include their fate and transport, effects on health, and remediation ... |
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| Initial Steps in the Decomposition of Energetic Materials: Pathways Involving Their Excited Electronic States |
01 JUN 2002 |
5 pages |
| Authors:
Elliot R. Bernstein; COLORADO STATE UNIV FORT COLLINS DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
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| The study of dissociation pathways, mechanism, and products for the energetic materials RDX C3H6N3(NO2)3 and ADN NH4N(NO2)2 in excited electronic valence and Rydberg states is undertaken. These spectroscopic and dissociation studies will be carried out on gas phase species that have been cooled and isolated in a supersonic expansion. A number of recent advances in experimental and theoretical techniques and capabilities have been incorporated into our laboratory so that these ... |
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| Combustion of Solid Propellants |
MAY 2002 |
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| Authors:
G. Lengelle; J. Duterque; J. F. Trubert; OFFICE NATIONAL D'ETUDES ET DE RECHERCHES AEROSPATIALES CHATILLON (FRANCE) ENERGETICS DEPT
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| A review of the understanding of the combustion mechanisms of solid propellants that the authors have built from their work and from the literature is presented. Such an understanding is an important part of the process carried out to master the behavior of solid propellants and to obtain desired characteristics (with respect to energetic level, burning rate level, sensitivity to pressure and initial temperature, nature of emitted combustion products, vulnerability ... |
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Reports by Keyword(s)
HMX
