| Summary Information on the Army's New Guidance Policy for the Revised Airborne Exposure Limits for Chemical Warfare Agents |
09 NOV 2007 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
ARMY CHEMICAL MATERIALS AGENCY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
 | On June 18th, 2004, the Army issued a guidance policy to implement the new airborne exposure limits (AELs) for chemical warfare agents published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) within the last year. This fact sheet summarizes the Army's new guidance policy. |
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| Lokalisatie Maskergelaatslekkage (Localization of Face-Seal Leak Sites) |
MAR 2004 |
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| Authors:
L. F. Geers; J. Albers; PRINS MAURITS LABORATORIUM TNO RIJSWIJK (NETHERLANDS)
|
 | A number of methods are described for determining the position leaks in the facial seal of a gas mask, among which there are: measuring the transport of sounds and light through leaks, measuring the deposition of aerosols on the face near leaks, and determining the amount of a gas that leaks into the mask at specific positions within the mask by means of samplers. The first three methods are complicated ... |
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| Validation of Respirator Filter Efficacy |
20 MAR 2003 |
78 pages |
| Authors:
James T. Hanley; Karin K. Foarde; RESEARCH TRIANGLE INST (RTI) INST RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC
|
| This objective of this project was to verify by direct measurement the filtration efficiency of the gas mask C2A1 canister in light of new bioaerosol threats. HEPA filters are routinely tested using an oil aerosol at the most penetrating particle diameter at 0.3 micrometer to verify that the efficiency is at least 99.97%. The program addressed two questions: 1. What is the filtration efficiency of the C2A1 canister under use ... |
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| Design of Low Cost, Highly Adsorbent Activated Carbon Fibers |
18 MAR 2003 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Christian L. Mangun; EKOS MATERIALS CORP SAVOY IL
|
| U.S. troops and civilians face increasing risk of exposure to chemical and biological threats as developing nations and terrorist groups turn to these lower cost weapons for their arsenals. EKOS has developed a novel activated carbon fiber - (ACF) that combines the low cost and durability of GAC with tailored pore size and pore surface chemistry for improved defense against chemical agents. ACF has another key advantage as it can ... |
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| Light NBC Protective Combat Suits and Body Hydration During Physical Activities Under Tropical Climate |
APR 2002 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
B. Warme-Janville; B. Melin; J. Y. Pelicand; A. Charpenet; ETABLISSEMENT TECHNIQUE CENTRAL DE L'ARMEMENT VERT-LE-PETIT (FRANCE) CENTRE D'ETUDES DU BOUCHET
|
| When wearing NBC protective suits in full protection mode, rehydration is fundamental to avoid large dehydration. However the gas mask constitutes a potential constraint for drink ingestion. The aim of this study was to evaluate in a hot country the effect of wearing different light NBC protective combat suits on body hydration during various physical activities. In tropical country, six soldiers have performed moderate and sustained physical activities with different ... |
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| Personal Protection of Decontamination and Rescue Teams Engaged Following to Terrorist Chemical and Biological Strikes |
SEP 2001 |
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| Authors:
Jiri Matousek; Jiri Slabotinsky; Vladimir Obsel; BRNO UNIV OF TECHNOLOGY (CZECHHOSLOVAKIA) INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY/TECH
|
| Contemporary Czech protective means, suitable for equipment of rescue teams engaged following the terrorist CB attacks are presented. They include in the first line respirators (protective masks) originally designated for aimed forces (M-lOM, OM-90) and for civil protection and industrial uses (CM-4, CM-4M, CM-4K, CM-5, CM-5M). They are further represented by air-permeable suits for lower risk level (POO) produced in several modifications (as for the properties of the cover fabric ... |
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| Evaluation of the Effect of Particle Size and Particle Sensing Instruments on the Measurement of Mask Protection Factors |
JUN 2001 |
112 pages |
| Authors:
Kent C. Hofacre; Aaron W. Richardson; BATTELLE MEMORIAL INST COLUMBUS OH
|
| The current method used by the U.S. military to assess mask performance uses a polydisperse corn oil aerosol of 0.4 to 0.6 micron mass median aerodynamic diameter as a simulant challenge atmosphere. Data are presently lacking regarding the effect of particle size and aerosol sensing instruments on the measured protection factor (PF). Data are also lacking regarding the correlation of PFs measured using an insert aerosol challenge, such as the ... |
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| First Principles Rate Constants for Catalytic Decomposition of P-X and C-Y Bonds on Metal Surfaces |
MAR 2000 |
|
| Authors:
Emily A. Carter; CALIFORNIA UNIV LOS ANGELES DEPT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
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| This report documents published results related to chemical weapons defense and destruction, and results related to gun tube erosion. Both applications of existing ab initio techniques and development of new simulation methods designed to improve realism in the models are discussed. |
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| First Generation Mask Filter Prototype Design Analysis |
AUG 1999 |
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| Authors:
Kent C. Hofacre; Aaron W. Richardson; Anbo Wang; Becky L. Sheridan; BATTELLE MEMORIAL INST COLUMBUS OH
|
| The feasibility of developing an advanced filter prototype for a new mask concept was assessed. Aerosol filtration media were screened for airflow resistance, aerosol filtration efficiency, and resistance to battlefield contaminants. The most promising medium, an electret (designated AEM2), was selected. An immobilized (bonded) ASZM TEDA carbon bed was used for the vapor adsorbent. The effect of bed depth and airflow velocity on CK and DMMP gas life and airflow ... |
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| Generation and Filtration Behaviour of Test Aerosols with Various Shapes (De generatie en het filtratiegedrag van testaeerosolen met verschillende vormen) |
JUN 1999 |
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| Authors:
M. W. Leeuw; PRINS MAURITS LABORATORIUM TNO RIJSWIJK(NETHERLANDS)
|
| Aerosols encountered in reality often differ with respect to shape and size from test aerosols used to certify filters. For this reason a study has been performed to produce test aerosols of various shapes in order to investigate the influence of particle shape on the penetration through some fibrous filters. With a Condensation Monodisperse Aerosol Generator, aerosols of several shapes besides the standard spherical oil-particles were produced: (1) rod-shaped caffeine ... |
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| SESAMS Leaves its Mark on Marines |
28 AUG 1998 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
Jason J. Bortz; MARINE CORPS SYSTEMS COMMAND QUANTICO VA
|
| The Special Effects Small Arms Marking System provides realistic and safe training for Marines by using special rounds filled with color paste that leave a visible mark where ever it hits. The rounds can currently be used with slightly modified M-16A2s or M9s. |
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| Selection of a Method for the Measurement of the Protection Factor in the Field (Selectie van een methode voor de meting van de gasmaskerprotectiefactor te velde) |
JUN 1998 |
|
| Authors:
L. A. Steenweg; J. J. van Bokhoven; PRINS MAURITS LABORATORIUM TNO RIJSWIJK(NETHERLANDS)
|
| Until now the protection factors of the FM 12 gas mask have been measured under laboratory conditions; this limits the possibility to simulate the practical circumstances. From the literature it is known that the value of the protection factors, measured under more or less ideal circumstances, are too optimistic. In practice they can be significantly lower. At the request of the DMKL, TNO-PML performed a survey to see if it ... |
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| Desorption Study on Some Amine-Impregnated Carbons |
DEC 1997 |
|
| Authors:
S. H. Liang; J. Pagotto; B. H. Harrison; DEFENCE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT SUFFIELDRALSTON (ALBERTA)
|
| In support of the development of the penetrant protective carbon (PPC), the stability of the amine impregnants on the carbon surface was investigated. Two amine-impregnated carbons were subjected to a flow of warm, humid air (to stimulate actual use inside a gas-mask canister) in determining the extent of amine desorption under these conditions. This report described in detail the development of a test apparatus for this purpose, and the analytical ... |
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| Advies betreffende een leven-dood detector bij het dragen van een volledige NBC-uitrusting (Advice Concerning the Development of a Life/Death Detector for Soldiers Wearing a Complete NBC Protective Gear) |
SEP 97 |
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| Authors:
P. L. Bruijnzeel; R. A. Vanwersch; PRINS MAURITS LABORATORIUM TNO RIJSWIJK(NETHERLANDS)
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| The Ministry of Defence has asked advice from TNO-PML concerning the development of a simple piece of equipment for the judgment of life or death in wounded soldiers wearing a gasmask and NBC-protective gear. TNO-PML has investigated several pieces of equipment using the respiratory flow as life- indicator. In addition this equipment should be easy to handle and register the respiratory flow in a visible way. TNO-PML considers two possibilities ... |
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| Filterinstallatie ten Behoeve van Gasmasker-Controleruimten (Filter Installation for Gas Mask Exposure Chambers) |
JUN 96 |
|
| Authors:
L. M. van Gruijthuijsen; PRINS MAURITS LABORATORIUM TNO RIJSWIJK (NETHERLANDS)
|
| The Dutch Army uses CS (o-chlorobenzylidene malonitril) to train military personnel in the use of gas masks. These exercises are performed in test chambers with a volume of approximately 100 m3. It is advisable to equip these chambers with a filtering installation with HEPA and activated carbon filters, and a capacity of 250 m3/hour. |
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| Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite |
93 |
|
| Authors:
Constance M. Pechura; David P. Rall; NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WASHINGTON DC COMMITTEE TO SURVEY THE HEALTH EFFECT S OF MUSTARD GAS AND LEWISITE
|
| So vivid were the memories of the first use of 'mustard gas' (sulfur mustard) by the Germans in World War I that the United States government began to prepare for chemical warfare even before the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941. This work was also spurred by the fury of war in Europe and reports of Japanese use of sulfur mustard against the Chinese. The U.S. preparations included the establishment ... |
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| Fabrication of Ocular Protective Devices against Laser Radiation and Ballistic Fragments for Evaluation in Military Scenarios |
30 SEP 1992 |
|
| Authors:
Jon D. Masso; AMERICAN OPTICAL CORP SOUTHBRIDGE MA
|
| Methods were developed to provide laser protection against three specified wavelengths and to provide protection against ballistic fragments. These methods were applied to a variety of specific eye protection devices including spectacles, aviator visors, the clip-on frontsert for use with the Ballistic and Laser Eye Protection System (BLPS) and outsert for the M17 and M40 chemical mask. The ballistic protection was provided by fabricating all of the end items in ... |
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| Neurobehavioral Effects of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Exposure in Humans: Experimental Design and Instrumentation for a Field Experiment |
01 MAR 92 |
88 pages |
| Authors:
Vernon A. Benignus; Milan J. Hazucha; HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LAB RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC
|
| This report concerns the design of a field experiment for a military setting in which the effects of carbon monoxide on neurobehavioral variables are to be studied. A field experiment is distinguished from a survey by the fact that independent variables are manipulated, just as in the laboratory. Thus, causal relationships may be discovered rather than correlations. It was proposed to study the effects of multiple levels of Co exposure ... |
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| Experimental Design and Instrumentation for a Field Experiment |
MAR 92 |
89 pages |
| Authors:
Vernon A. Benignus; Milan J. Hazucha; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC
|
| This report concerns the design of a field experiment for a military setting in which the effects of carbon monoxide on neurobehavioral variables are to be studied. A field experiment is distinguished from a survey by the fact that independent variables are manipulated, just as in the laboratory. Thus causal relationships may be discovered rather than correlation. It was proposed to study the effects of multiple levels of CO exposure ... |
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| Safe Replacement Materials for DOP in 'Hot Smoke' Aerosol Penetrometer Machines |
MAR 92 |
23 pages |
| Authors:
Hugh R. Carlon; Mark A. Guelta; CHEMICAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| For many decades dioctyl phthalate (DOP), a common industrial material, has been used by the U.S. Army and other agencies to simulate aerosol behavior in non-destructive gas mask and filter serviceability testing, and for related test purposes. Techniques are completely standardized. But DOP has been labeled a hazardous material. The research reported here, which was performed using ATI Q-127 and TDA-100 'hot smoke' aerosol penetrometer test machines, identified relatively innocuous, ... |
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| Results of a Workshop on Health Effects of Crude Oil Exposures Related to Operation Desert Storm |
FEB 92 |
|
| Authors:
D. A. Macys; R. L. Carpenter; J. F. Risher; A. Vinegar; D. E. Dodd; MANTECH ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY INC DAYTON OH
|
| On 14 and 15 February 1991, a workshop was held to identify the potential health effects of crude oil exposures as they might occur in the field under combat situations. The most significant findings and recommendations of the workshop were: If at all possible, stay out of refineries, petrochemical plants, terminal facilities, desalinization plants and other related facilities due to the extremely high inherent hazards presented by the chemicals that ... |
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| Some Candidate Replacement Materials for Dioctyl Phthalate in 'Hot Smoke' Aerosol Penetrometer Machines |
APR 91 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Hugh R. Carlon; Bernard V. Gerber; Mark A. Guelta; CHEMICAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| For many decades dioctyl phthalate (DOP), a common industrial material, has been used by the U.S. Army and other agencies to simulate aerosol behavior in nondestructive gas mask and filter serviceability testing, and for related test purposes. Techniques are completely standardized. But DOP is now considered to be a potentially hazardous material. The research reported here, which as performed using ATI Q-127 and TDA-100 hot smoke aerosol penetrometer test machines, ... |
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| A Vapor Challenge Method of Measuring the Residual Life of Gas Filters |
AUG 90 |
|
| Authors:
Thomas W. Mix; Terrence C. McDonald; MERIX CORP NEEDHAM MA
|
| A residual filter life test has been developed involving the use of a weakly adsorbed vapor to 'count' available adsorption sites. The method was developed for military filters containing ASC carbon to determine when the physical adsorption capacity of a filter had been depleted to the extent that change-out is required. The procedure requires measurement of the time for a challenge chemical (ammonia) to appear in the filter effluent with ... |
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| Chemical Speciation of Copper and Chromium in Whetlerite Before and After Exposure to Cyanogen Chloride |
AUG 89 |
|
| Authors:
P. N. Krishnan; A. Birenzvige; CHEMICAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Impregnated, activated charcoal is highly effective in removing toxic materials from contaminated atmospheres. For examples, charcoal with small quantities of cooper, chromium, and silver compounds (some are known oxidants), known as ASC Whetlerite, has been used in the military gas mask canisters and in collective protection shelters as a standard filter since World Wide I for protection from agents such as cyanogen chloride (CK) and hydrogen cyanide (AC). In all ... |
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| A Study of Candidate Replacement Materials for DOP (Dioctyl Phthalate) in Filter-Testing Penetrometer Machines |
MAR 89 |
|
| Authors:
Hugh R. Carlon; Mark A. Guelta; Bernard V. Gerber; CHEMICAL RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| For many decades dioctyl phthalate (DOP) has been the standard material used by the U.S. Army and many other agencies to simulate aerosol behavior in the performance of non-destructive gas mask and filter serviceability testing and vehicle or shelter penetration/vulnerability tests. Now, The U.S. Army Surgeon General has taken the position that DOP is a suspected carcinogen. Testing with DOP has been placed under tight controls, or stopped altogether. A ... |
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| Predictability of Adsorbent Performance |
03 FEB 1988 |
|
| Authors:
B. E. Walker; J. K. Thompson; L. Incorvati; R. Matuszko; R. A. Lamontagne; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
|
| This investigation is continuation and extension of a correlation predicting technique for use with adsorbent performance on Whetlerite type charcoals. Data utilized included adsorbance studies performed at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory on a variety of organic solvent vapors, and adsorbance data measurements on selected vapors obtained at the Naval Research Laboratory. The results presented demonstrate the effectiveness of the correlation in predicting break-through times and amounts of vapor adsorbed on selected ... |
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| Mass Properties and Inertial Loading Effects of Head Encumbering Devices |
DEC 1986 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffrey J. Settecerri; Jennifer Mckenzie; Eberhardt Privitzer; Robert M. Beecher; SYSTEMS RESEARCH LABS INC DAYTON OH
|
| The purpose of this investigation is to provide data relevant to the analytical and experimental assessment of the severity of head-neck system loading induced by the protective and performance enhancing equipment worn by today's aviator. Mass properties of various head encumbering devices (e.g., helmets, gas masks, night vision goggles, etc.) have been measured using the automated mass properties measurement system of the U.S. Air Force Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory ... |
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| The Effects of Physical Conditioning on Heat Tolerance in Chemical Defense Gear |
JUN 86 |
|
| Authors:
Michelle M. Nauss; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH
|
| Today the threat of chemical warfare is real. The only effective defense is the use of chemical defense gear and gas masks. Since they render chemical warfare gases and liquids impermeable to penetration, they also prohibit sweat evaporation in conditions of thermal stress and thus, contribute to heat illness development. Historically, it has been the hot, humid tropics where United Nation's peacekeeping forces have been called, thus the use of ... |
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| Performance of Adsorbents at Various Relative Humidities |
20 MAY 86 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
B. E. Walker; J. K. Thompson; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
|
| Test tube-sized samples of an activated coconut charcoal, Whetlerite, and a pyrolized synthetic resin-based adsorbent were challenged with benzene and with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) vapors in a flowing system at a range of relative humidity from 0 to 95%. The time to initial break, time to equilibrium, and sorptive capacity were observed. In general, although MEK is soluble in water as opposed to benzene being insoluble, adsorbent performance was ... |
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| Elution of Benzene and Methyl Ethyl Ketone from Charcoal Beds by Continued Air Sweeping |
04 SEP 85 |
|
| Authors:
J. K. Thompson; L. A. Jonas; B. E. Walker; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
|
| Activated carbon, or charcoal, is commonly used in adsorption beds to remove unwanted vapors from air in ventilating systems and in personal protective respirators. The vapor molecules become trapped by adsorption on the extensive surface of the charcoal and hence are removed for the air stream. However, this trapping is not permanent. These adsorbed molecules can desorb again into the passing air stream and be carried along to another adsorption ... |
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| Leavenworth Papers. Number 10. Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917-1918 |
SEP 84 |
|
| Authors:
Charles E. Heller; ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLL FORT LEAVENWORTH KS COMBAT STUDIES INST
|
| The combat experience of World War I provided the U.S. Army with its first significant exposure to chemical warfare. The purpose of this paper is to show how the Army prepared for this kind of warfare and how soldiers in the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), from generals to doughboys, adapted or failed to adapt to fighting a war in which chemical weapons played a prominent role. Because no one AEF ... |
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| The U.S. 5th. Division and Gas Warfare, 1918 |
20 AUG 83 |
|
| Authors:
Edgar F. Raines Jr; ARMY CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY WASHINGTON DC
|
| A brief account of the training of the U.S. 5th Division in gas warfare and its actual participation of Frapelle, at St. Mihel, and in the Meuse-Argonne, particularly in the attacks on the heights of Cunel and the assault crossing of the Meuse River. The author concludes that when the United States entered World War I, it found gas warfare part of the standard operating procedure of all the armies ... |
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| Low Air Resistance Canister. Parallel Pleated HEPA Filter |
01 JUL 1982 |
|
| Authors:
SCOTT AVIATION LANCASTER NY
|
| A parallel pleated HEPA filter has been developed to reduce the pressure drop across the Navy ND-C-1 filter by increasing the surface area in a minimal amount of space. The pressure drop was reduced by 594 percent due to an increase in the effective surface area of 677 percent. Spacing of the pleats was accomplished by dispensing adhesive and thread simultaneously on the surface of the filter media. This produced ... |
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| Chemical Warfare-Biological Defense Research Program Obligations |
JAN 78 |
|
| Authors:
DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF FOR RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ACQUISITION (ARMY) WASHINGTON D C
|
| Public Law 93-608 requires the Department of Defense to make an annual report to Congress on the funds obligated for chemical warfare and biological defense research and procurement programs. Contents of this report include: Chemical Research; Lethal Chemical Program; Incapacitating Chemical Program; Defensive Equipment Program; Simulant Test Support; Medical Effects of Chemical Agents; Physical Protection Investigations; Chemical Decontamination Investigations; Collective Protection Systems; Warning and Detection Equipment; Medical Defense Against Chemical ... |
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| Thirty-Two Hour Outdoor Wearing Trial of Silicone XM29 and Rubber XM31 Prototype Masks under Simulated Combat Conditions. |
JUL 1976 |
|
| Authors:
Edmund G. Cummings; Samuel E. Jackson; Charles R. Bulette; Ronald P. Merkey; EDGEWOOD ARSENAL ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| A 32-hour field test of two prototype protective masks was completed with 16 men in temperate weather. The transparent, coated, silicone rubber XM29 mask, with a newly designed peripheral seal, was judged acceptable for long-term wear as was the rubber XM31 mask. The subjects performed infantry missions effectively while wearing the masks. Wearability, discomfort, malfunctions, and recommended design modifications are described. Significant changes in design features of the prototype masks ... |
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| Protecting the Population against Chemical Weapons, |
19 SEP 1973 |
|
| Authors:
N. M. Zhuk; Yu. N. Stroykov; ARMY MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE AND INFORMATION AGENCY WASHINGTON D C
|
| This brochure discusses the destructive properties of chemical weapons, the rules for the population's conduct in centers of chemical contamination, and methods and means of antichemical protection. Much attention is devoted to questions of rendering self-help and mutual aid when contaminated by different toxic agents. |
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| Draft Military Characteristics for Army Aircraft Crewman's Protective Mask. |
08 AUG 1961 |
|
| Authors:
ARMY AVIATION TEST BOARD FORT RUCKER ALA
|
| A protective mask to provide individual Army aircraft crewmen with respiratory protection against agents encountered in the event of toxicological warfare. The mask must provide protection with a minimum interference to safety and operation of the aircraft. The mask should be lightweight, comfortable, easily donned and doffed and simple to maintain. Sufficient masks should be provided to Army units to provide protection to crew members of all aircraft in the ... |
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| News of Soviet Toxicological Studies USSR |
29 JUL 1960 |
|
| Authors:
Yu I. Vasilenko; V. Y. Lyubomudrov; JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE ARLINGTON VA
|
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| EVALUATION OF GAS MASK FOR HELICOPTER PILOTS |
03 FEB 1956 |
|
| Authors:
ARMY AVIATION SCHOOL FORT RUCKER AL
|
|
| Filter, Gas and Particulate, 1200 CFM, E26. |
07 APR 1953 |
|
| Authors:
Harold L. Gotoff; CHEMICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL LABS ARMY CHEMICAL CENTER MD
|
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| Gas in Attack and Gas in Defense |
JUL 1919 |
59 pages |
| Authors:
Amos A. Fries; ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLL FORT LEAVENWORTH KS COMBINED ARMS RESEARCH LIBRARY
|
| Carrying out a gas attack is the most technical and dangerous of war's attacks, not only to those on board the airplane that is initiating the attack, but also to those friendly troops on the ground for miles around. This pamphlet describes the use of gas warfare by the German Army in World War I, and their failure to capitalize on early successes. The various types of munitions and technology ... |
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Reports by Keyword(s)
GAS MASKS
