| Disinfection of Airborne Organisms by Ultraviolet-C Radiation and Sunlight |
Jul 2012 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Jana Kesavan; Jose-Luis Sagripanti; ARMY EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER APG MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR
|
 | This report provides background information on UV radiation, selected organisms of potential interest to aerosol researchers, and an overview of the effects of UV light on aerosolized organisms. Aerosol generation methodology and equipment, as well as test methodology used at U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC), are provided as examples for researchers to compare to their own methodology or as guidance for those newer to this field. |
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| Microwave-Irradiation-Assisted HVAC Filtration for Inactivation of Viral Aerosols (Postprint) |
Feb 2012 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
Myung-Heui Woo; Chang-Yu Wu; Adam Grippin; Joseph D Wander; FLORIDA UNIV GAINESVILLE DEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCES
|
| Viral aerosols collected on a filter medium can reaerosolize and the filter can serve as a fomite. This study evaluated the inactivation efficiency (IE) achieved by filtration coupled with microwave irradiation. To test in-flight microwave decontamination, microwave irradiation was applied to coupons cut from a ventilation filter and supported on a SiC disk during three cycles of selected irradiation times (1, 2.5, 5, and 10 min) per 10 min of ... |
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| Hypervisors as a Foothold for Personal Computer Security: An Agenda for the Research Community |
13 Jan 2012 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Matei Zaharia; Sachin Katti; Chris Grier; Vern Paxson; Scott Shenker; Ion Stoica; Dawn Song; CALIFORNIA UNIV BERKELEY DEPT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
|
| The purpose of this paper is to propose the creation of a security-enhancing hypervisor for PCs as a collaborative agenda for the research community. This agenda is not necessarily about answering fundamentally new research questions. Rather, it is a call to action about a rare chance for the community to have substantial impact. If researchers demonstrate compelling near-term benefits from a modest security layer, then OS vendors may adopt such ... |
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| Germination-Lysis for Wide-Area Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis Spores |
01 Nov 2011 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
Staci Kane; Feliza Bourguet; Paul Jackson; Chris Campbell; ELLEN RABER; LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LAB CA
|
| This presentation covered the use of a Germination-Lysis approach to decontamination of Bacillus anthracis spores, based on the fact that germinated spores are more susceptible to simple disinfection methods such as UV and desiccation. The presentation covered challenges to wide-area spore decontamination, challenges to germination-lysis decontamination, proof of concept, project focus, experimental approach, and the relative cost. |
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| Decontamination Efficacy Testing of COTS SteriFx Prodcuts for Mass Personnel and Casualty Decontamination |
Sep 2011 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
John R Dankert; STERIFX INC SHREVEPORT LA
|
| SteriFx has a proprietary COTS technology that has a high potential to serve as a mass decontamination chemical that is very safe and consists of all GRAS components. Previous work has demonstrated efficacy against spores, and this study was conducted to: confirm the safety of the product, better understand the interaction of the product with common military and first responder equipment/vehicles, and the capacity of the technology to inactivate viable ... |
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| Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety Innovations: Lessons from the Field. Improving the High-Level Disinfection Process of Vaginal Ultrasound Probes |
25 Jan 2011 |
10 pages |
| Authors:
Wendy A Cook; NAVAL HOSPITAL BREMERTON WA
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| Survival of Viral Biowarfare Agents in Disinfected Waters |
JUL 2010 |
5 pages |
| Authors:
Mary M. Wade; Amanda E. Chambers; Joseph M. Insalsco; Alan W. Zulich; ARMY RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING COMMAND ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Protecting civilian and military water supplies has received more attention since the United States began its war on terror in 2001. Both chlorine and bromine are used by branches of the U.S. military for disinfecting water supplies; however, limited data exists as to the effectiveness of these additives when used against viral biowarfare agents. The present study sought to evaluate the survival of selected viral biothreat agents in disinfected water. ... |
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| Direct Fixed-Bed Biological Perchlorate Destruction Demonstration |
01-Sep-2008 |
169 pages |
| Authors:
Jess Brown; Xu Li; Giridhar Upadhyaya; Lutgarde Raskin; STEVEN WALKER; Sean Poust; Winnie Shih; Axel Ettori; Gregorio Estavo; Chance Lauderdale; Eberhard Morgenroth; CAROLLO ENGINEERS WALNUT CREEK CA
|
| In February 2007, a 10-month demonstration study was initiated in Rialto, California to treat perchlorate-contaminated groundwater using fixed-bed (FXB) bioreactor technology. Two first-stage, parallel FXB bioreactors (F120 with a 3.9-ft bed depth and a 2-ft diameter, and F130 with a 4.7-ft bed depth and a 2-ft diameter) treated groundwater to remove perchlorate. Effluent from these reactors was dosed with hydrogen peroxide (i.e., reoxygenate + oxidize residual organics and hydrogen sulfide). ... |
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| Fowlpox as Decontamination Simulant for Variola Major |
01-Sep-2008 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Amanda E Chambers; Steven P Harvey; Melissa M Dixon; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR
|
| Variola major, the causative agent of the disease smallpox, is the most deadly member of the poxvirus family. Although eradicated from nature, stocks of variola major still exist; thus, there is a need for relevant decontamination studies. However, studies with variola major must be performed under Biosafety Level 4 conditions. Previous studies have shown a similarity in the response of vaccinia virus and variola major to various decontaminants. This study ... |
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| Self-Decontaminating Chemical Agent Resistant Coating (CARC) Technology (BRIEFING SLIDES) |
02 JUN 2008 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
J. B. Waggoner; Rhys N. Thomas; INOVATIA LABORATORIES LLC FAYETTE MO
|
| Inovatia Labs is developing a family of coatings that incorporate a pigment that promotes oxidation of contaminants by several mechanisms, including absorption of visible light and catalytic activation of atmospheric oxygen. Topical application of ethyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide (CEES) and of triethyl phosphite (TEP) as a challenge resulted in 50% conversion of CEES and TEP into the respective oxides CEESO and TEPO in an hour and a minute, respectively. This suggests ... |
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| Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in a Military Deployed Setting: The Impact of an Aggressive Infection Control Program |
FEB 2008 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Michael L. Landrum; Clinton K. Murray; BROOKE ARMY MEDICAL CENTER FORT SAM HOUSTON TX
|
| Background: Since the onset of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, there has been a marked increased in multidrug resistant bacterial infections among combat casualties. We describe the rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) before and after the implementation of aggressive infection control measures at the Air Force Theater Hospital in Iraq. Methods: All patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) were followed prospectively for the development of VAP. Baseline ... |
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| Effectiveness of Halogen-Based Disinfectants Against Acinetobacter Baumannii: Wound Care and Environmental Decontamination |
01 NOV 2006 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
III. McPherson James C.; Ator Yacoub; Royce R. Runner; Thomas B. Buxton; DWIGHT DAVID EISENHOWER ARMY MEDICAL CENTER FORT GORDON GA DEPT OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
|
| Historically, Acinetobacter baumannii has not been considered an important human pathogen. However, a surprisingly high number of multidrugresistant A. baumannii war wound, bloodstream and osteomyelitis infections are occurring in American soldiers injured in Iraq/Kuwait (Operation Iraqi Freedom) and in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom). Thermal projectiles, (e.g., shrapnel, projectile injuries, or traumatic blast) carry the bacterium directly into combat wounds. Because of its resistance to multiple antibiotics, A. baumannii is emerging ... |
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| Designing a Biocontainment Unit to Care for Patients with Serious Communicable Diseases: A Consensus Statement |
29 AUG 2006 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Philip W. Smith; Arthur O. Anderson; George W. Christopher; Theodore J. Cieslak; G. J. Devreede; Glen A. Fosdick; Carl B. Greiner; John M. Hauser; Steven H. Hinrichs; Kermit D. Huebner; ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES FORT DETRICK MD
|
| In spite of great advances in medicine, serious communicable diseases are a significant threat. Hospitals must be prepared to deal with patients who are infected with pathogens introduced by a bioterrorist act (e.g., smallpox), by a global emerging infectious disease (e.g., avian influenza, viral hemorrhagic fevers), or by a laboratory accident. One approach to hazardous infectious diseases in the hospital setting is a biocontainment patient care unit (BPCU). This article ... |
|
| Business Case Analysis: Costs of Laundry Services |
MAY 2006 |
72 pages |
| Authors:
Jonathan B. Butler; WILLIAM BEAUMONT ARMY MEDICAL CENTER EL PASO TX
|
| For thirteen years, William Beaumont Army Medical Center (WBAMC) has been receiving laundry support from UNICOR, the Federal Prison Industries Inc. Recently, problems with UNICOR's prices, cleanliness of finished products and quality of services have been identified by the hospital's Logistics Division and Infection Control offices. A business case analysis was conducted to research these issues and to explore an alternative laundry source. Two scenarios were analyzed: remain with UNICOR ... |
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| Electrochemically Generated Oxidant Disinfection in the Use of Individual Water Purification Devices |
MAR 2006 |
10 pages |
| Authors:
Steven Clarke; William Bettin; ARMY CENTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Soldiers deployed beyond traditional field drinking water supplies must have access to microbiologically safe water. Using Individual Water Purification Devices (IWPDs) is one way to provide microbiologically safe water in these situations. Such IWPDs must protect the Soldier from acute microbial health threats. Understanding the disinfection capabilities of electrochemically generated oxidants (EGO) to kill or inactivate disease-causing microorganisms is important in protecting Soldiers, who are considering using this technology, from ... |
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| Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection in the Use of Individual Water Purification Devices |
MAR 2006 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Steven Clarke; William Bettin; ARMY CENTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Soldiers deployed beyond traditional field drinking water supplies must have access to microbiologically safe water. Using Individual Water Purification Devices (IWPDs) is one way to provide microbiologically safe water in these situations. These IWPDs must protect the Soldier from acute microbial health threats. Understanding the disinfection capabilities of chlorine dioxide to kill or inactivate disease-causing microorganisms is important in protecting soldiers, who are considering using this technology, from acute health ... |
|
| Iodine Disinfection in the Use of Individual Water Purification Devices |
MAR 2006 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Steven Clarke; William Bettin; ARMY CENTER FOR HEALTH PROMOTION AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Soldiers deployed beyond traditional field drinking water supplies must have access to microbiologically safe water. Using Individual Water Purification Devices (IWPDs) is one way to provide microbiologically safe water in these situations. Such IWPDs must protect the Soldier from acute microbial health threats. Understanding the disinfection capabilities of iodine to kill or inactivate disease-causing microorganisms is important in protecting Soldiers, who are considering using this technology, from acute health threats ... |
|
| Inactivation of Biological Agents Using Neutral Oxone-Chloride Solutions |
31 JAN 2006 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Carrie A. Delcomyn; Karen E. Bushway; Michael V. Henley; APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC TYNDALL AFB FL
|
| Bleach solutions containing the active ingredient hypochlorite serve as powerful biological disinfectants but are highly caustic and present a significant compatibility issue when applied to contaminated equipment or terrain. A neutral, bicarbonate-buffered aqueous solution of Oxone and sodium chloride that rapidly generates hypochlorite and hypochlorous acid in situ was evaluated as a new alternative to bleach for the inactivation of biological agents. The solution produced a free chlorine (HOCl + ... |
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| Advanced UV Source for Biological Agent Destruction |
2006 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Wayne Clark; Joseph Stumpf; Bernard Eastlund; Michael Ingram; NOVATRON INC SAN DIEGO CA
|
| Under Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) sponsorship, Novatron, Inc. has developed a unique new technology that can be used to protect facilities and personnel against bioterrorism attacks. Applications include protection of military and government facilities worldwide and protecting important civilian facilities as part of a homeland defense strategy. The bio-defense technology described in this paper is based on a novel, very high intensity, pulsed Advanced Ultraviolet Source (AUVS) that ... |
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| Self-Disinfection and Decontaminating Interior Surfaces Based on Photocatalytic Titania/Easy-Release Coatings |
17 AUG 2005 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Robert E. Baier; Christopher M. Izzo; Paul J. Nicotera; STATE UNIV OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO DEPT OF BIOCHEMISTRY
|
| We have demonstrated that easy-release qualities imparted by thin methyl-terminated silane coatings, when combined with catalytic disinfection by titanium dioxide particles embedded in or superficially attached to duct-liner fiberglass surfaces and coated fiberglass-based architectural fabrics, can improve the sanitary performance of HVAC air-handling systems. This project evaluated the application of such coatings/particles to duct-wall fiberglass surfaces and coated fibrous glass compositions. The surface modified materials were placed in a HEPA-filtered ... |
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| An Integrated Civilian Medical Response to Mass Casualty Incidents |
MAY 2005 |
44 pages |
| Authors:
Banu Onaral; DREXEL UNIV PHILADELPHIA PA
|
| U.S. military and civilian populations have much to accomplish in the effort to enhance preparedness for potential mass casualty incidents. In this effort, CIMERC has partnered with many regional, national, governmental, and nongovernmental organizations. The proposed projects will benefit from the comprehensive network and the proven success of the respective institutions in integrating diverse interests and expertise into a large-scale biodefense initiative. Command and control projects on imaging include developing ... |
|
| Analysis of the Waste Management Practices at Bosnia and Kosovo Base Camps |
APR 2003 |
26 pages |
| Authors:
C. J. Martel; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| In June 2002, the main American base camps in Bosnia and Kosovo were visited to record the types of facilities being used for waste management and to identify% any lessons to be learned. This study concluded that the Army should develop a deployable wastewater treatment system for base camps. Development of such a system would avoid the costly set-up and take-down operations required with conventional plants. Also, Eagle Base and ... |
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| A Literature Review of Disinfectants: Effects When Used by CF Divers in Cleaning Rebreather Sets |
01 NOV 2002 |
|
| Authors:
Yvonne D. Severs; Marie-Christine Lamontagne; DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CANADAOTTAWA (ONTARIO)
|
 | As a result of the health concerns expressed by the combat divers the consultant in Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine at CFEME Toronto requested a toxicological review of the disinfectant Virkon S to determine its suitability for continued use as a cleaning/disinfectant of re-breather sets for the Canadian Forces (CF) diving community. An initial assessment of the components of Virkon S revealed the product had not been approved nor was it ... |
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| A Novel N-Halamine Monomer for Preparing Biocidal Polyurethane Coatings |
31 MAR 2002 |
|
| Authors:
S. D. Worley; F. Li; R. Wu; J. Kim; C. I. Wei; AUBURN UNIV AL DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| A novel N-halamine monomer has been prepared which can be copolymerized with a commercial waterborne acrylic polyol and a commercial isocyanate to produce a polyurethane coating which can be applied to a broad variety of surfaces. After curing, the coating can be chlorinated with a source of free chlorine, such as bleach, to render it biocidal. Once the coating loses its chlorine loading, and hence its biocidal activity, regeneration is ... |
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| Prevalence of Visible and Occult Blood on the Surfaces of Fiberoptic Bronchoscopes |
06 DEC 2000 |
|
| Authors:
Jeffrey W. McKamey; UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIV OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES BETHESDA MD
|
| Previous studies have demonstrated visible and/or occult blood on operating room equipment such as laryngoscope blades, blood pressure cuffs, anesthesia control knobs and pulse oximetry probes identified as ready for use. Anesthesia providers are in close contact with many or all of the equipment noted and have a responsibility to ensure proper cleaning is occurring to prevent transmission of blood-borne pathogens. This study was conducted ... |
|
| Perceived Effects of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Training on California Egg Producers |
25 MAY 2000 |
30 pages |
| Authors:
Jay D. Fuller; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSONAFB OH
|
| Government regulatory agencies and the food industry are currently incorporating Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles into farm production practices in an attempt to minimize foodborne pathogens. The California Egg Quality Assurance Plan (CEQAP) includes a HACCP training course for egg industry members. The training began in 1995 and questionnaires were mailed to all 162 participants in 1998. Statistical analyses were performed on the 86 surveys returned to ... |
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| Prevalence of Visible and Occult Blood on Airway Management Equipment Used Outside the Operating Room |
OCT 1999 |
71 pages |
| Authors:
Rachael J. Nikkola; UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIV OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES BETHESDA MD
|
| Unintentional transmission of blood-borne pathogens to patients, self, and co-workers is an inherent, but preventable hazard to those who provide anesthesia services. Anesthesia providers, their equipment, and monitors located within the operating room have often been shown to be contaminated with visible or occult blood in addition to potential pathogens. The potential to spread certain blood-borne pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B & C virus' (HBV, ... |
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| Ultrasonic Disinfection of Water Suspensions of Escherichia Coli and Legionella Pneumophila |
05 APR 1999 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Victor F. Evora; George J. Kavarnos; NAVAL UNDERSEA WARFARE CENTER NEWPORT DIV RI
|
| This report describes an experiment in which water samples inoculated with Escherichia (E.) coil and Legionella (L.) pneumophila organisms were exposed to ultrasonic energy. It was found that treating these samples with pulses of ultrasound for at least 15 minutes at a 50% amplitude virtually eliminated the E. coil colonies. Longer exposure times were required to completely destroy L. pneumophila. Although the water samples experienced slight warming during the course ... |
|
| Modeling Cryptosporidium spp. Oocyst Inactivation in Bubble-Diffuser Ozone Contactors |
JUL 1998 |
75 pages |
| Authors:
Robert B. Tomiak; Jason L. Rennecker; Benito J. Marinas; Richard J. Miltner; James H. Owens; ILLINOIS UNIV AT URBANA DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
|
| The CT concept (product of disinfectant concentration and characteristic contact time) is currently used to demonstrate compliance with disinfection requirements for Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) and viruses under the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR). Minimum CT requirements include relatively large safety factors to account for possible deviations from actual disinfection efficiencies achieved in full-scale contactors. The application of this conservative regulatory approach for Cryptosporidium parvum (C. ... |
|
| Analysis of Investigational Drugs in Biological Fluids. Method Development and Routine Assay. Appendix A |
13 FEB 97 |
274 pages |
| Authors:
Emil T. Lin; CALIFORNIA UNIV SAN FRANCISCO
|
| Using the procedures described in this report, we were able to work sequentially or simultaneously on eleven projects: (1) WR 238,605, (2) halofantrine (and its metabolite), (3) WR 6026 (and its metabolites), (4) mefloquine (and its metabolite), (5) artelinic acid, (6) p-aminoheptanophenone (and related compounds), (7) primaquine (and its metabolite), (8) gentamicin and paromomycin, (9) pyridostigmine, (10) chloroquine (and its metabolites), and (11) a multiple drug interaction study in dog ... |
|
| Analysis of Investigational Drugs in Biological Fluids. Method Development and Routine Assay. Appendix B |
13 FEB 97 |
100 pages |
| Authors:
Emil T. Lin; CALIFORNIA UNIV SAN FRANCISCO
|
| Using the procedures described in this report, we were able to work sequentially or simultaneously on eleven projects: (1) WR 238,605, (2) halofantrine (and its metabolite), (3) WR 6026 (and its metabolites), (4) mefloquine (and its metabolite), (5) artelinic acid, (6) p-aminoheptanophenone (and related compounds), (7) primaquine (and its metabolite), (8) gentamicin and paromomycin, (9) pyridostigmine, (10) chloroquine (and its metabolites), and (11) a multiple drug interaction study in dog ... |
|
| Analysis of Investigational Drugs in Biological Fluids. Method Development and Routine Assay |
13 FEB 97 |
136 pages |
| Authors:
Emil T. Lin; CALIFORNIA UNIV SAN FRANCISCO
|
| Using the procedures described in this report, we were able to work sequentially or simultaneously on eleven projects: (1) WR 238,605, (2) halofantrine (and its metabolite), (3) WR 6026 (and its metabolites), (4) mefloquine (and its metabolite), (5) artelinic acid, (6) p-aminoheptanophenone (and related compounds), (7) primaquine (and its metabolite), (8) gentamicin and paromomycin, (9) pyridostigmine, (10) chloroquine (and its metabolites), and (11) a multiple drug interaction study in dog ... |
|
| Protocol for Equipment Verification Testing of Disinfection By-Product Precursor Removal by Packaged and/or Modular Drinking Water Treatment Systems for Small Public or Private Water Supplies |
20 DEC 96 |
32 pages |
| Authors:
NSF INTERNATIONAL ANN ARBOR MI
|
| This document is the study protocol to be used for verification testing of equipment designed to achieve removal of precursors to disinfection by-products (DBPs). In order to participate in the equipment verification process, the equipment Manufacturer must adhere to the requirements of this study protocol in developing a Manufacturer Field Operations Document (FOD). |
|
| Protocol for Equipment Verification Testing for Arsenic Removal |
08 NOV 96 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
NSF INTERNATIONAL ANN ARBOR MI
|
| This document is the study protocol to be used for verification testing of equipment designed to achieve arsenic removal. In order to participate in the equipment verification process, the equipment Manufacturer is requested to adhere to the requirements of this study protocol in developing a Manufacturer Field Operations Document. The final submission of the Manufacturer Field Operations Document shall: (1) include the information requested in this protocol; (2) conform to ... |
|
| Development of a Cold Sterilant for Field Medical Use. |
NOV 1996 |
77 pages |
| Authors:
Paul S. Malchesky; STERIS CORP MENTOR OH
|
| A peracid sterilant formulation was developed to the Army's performance requirements for a powdered cold sterilant for field use as a replacement for glutaraldehyde. The active biocidal agent, peracetic acid, is generated in situ and the working life may be up to eight hours with reuse at 20 deg C. AOAC carrier testing showed the formulation to be sporicidal within 20 minutes at its minimum effective concentration. The objectives for ... |
|
| Wastewater Treatment Plant Environmental Study, MacDill AFB, Florida |
OCT 95 |
86 pages |
| Authors:
Michael F. Hewitt; Don Stern; ENGINEERING-SCIENCE INC ATLANTA GA
|
| The Final Phase I Report contains the results of the MacDill AFB diagnostic evaluation conducted in April 1995 as part of the U.S. Air Force wastewater treatment plant environmental study program for improving the performance of wastewater treatment plants serving Air Force installations. The report provided the details of the Phase I findings, conclusions, and all recommendations. The report is broken down into nine sections including an introduction, plant description, ... |
|
| Modeling Trihalomethane Formation Potential from Wastewater Chlorination |
SEP 94 |
97 pages |
| Authors:
Carol A. McCormick; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH
|
| The deletion of federally mandated fecal coliform limits has led many states to review and modify their wastewater disinfection requirements. One issue in analyzing wastewater disinfection is the discharge of potentially carcinogenic halogenated organics formed during the chlorination process. This research investigates the formation of one class of the halogenated organics, the trihalomethanes. The applicability of using drinking water trihalomethane formation models for use with wastewater effluent is examined. Three ... |
|
| Evaluation of Nonpolluting Biofouling Control Methods for Titanium Seawater Piping |
23 JUN 94 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
Marianne Waich; Joanne Jones-Meehan; Scott Hoover; Michael Grothaus; Michael Mazzola; NAVAL SURFACE WARFARE CENTER DAHLGREN DIV SILVER SPRING MD
|
| Corrosion and biofouling of shipboard seawater piping and cooling systems reduce readiness, impact operations and are costly to prevent and to remediate (Jones and Little, 1990). The materials most widely used currently by the Navy in these systems are copper-nickel alloys, which are susceptible to erosion corrosion and microbiologically influenced corrosion (Little et al., 1990; Little et al., 1991). Titanium has been proposed for more extensive use by the Navy ... |
|
| Treatment for Removal of Biotoxins from Drinking Water |
SEP 93 |
|
| Authors:
Robert W. Wannemacher Jr.; Richard E. Dinterman; William L. Thompson; Mark O. Schmidt; W. D. Burrows; ARMY BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LAB FORT DETRICK MD
|
| The fate of biotoxins in water when subjected to Army field treatment technologies has been investigated. Near complete removal (more than 98 percent) of ricin, T-2, saxitoxin and microcystin was achieved by means of reverse osmosis, but coagulation/flocculation with ferric chloride was ineffective. Disappearance exceeded 99 percent for ricin and saxitoxin exposed to 100 mg/L free available chlorine for 30 minutes; lesser concentrations were ineffective, and the toxicities of T-2 ... |
|
| Evaluation of the Medical Efficacy of the Pre-Mac Model FWP Individual Water Purifier for Treating Microbiological Contaminants in Water |
JAN 93 |
42 pages |
| Authors:
Stephen A. Schaub; Helen T. Hargett; Charles R. Sterling; Marilyn M. Marshall; ARMY BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LAB FORT DETRICK MD
|
| Tests were conducted inhouse to determine the microbiological treatment efficacy of the Pre-Mac Model FWP hand-held water purifiers. Test waters represented various physical/chemical challenge conditions. Microbial challenges consisted of enteric bacteria (Klebsiella terrigena), enteroviruses (Echovirus 1 and Poliovirus 1), protozoan oocysts (Crytosporidiu parvum), and cyst simulant (latex beads). Additional tests were conducted at the University of Arizona (UA) to determine the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts after exposure to the ... |
|
| Sensitivity of Juvenile Striped Bass to Chemicals Used in Aquaculture |
93 |
17 pages |
| Authors:
Terry D. Bills; Leif L. Marking; George E. Howe; FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE WASHINGTON DC
|
| Efforts to restore anadromous striped bass (Momne saxatilis) populations by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other agencies over the past 20 years have concentrated on hatchery culture to supplement dwindling natural reproduction. Adult fish captured for artificial spawning are stressed by handling and crowding in rearing ponds and are often exposed to therapeutants, anesthetics, disinfectants, and herbicides used in fish culture. We determined the toxicity of 17 fishery ... |
|
| Determination of Free Available Chlorine in Denitrified Wastewater Effluent |
93 |
57 pages |
| Authors:
Richard L. Matta; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH
|
| The DPD and amperometric methods for determining free available chlorine were compared in a study of chlorine demand in a denitrified (unchlorinated) wastewater. The DPD method was found to be more precise than the amperometric method. Chlorine demand of denitrified wastewater from the Kanapaha Water Reclamation Facility (KWRF) was found to increase with increase in chlorine dose. Total chlorine demand was found to increase with time when dose was constant. ... |
|
| Evaluation of the Military Effectiveness of Chlor-Floc Water Purification Tablets for Treatment of Waterborne Micro-Organisms |
OCT 92 |
57 pages |
| Authors:
Stephen A. Schaub; Helen T. Hargett; Kurt I. Kamrud; Charles R. Sterling; Marilyn M. Marshall; ARMY BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LAB FORT DETRICK MD
|
| Tests were conducted to determine the efficacy of CHLOR-FLOC water purification tablets for treating microbiological contaminants in drinking water. The test waters represented various physical/chemical challenge conditions. Microbial challenges consisted of enteric bacteria (Klebseilla terrigena) enterovirus (Echovirus 1), protozoan oocysts (Cryptosporidium parvum) , and cyst simulant (latex beads). Studies used the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's interim Guide Standard and Protocol for Testing Microbiological Water Purifiers for guidance. Results indicated that ... |
|
| Managing the Navy's Infectious Medical Waste |
04 AUG 92 |
87 pages |
| Authors:
Patrick J. Hamilton; TEXAS UNIV AT AUSTIN DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
|
| The Navy generates infectious medical waste in treatment facilities ranging from large hospitals in excess of 1,000 beds, to small outpatient clinics. In addition, significant amounts of medical waste are generated by ships. Current management of waste includes on-site incineration, on-site treatment followed by both on-site and off-site disposal, and contracted removal. Because of the Navy's presence throughout the world, there is a myriad of local, county, state, and national ... |
|
| Studies to Demonstrate the Feasibility of Producing a Powered Cold Sterilizing Agent |
15 JUL 91 |
|
| Authors:
Shira Kramer; RIDGECOM INC HAVERFORD PA
|
| The purpose of the research effort was to demonstrate the feasibility of producing a powdered quaternary ammonium-peroxide (QP) formulation (sometimes referred to as Ultra-Kleen ) for use at ambient temperature as a sterilizing agent for dental instruments. Microbiological efficacy tests were conducted to assess the efficacy of QP against B. subtilis, C sporogenes, and M. bovis. Kill curves at several use dilutions of QP were generated. In suspension, a 15% ... |
|
| Software and the Virus Threat: Providing Authenticity in Distribution |
MAR 91 |
82 pages |
| Authors:
George M. LaVenture; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| Computer viruses have threatened the integrity and reliability of computer systems since 1983. Literally hundreds of viruses exist for the IBM compatible computer alone. These viruses can cause corruption or loss of program and data files, incidental damage to hardware, and degradation or loss of system performance. This paper examines the nature of the virus threat by discussing virus types, methods and rates of propagation, relative frequencies of occurrence, and ... |
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| Review of Reactions of Biotoxins in Water |
31 AUG 90 |
13 pages |
| Authors:
J. S. Warner; BATTELLE COLUMBUS DIV OH
|
| A review of the literature, both open and classified, was conducted on the hydrolytic and photolytic reactions and reactions with common disinfectants of U.S. and suspected threat biotoxins in dilute aqueous solution. References were reviewed covering Botulinum toxin A, Tetanus toxin, Diphteria toxin, Ricin, Palytoxin, Tetrodotoxin, Saxitoxin, Conotoxin, Microcystin, and Anatoxin A. Information obtained includes estimates of stability under various pH and temperature conditions. Keywords: Biotoxins; Potable water; Hydrolysis; Disinfection; ... |
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| Expedient Emergency Sanitation Measures |
MAR 89 |
94 pages |
| Authors:
I. Gutmanis; C. V. Chester; OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB TN
|
| This guide is designed as an annotated checklist to aid local officials who are responsible for maintaining or restoring adequate sanitation in a widespread emergency. In the event of a major earthquake or nuclear attack, sewage collection and treatment systems, electric power and water treatment and distribution systems may be damaged or destroyed. Loss of sanitary sewage systems and water treatment capability sharply increases risk of the spread of disease ... |
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| Review of Reactions of Chemical Agents in Water |
01 JAN 89 |
|
| Authors:
David N. Clark; BATTELLE COLUMBUS DIV OH
|
| A review of the literature, both open and classified, was conducted on the hydrolytic and photolytic reactions and reactions with common disinfectants of U.S. and suspected threat chemical agents in dilute aqueous solution. Over 100 references were reviewed covering the agents GA (Tabun), GB (Sarin), GD (Soman), VX, HD (sulfur mustard), L (Lewisite), BZ, CK (cyanogen chloride), AC (hydrogen cyanide), CG, (phosgene), DP (diphosgene), and PS (chloropicrin). Data obtained include ... |
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| Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) by Chlorine and Iodine in Water |
AUG 88 |
73 pages |
| Authors:
Mark D. Sobsey; NORTH CAROLINA UNIV AT CHAPEL HILL
|
| The inactivation of purified, aggregated hepatitis A virus (HAV), poliovirus 1 and echovirus 1 by 1 and 5 mg/1 free chlorine and 1 and 2 tablets per quart Army iodine (globaline) in buffered, demand-free water at pH 4.5, 7.0 and 9.5 and 5 and 25 C was determined. HAV inactivation by chlorine was rapid (99.99% in > 60 min.). Inactivation of all test viruses by iodine was always rapid at ... |
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Reports by Keyword(s)
DISINFECTION
