| Development of an Operational Data Assimilation Package Using NAAPS and NAVDAS |
Dec-2009 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Jianglong Zhang; NORTH DAKOTA UNIV GRAND FORKS
|
 | Recently, a new aerosol assimilation model (NAVDAS-AOD) was developed to improve the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS)'s electro-optical propagation forecast capability. In this project, we developed Quality Control and Quality Assurance strategies for the over-ocean Collection 5 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol product that will be applied to the operational data assimilation scheme. An observational based Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) climatology was also ... |
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| Viral Penetration of High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) Filters (PREPRINT) |
Sep-2009 |
39 pages |
| Authors:
Joseph D Wander; Brian K Helmbuch; C Y Wu; APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC TYNDALL AFB FL
|
| High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are the primary technology used for particulate removal in individual and collective protection applications. HEPA filters are commonly thought to be impenetrable, but in fact they are only 99.97% efficient at collecting the most-penetrating particle (approx. 0.3 micrometer). While this is an impressive collection efficiency, HEPA filters may not provide adequate protection for all threats: viruses are submicron in size and have small minimum ... |
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| Department of Transportation Inhalation Test of Neutralized GB Hydrolysate in Sprague-Dawley Rats |
May-2009 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
William T Jr; Muse; Charles L Crouse; Ronald A Evans; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR
|
| The Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives (ACWA) Program has been tasked to demonstrate alternative technologies that will safely dispose of assembled chemicals munitions through means other than incineration. The ACWA program is currently investigating GB hydrolysate, a product solution resulting from chemically neutralizing GB with aqueous sodium hydroxide (pH 12.8) as an acceptably treated waste that can be transported offsite for secondary treatment. An acute inhalation toxicity test was conducted on ... |
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| Real-Time Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents Using Multi-Wavelength Photoacoustics |
Apr-2009 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Melvin Felton; Kristan Gurton; Richard Tober; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCES DIRECTORATE
|
| We present a proof-of-concept study designed to investigate the utility of operating a conventional photoacoustic spectroscopy technique in a multi-wavelength mode applied to chemical vapor/aerosols for application of trace species detection and identification. The technique involves propagating three or more laser sources through a non-resonate, flow through photoacoustic cell. Each laser source is modulated at a different frequency, chosen at some convenient acoustic frequency. A portion of each laser's power ... |
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| Aerosol Impacts on Cirrus Clouds and High-Power Laser Transmission: A Combined Satellite Observation and Modeling Approach |
22-Mar-2009 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
Kuo N Liou; CALIFORNIA UNIV LOS ANGELES
|
| The AF anticipates fielding the ABL in the near future and needs to account for all the atmospheric conditions, such as cloud crystals, which would impede its successful operation. The objective of this additional work basic research effort is to provide additional characterization of the optical properties of cirrus clouds (particularly the ice crystals which form within these clouds at night) together with an improved prediction of the deleterious reflections ... |
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| Assessment of Weather Sensitivites and Air Force Weather (AFW) Support to Tactical Lasers in the Lower Troposphere |
Mar-2009 |
83 pages |
| Authors:
Francesco J Echeverria; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT/DEPT OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS
|
| ATL scientists need to develop a full understanding of the interaction effects between a high-energy laser beam and the atmosphere through which it propagates. Achieving this understanding is important for many reasons. In particular, the high cost of DE weapons systems makes each propagation event expensive. Having an understanding of the atmosphere in which a high-energy laser propagates will increase efficiency and effectiveness of the ATL weapon system, which in ... |
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| Investigation of Panchromatic Satellite Imagery Sensor Low Bias in Shadow Method Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval |
Mar-2009 |
77 pages |
| Authors:
Brian J Rivenbark; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| A technique known as the Shadow Method was developed for calculating aerosol optical depths by measuring the radiance difference between shaded and unshaded regions in high-resolution satellite imagery by Vincent (2006). Previous research investigated use of the Shadow Method in regions of dust obscuration using buildings and clouds as shadow generation sources and a variety of background surfaces. A recurring low bias was seen when using the Shadow Method with ... |
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| In Vitro Toxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Human Lung Epithelial Cells |
Mar-2009 |
99 pages |
| Authors:
Christina R Kearns; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
|
| Nanotechnology is quickly becoming incorporated into everyday products and uses. Silver nanoparticles, specifically, are being used in commercial products, to include aerosols. The purpose of this research was to determine whether silver nanoparticles are toxic to human lung epithelial cells. Different types (coated vs. uncoated), concentrations (10, 50, 100, and 200 micrograms/mL) and sizes (coated 5 and 80nm, uncoated 10 and 80nm) of silver nanoparticles were used during this study. ... |
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| A Computational Tool for Evaluating THz Imaging Performance in Brownout Conditions at Land Sites Throughout the World |
Mar-2009 |
65 pages |
| Authors:
Seth L Marek; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
|
| This study quantifies terahertz (THz) or sub-millimeter imaging performance during simulated rotary-wing brownout or whiteout environments based on geographic location and recent/current atmospheric weather conditions. The atmospheric conditions are defined through the Air Force Institute of Technology Center for Directed Energy (AFIT/CDE) Laser Environmental Effects Definition and Reference or LEEDR model. This model enables the creation of vertical profiles of temperature, pressure, water vapor content, optical turbulence, and atmospheric particulates ... |
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| Fluorescence of Bacteria, Pollens, and Naturally Occurring Airborne Particles: Excitation/Emission Spectra |
Feb-2009 |
62 pages |
| Authors:
Steven C Hill; Michael W Mayo; Richard K Chang; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCES DIRECTORATE
|
| The fluorescence intensity as a function of excitation and emission wavelengths (EEM spectra) was measured for different species of bacteria, biochemical constituents of cells, pollens, and vegetation. This report documents these spectra. This endeavor is part of an effort to determine useful fluorescence excitation and emission wavelengths for discrimination between biological and nonbiological particles, and among different types of biological particles. These results can assist researchers in selecting excitation and ... |
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| Synthesis of Hydrophobic and Oleophobic Nylon-Cotton Fabric Through Microwave Catalyzed Silane Attachment (PREPRINT) |
Dec-2008 |
12 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffrey R Owens; W B Salter; Ryan A Hayn; Rashelle S McDonald; Rachel A Sullivan; APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC TYNDALL AFB FL
|
| We report a microwave induced attachment of a perfluoroalkylsilane to produce highly hydrophobic and oleophobic (H -O) nylon -cotton material. A series of experiments explored the parameters of curing intervals, curing time, base catalysis, and concentration of silane. A single microwave interval of five seconds was able to produce H -O fabric when treated with a NH4OH catalyzed solution of 1% perfluorosilane in isopropyl alcohol. Contact angles for samples treated ... |
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| The Dry Aerosol Deposition Device (DADD): An Instrument for Depositing Microbial Aerosols onto Surfaces |
Dec-2008 |
17 pages |
| Authors:
Joseph D Wander; Brian K Heimbuch; Kimberly R Kinney; Robert K Nichols; APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC TYNDALL AFB FL
|
| The advent -- 60 years after the concept was first proposed -- of practical self-decontaminating materials coincides with international efforts to prepare for global viral epidemics to highlight a need for a method to rapidly and reproducibly contaminate surfaces with pathogenic bioaerosol particles and representative surrogates. Slow rotation of a single collection stage in a cascade impactor downstream of a Collison nebulizer is demonstrated to deposit by impaction a rotationally ... |
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| Immunotoxicology of JP-8 Jet Fuel: Mechanisms |
20-Jul-2008 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
David T Harris; J Wang; D Camacho; M Badowski; T Tsang; M Witten; ARIZONA UNIV TUCSON DEPT OF IMMUNOBIOLOGY AND PEDIATRICS
|
| Experiments were performed exposing mice to varying doses of either JP-8 or S-8 jet fuel for 1h/day for 7 days, using the new exposure apparatus with in-line monitoring of jet fuel concentrations (aerosol and vapor). Six controls, 6 JP-8 exposed and 6 S-8 exposed animals examined. There were no significant effect on body weight due to JP-8 or S-8 exposure, and no effect on immune cell viability from any immune ... |
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| Calculations of Light Scattering Measurements Predicting Sensitivity of Depolarization to Shape Changes of Spores and Bacteria |
APR 2008 |
|
| Authors:
Stephen D. Druger; Jozsef Czege; Zhao Z. Li; Burt V. Bronk; MASSACHUSETTS UNIV LOWELL
|
 | This report presents calculations to explore the use of depolarization of scattered light as a discriminator of biological particles in an aerosol. The discrete dipole approximation was used to model appropriate shapes of several different types of particles. To model an ensemble of spores, we used experimental parameters appropriate to Bacillus cereus. For this case, two different but related assumptions for particle shapes are shown to give different and distinguishable ... |
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| Impacts of Individual Protective Equipment on Active Range of Motion and Respiratory Protection |
APR 2008 |
48 pages |
| Authors:
David M. Caretti; Daniel J. Barker; Kari A. Carter; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| This investigation quantified active range of motion (AROM) of common military and law enforcement movements while wearing chemical/biological (CB) and ballistic protective equipment, measured the impacts of integrated CB and ballistic equipment on respirator protection from particulates, and determined local head and neck protection factors against gases and vapors with the same individual protective equipment (IPE). To quantify the impacts of IPE wear on AROM, sequential levels of protective equipment ... |
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| Verification of Aerosol Optical Depth Retrievals using Cloud Shadows Retrieved from Satellite Imagery |
MAR 2008 |
86 pages |
| Authors:
Perry C. Sweat; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| A technique for deriving aerosol optical depths by measuring the radiance inside and outside of shaded regions is expanded to include shadows from clouds. Previous research focused on utilizing QuickBird satellite imagery. The 2.4 meter resolution of QuickBird allowed for sampling to focus on building-generated shadows. Research was done on several different surface types, including dirt, grass, sand, and pavement. The research presented in this thesis focuses on the challenges ... |
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| Effects of Wind Speed on Aerosol Spray Penetration in Adult Mosquito Bioassay Cages |
Jan-2008 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Bradley K Fritz; W C Hoffman; Muhammad Farooq; Miriam F Cooperband; NAVY ENTOMOLOGY CENTER OF EXCELLENCE JACKSONVILLE FL
|
| Bioassay cages are commonly used to assess efficacy of insecticides against adult mosquitoes in the field. To correlate adult mortality readings to insecticidal efficacy and/or spray application parameters properly, it is important to know how the cage used in the bioassay interacts with the spray cloud containing the applied insecticide. This study compared the size of droplets, wind speed, and amount of spray material penetrating cages and outside of cages ... |
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| Chem-Bio Self-Decontaminating Surfaces (Briefing Slides). AFRL Quarterly Summary on DARPA Effort |
05 DEC 2007 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Joseph D. Wander; Brian K. Heimbuch; Kimberly R. O'Gurek; APPLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES INC TYNDALL AFB FL
|
| A slide show describing progress to 5 Dec 2007 toward reproducibly contaminating sensitive equipment items and measuring the efficacy of different surface treatments as countermeasures to bioaerosol contamination. A small contamination chamber was fabricated and shown to achieve good reproducibility delivering Bacillus atrophaeus spores (13.6% coefficient of variation). Successful delivery (CV = 7.2%) of Staphylococcus aureus at 10e4/sq cm was also achieved in the small-scale chamber by aerosolization in a ... |
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| Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics of Gatifloxacin in a Lethal Murine Bacillus Anthracis Inhalation Infection Model |
DEC 2007 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Paul G. Ambrose; Alan Forrest; William A. Craig; Christopher M. Rubino; Sujata M. Bhavnani; George L. Drusano; Henery S. Heine; ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES FORT DETRICK MD
|
| We determined the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) measure most predictive of gatifloxacin efficacy and the magnitude of this measure necessary for survival in a murine Bacillus anthracis inhalation infection model. We then used population pharmacokinetic models for gatifloxacin and simulation to identify dosing regimens with high probabilities of attaining exposures likely to be efficacious in adults and children. In this work, 6- to 8-week-old nonneutropenic female BALB/c mice received aerosol challenges of ... |
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| Gene Expression Profiling of Nonhuman Primates Exposed to Aerosolized Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus |
DEC 2007 |
12 pages |
| Authors:
James Koterski; Nancy Twenhafel; Aimee Porter; Douglas S. Reed; Susan Martino-Catt; Bruno Sobral; Oswald Crasta; Thomas Downey; Luis DaSilva; ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES FORT DETRICK MD
|
| Host responses to Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV) were studied in cynomolgus macaques after aerosol exposure to the epizootic virus. Changes in global gene expression were assessed for the brain, lungs, and spleen. In the brain, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I transcripts were induced, while the expression of S100b, a factor associated with brain injury, was inhibited, as was expression of the encephalitogenic gene MOG. Cytokine-mediated signals were affected ... |
|
| Atmospheric Polarization Imaging |
01 NOV 2007 |
63 pages |
| Authors:
Joseph A. Shaw; MONTANA STATE UNIV BOZEMAN
|
| A full-sky imaging polarimeter has been developed to measure the four Stokes parameters in each pixel of a full-sky image. The Stokes image set can be acquired in typically less than 1 sec., making possible polarimetric measurements in a partly cloudy sky without creating artifacts from moving clouds. This instrument was used to study the variation of atmospheric polarization with cloudiness, finding that the degree of polarization is consistently less ... |
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| Multi-Scale Computational Analyses of JP-8 Fuel Droplets and Vapors in Human Respiratory Airway Models |
31 OCT 2007 |
35 pages |
| Authors:
Clement Kleinstreuer; NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV AT RALEIGH
|
| Using representative human nasal, oral and tracheobronchial airway models, transient 3- D as well as equivalent steady-state solutions have been obtained for the transport and deposition of spherical particles and droplets as well as vapors. It should be noted that equivalence to transient airflow and particle deposition results was achieved by employing matching Reynolds and Stokes numbers for steady-state simulations. Inhalation inlet conditions and aerosol characteristics resembled JP-8 fuel exposure ... |
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| Study of the Implications of Whitecap Intermittency on the Uniform Sea-salt Aerosol Source Approximation and Deposition Velocity |
29 OCT 2007 |
91 pages |
| Authors:
William A. Hoppel; Peter F. Caffrey; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC REMOTE SENSING DIV
|
| The source function and deposition velocity of sea-salt particles used in large-scale models assumes that the source and deposition is uniform over areas large compared to the horizontal grid spacing of the model, whereas sea-salt aerosol is overwhelmingly generated by white caps whose surface distribution is usually sparse and sporadic. The analysis presented here uses several puff plume models to study the validity of the underlying assumptions of the horizontally ... |
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| An Assessment of the Meteorological Conditions Leading to the NOAA WP-3D Engine Compressor Stalls of February 9, 2007, Due to Sea Salt Aerosol Particle Fouling |
25 OCT 2007 |
41 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffrey S. Reid; Daniel P. Eleuterio; B. J. Cook; Annette L. Walker; Kim A. Richardson; Douglas L. Westphal; Jianglong Zhang; A. B. Damiano; Richard J. McNamara; Martin Mayeaux; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB MONTEREY CA MARINE METEOROLOGY DIV
|
| This report presents the findings from a meteorological analysis of the NOAA WP-3D N42RF engine compressor stalls of February 9, 2007, which nearly led to the loss of the aircraft. Preliminary engineering and meteorological analysis performed by the NOAA pointed to sea salt fouling when the aircraft encountered super concentrations of sea salt aerosol particles in the atmosphere at an altitude above 1 km. To the authors' knowledge, this type ... |
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| Automated Validation of Satellite Derived Coastal Optical Products |
AUG 2007 |
10 pages |
| Authors:
Paul Lyon; Robert Arnone; Richard Gould; ZhongPing Lee; Paul Martinolich; Sherwin Ladner; Brandon Casey; H. Sosik; D. Vandemark; H. Feng; R. Morrison; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV
|
| Automated validation methods and a suite of tools have been developed in a Quality Control Center to analyze the stability and uncertainty of satellite ocean products. The automatic procedures analyze match-ups of near real time coastal bio-optical observations from Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO) with satellite-derived ocean color products from MODIS Aqua and Terra, SeaWIFS, Ocean Color Monitor, and MERIS. These tools will be used to compare MVCO in situ ... |
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| Time-and Concentration-Dependent Cytotoxicity of Ricin in Human Lung Epithelial Cells |
JUL 2007 |
|
| Authors:
Sharmaine Ramasamy; David Proll; DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION VICTORIA (AUSTRALIA) HUMAN PROTECTION AND PERFORMANCE DIV
|
| Ricin, a potent ribosome-inactivating hetero-dimeric protein toxin (66kDa) produced in the seeds of the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis), is a Category B Agent on the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) Select Agent List. Using human small airway epithelial cells, this is the first study to investigate the time- and dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of ricin in a human cell line. Ricin (1- 100pM) produced a time- and dose-dependent decrease in ... |
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| Propagation of High Energy Laser Beams in Various Environments |
08 JUN 2007 |
61 pages |
| Authors:
Phillip Sprangle; Joseph Penano; Bahman Hafizi; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
|
| We report the results of our theoretical study on the key physical processes that affect the propagation of nigh energy lasers in the atmosphere. The main objective of this study is to discuss the optimum laser wavelength and power for efficient propagation in maritime, desert, rural and urban atmospheric environments. The theoretical/numerical model used in this study includes the effects of aerosol and molecular scattering, aerosol heating and vaporization, thermal ... |
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| Classification of Polar Stratospheric Clouds Using LIDAR Measurements From the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment |
JUN 2007 |
36 pages |
| Authors:
Jr. Felton Melvin A.; Thomas A. Kovacs; Ali H. Omar; Chris A. Hostetler; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD
|
| Backscatter LIDAR measurements from the stratospheric aerosol and gas experiment (SAGE) III ozone loss and validation experiment (SOLVE) have been used to identify classes of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and their corresponding characteristics. Volume backscatter at 532 nm (Beta532) and 1064 nm (Beta1064), scattering ratio at 532 nm (R532) and 1064 nm (R1064), aerosol depolarization (delta(a)), and color ratio (Beta532/Beta1064), and temperature (T) were used to categorize PSCs via principal ... |
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| Contamination Control Area - Airlock - Toxic Free Area Process Analysis (BRIEFING CHARTS) |
MAY 2007 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce J. Nielsen; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB TYNDALL AFB FL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING DIRECTORATE
|
| Collective Protection (COLPRO) systems provide unencumbered, long term personnel protection and have capability for ingress/egress of personnel as they process out (doff) and into (donn) Individual Protection Equipment (IPE). To enter COLPRO systems, strict processes are enforced to allow safe entry as well as maintain the integrity of the Toxic Free Area (TFA). Normally, personnel would process through an outside Contamination Control Area (CCA) where decontamination crews identify any gross ... |
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| Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) and Pelargonic Acid Vanillylamide (PAVA or Nonivamide) Hand-Held Devices |
MAY 2007 |
254 pages |
| Authors:
Lynne Haber; Patricia Nance; Andrew Maier; Paul Price; Eugene Olajos; Larry Bickford; Maureen McConnell; B. J. Klauenberg; TOXICOLOGY EXCELLENCE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT (TERA) CINCINNATI OH
|
| A Human Effectiveness and Risk Characterization (HERC) for oleoresin capsicum (OC) and pelargonic acid vanillylamide (PAVA or nonivamide) hand-held devices has been conducted in an effort organized by the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL), Biobehavioral Systems Branch (RHDJ), in collaboration with the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), and the Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC). The active ingredients in these devices are collectively termed capsaicinoids and act by peripheral sensory ... |
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| A Verification of Optical Depth Retrievals From High Resolution Satellite Imagery |
MAR 2007 |
94 pages |
| Authors:
Jack R. Evans; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA DEPT OF METEOROLOGY
|
| A new technique has been developed using high resolution satellite imagery to derive aerosol optical depths by measuring the difference of the radiances inside and outside of shaded regions Vincent (2006). This approach has shown promise as a new means of providing aerosol optical depth in regions that have proven difficult using more traditional means. Initial studies have been done primarily over desert/arid environments with some limited work over urban ... |
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| Development of an Infrared Spectrophotometric Method for the Analysis of Jet Fuel Using a Loop Calibration Technique |
MAR 2007 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
James Reboulet; Robert Cunningham; Palur G. Gunasekar; Gail D. Chapman; Sean C. Stevens; NAVAL HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER (DET) WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS LAB
|
| A whole body inhalation study of combined jet fuel vapor and aerosol necessitated the development of a method for preparing vapor standards from the neat fuel. Due to the complex mixture of components in jet fuel, and the selective partitioning between aerosol and vapor, a novel method was needed to prepare vapor only standards for the calibration of infrared spectrophotometers and a gas chromatograph. A re-circulating loop system was developed ... |
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| Automating the Shadow Method for Aerosol Optical Depth Retrieval |
MAR 2007 |
59 pages |
| Authors:
Ryan M. Dombrock; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| A new method for remote sensing retrieval of Aerosol Optical Depth was proposed and investigated by Vincent (2006). This shadow-based method uses the radiance difference between shadow and non-shadow regions in QuickBird high resolution commercial satellite imagery to estimate Aerosol Optical Depth. Though the process is initially time-consuming, requiring a high level of user knowledge to accomplish the procedure, great potential exists for further development into a stand-alone operational method ... |
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| Scavenger Receptors and Resistance to Inhaled Allergens |
FEB 2007 |
26 pages |
| Authors:
Lester Kobzik; HARVARD UNIV CAMBRIDGE MA
|
| After OVA sensitization and aerosol challenge, SR-AI/II and MARCO-deficient mice exhibited greater eosinophilic airway inflammation and airway hyper responsiveness compared to wild-type mice. A role for simple SRA-mediated antigen clearance (scavenging) by lung macrophages was excluded by observation of comparable uptake of fluorescent OVA by wild-type and SRA-deficient lung M(phi)s and DCs. In contrast, airway instillation of fluorescent antigen revealed significantly higher traffic of labelled DCs to thoracic lymph nodes ... |
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| Quantification of Plume Opacity by Digital Photography |
Jan-2007 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R Kemme; Mark J Rood; Byung J Kim; Bill Franek; Kevin Mattison; K Du; ILLINOIS UNIV AT URBANA-CHAMAPIGN
|
| The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed Method 9 to describe how plume opacity can be quantified by humans. However, use of observations by humans introduces subjectivity, and is expensive due to semiannual certification requirements of the observers. The Digital Opacity Method (DOM) was developed to quantify plume opacity at lower cost, with improved objectivity, and to provide a digital record. Photographs of plumes were taken with a calibrated ... |
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| Characteristics of Nerve Agents |
2007 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
ARMY CHEMICAL MATERIALS AGENCY ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| There are three types of nerve agents currently stored in chemical stockpiles in the United States: VX, GB and GA. All three nerve agents are members of the organophosphate family. Nerve agent VX, a clear, odorless and tasteless liquid, has an appearance similar to motor oil. VX can become an aerosol (very small droplets) through explosion or a vapor through ignition. It is heavier than water and evaporates 2,000 times ... |
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| Enhancement of Intranasal Vaccination in Mice with Deglycosylated Chain A Ricin by LTR72, a Novel Mucosal Adjuvant |
DEC 2006 |
|
| Authors:
Meir Kende; Giuseppe Del Giudice; Noelia Rivera; John Hewetson; ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES FORT DETRICK MD
|
| Intranasal (i.n.) vaccination with two sub-optimal doses of 8 micro-grams of deglycosylated chain A ricin (DGCA) stimulated low anti-ricin ELISA IgG and neutralizing antibody responses, and the vaccine was only marginally protective against a lethal ricin toxin aerosol challenge. However, in the presence of 4, 2, or 1 micro-gram of the mucosal adjuvant LTR72, a mutant of the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, the low antibody response and protection were ... |
|
| A Model for Nighttime Urban Illumination |
Dec-2006 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
Richard C Shirkey; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
|
| The Army increasingly relies on night operations to accomplish its objectives. These night operations frequently require using Night Vision Goggles and other light-sensitive devices which are strongly affected by ambient lighting, a large component of which is urban. An urban illumination model is proposed for use in tactical decision aids and wargames which would allow for more accurate prediction of target acquisition ranges and increased realism in simulations. This model ... |
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| Development of a PBPK Model for JP-8 |
15 NOV 2006 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Jeff Fisher; Michael Bartlett; Shonetta D. Gregg; GEORGIA UNIV ATHENS
|
| The overarching goal of this research project was to develop a mathematical dosimetry model for aerosolized JP-8 to better understand human exposure to inhaled JP-8. The JP-8 dosimetry model could then be used to determine human health risks from exposure to JP-8. For the first time, individual hydrocarbon data were collected to characterize the atmospheric exposures and dosimetry for laboratory animals exposed to vaporized or aerosolized JP-8. Both chamber atmosphere ... |
|
| Dynamic Nanocomposite Self-Deactivating Fabrics for the Individual and Collective Protection |
01 NOV 2006 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Yongwoo Lee; Suneet Chadha; Andy Riecker; Ted Mendum; John P. Puglia; Vipin Rastogi; FOSTER-MILLER INC WALTHAM MA
|
| Chemical and Biological Defense (CBD) is of high Army and National military priority. Battlefield protective uniforms and shelters must simultaneously meet weight, bulk, durability, comfort and heat stress requirements for a combat configuration. The JSLIST Suit, first introduced in 1997, is a remarkable garment used by all branches of the U.S. military that meets many of these requirements. The current JSLIST suit is comprised of an outer shell that is ... |
|
| Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Canister Particulate Efficiency Benchmark Testing |
NOV 2006 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Paul D. Gardner; Jonathan P. Eshbaugh; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR
|
| This investigation performed particulate efficiency testing of commercial chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) canister filters to provide benchmark data to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The data was provided to assist NIOSH in establishing appropriate test parameters and performance criteria for certifying the particulate efficiency of these filters. Two separate evaluations were performed under constant and cyclic flow conditions: an initial penetration ... |
|
| Development of a Particle Counting Method for Assessing the Biological Protection Factor of Respirators |
NOV 2006 |
49 pages |
| Authors:
Paul D. Gardner; Karen M. Coyne; Jonathan P. Eshbaugh; Cindy R. Ching; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| This investigation developed and validated a highly sensitive method based on particle counting technology for assessing the protection afforded by chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear respirators against biological threat agents. Inert monodisperse and polydisperse aerosols, representative in size to biological agents, were used to challenge a respirator fitted to a headform or worn by a human test participant. An aerosol spectrometer was used to measure aerosol penetration into the facepiece ... |
|
| Characteristics and Sampling Efficiencies of SpinCon and Pre-Production Omni Model Aerosol Samplers |
OCT 2006 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
Jana S. Kesavan; Deborah R. Schepers; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DIR
|
| Characteristics and aerosol sampling efficiencies of one SpinCon and two pre-production (PP) Omni model aerosol samplers Omni-2 and Omni-3) (Sceptor Industries, Inc., Kansas, MO) were determined at the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center. All three samplers have non-traditional wetted-wall cyclones to collect and concentrate aerosols in liquid. The Omni aerosol sampler is designed to be approximately half the weight, half the size, and a quarter of the power of ... |
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| Atmospheric Retrieval Algorithms for Long-Wave Infrared and Solar Radiance Scenarios |
JUN 2006 |
|
| Authors:
Michelle Hackett; DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION EDINBURGH (AUSTRALIA) INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE AND RECONNAISSANCE DIV
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| Atmospheric retrieval is the extraction of atmospheric data from spectral radiance, as observed at a remote sensor. In particular, consider the retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles, and aerosol size distribution and the scattering refractive index from long-wave infrared and solar radiance spectra, respectively. The application of retrieval, in this report, primarily involves inversion of a radiative transfer equation (RTE). However, due to the ill-posed nature of the problem and ... |
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| Laser Transmission Model, Balloon Experiment, and Satellite Remote Sensing for Thin Cirrus to Support ABL |
31 MAR 2006 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
K. N. Liou; S. C. Ou; Y. Takano; CALIFORNIA UNIV LOS ANGELES
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| A three-dimensional (3-D) model has been developed for the transmission and backscattering of a high-energy laser beam through inhomogeneous high-level clouds in plane-parallel and spherical geometries. The formulations of laser transmission and backscattering are based on the successive-order-of scattering approach in which multiple scattering by cloud and aerosol particles can be effectively accounted for. Effects of the cloud inhomogeneity on 3-D laser transmission and backscattering have been examined by using ... |
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| Enhancement of Intranasal Vaccination in Mice with Deglycosylated Chain A Ricin by LTR72, a Novel Mucosal Adjuvant |
15 MAR 2006 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
Meir Kende; Giuseppe Del Giudice; Noelia Rivera; John Hewetson; ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES FORT DETRICK MD
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| Intranasal (i.n.) vaccination with two suboptimal doses of 8 microg of deglycosylated chain A ricin (DGCA) stimulated low anti-ricin ELISA IgG and neutralizing antibody responses and the vaccine was only marginally protective against a lethal ricin toxin aerosol challenge. However, in the presence of 4, 2, or 1 microg of the mucosal adjuvant LTR72, a mutant of the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, the low antibody response and protection were ... |
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| Monoclonal Antibodies Passively Protect BALB/c Mice Against Burkholderia mallei Aerosol Challenge |
MAR 2006 |
5 pages |
| Authors:
Sylvia R. Trevino; Amy R. Permenter; Marilyn J. England; Narayanan Parthasarathy; Paul H. Gibbs; David M. Waag; Tran C. Chanh; ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES FORT DETRICK MD
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| Glanders is a debilitating disease with no vaccine available. Murine monoclonal antibodies were produced against Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of glanders, and were shown to be effective in passively protecting mice against a lethal aerosol challenge. The antibodies appeared to target lipopolysaccharide. Humoral antibodies may be important for immune protection against B. mallei infection. |
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| A CpG Oligonucleotide Can Protect Mice From a Low Aerosol Challenge Dose of Burkholderia mallei |
MAR 2006 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
David M. Waag; Michael J. McCluskie; Ningli Zhang; Arthur M. Krieg; ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INST OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES FORT DETRICK MD
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| Oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs were tested for protective efficacy in a mouse Burkholderia mallei aerosol challenge model. CpG 7909 protected all mice from death up to 7 weeks after challenge. The lungs from treated mice were protected from infection. Preexposure therapy may protect victims of a biological attack from glanders. |
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| Radiometric Analysis of Daytime Satellite Detection |
MAR 2006 |
93 pages |
| Authors:
Katherine B. Lilevjen; AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT/DEPT OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS
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| A radiometric model for daylight satellite detection is developed and used to evaluate the effects of various parameters on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Detection of reflected sunlight from a low-earth orbit, diffuse, planar satellite by a single-pixel infrared photovoltaic detector is considered. Noise considered includes photon noise from the background and signal, as well as thermal noise. Parameters considered include atmospheric conditions, optical parameters, and detector parameters. The Phillips Laboratory Expert-assisted ... |
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| An Evaluation of Aerosol Extinguishing Systems for Machinery Space Applications |
FEB 2006 |
103 pages |
| Authors:
Jerry Back; M. Boosinger; David Beene; Lou Nash; E. Weaver; HUGHES ASSOCIATES INC BALTIMORE MD
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| Full-scale fire tests were conducted to identify the fire extinguishing capabilities and limitations of Aerosol Extinguishing Systems (AES) in shipboard machinery space applications. A total of 18 tests were conducted in this evaluation utilizing the equipment from three AES manufacturers (Ansul, FirePro and Flame Guard). The systems were tested against the current International Maritime Organization's (IMO) test protocol Maritime Safety Committee/Circular (MSC/Circ. 1007) for approving AES for machinery space applications. ... |
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Reports by Keyword(s)
AEROSOLS
