| Unified Tri-Service Cognitive Performance Assessment Battery (UTC-PAB). 1. Design and Specification of the Battery |
23 FEB 87 |
68 pages |
| Authors:
C. E. Englund; D. L. Reeves; C. A. Shingledecker; D. R. Thorne; K. P. Wilson; NAVAL HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER SAN DIEGO CA
|
 | The Unified Tri-Service Cognitive Performance Assessment Battery (UTC-PAB) represents the primary metric for a Level II evaluation of cognitive performance in the JWGD3 MILPERF chemical defense biomedical drug screening program. Emphasis for UTC-PAB development has been on the standardization of test batteries across participating laboratories with respect to content, computer-based administration, test scoring, and data formating. This effort has produced a 25-test UTC-PAB that represents the consolidation and unification of ... |
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| Instructional Design: Impact of Subject Matter and Cognitive Styles |
FEB 87 |
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| Authors:
Linda J. Buehner; WITTENBERG UNIV SPRINGFIELD OH DEPT OF EDUCATION
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 | This paper reviews current research in neuropsychology, cognitive style, and instructional design. It provides a framework for further research in the most effective mode of information presentation, considering the interaction of cognitive style and training subject matter. The neuropsychological research addresses the role of the left and right hemispheres of the brain in human information processing. Research in cognitive psychology builds on the knowledge of hemispheric processing through the study ... |
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| Effects of Various Environmental Stressors on Cognitive Performance |
27 JAN 87 |
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| Authors:
L. E. Banderet; B. L. Shukitt; E. A. Crohn; R. L. Burse; D. E. Roberts; ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA
|
| Rigorous testing instruments and psychometric methods are required to assess the effects of enviromental stressors upon cognitive performance. This paper presents findings and illustrates our methodology for evaluating the effects of several types of environmental stressors. Various cognitive performances were investigated experimentally with paper and pencil tasks in repeated-measures paradigms for several high altitudes, altitude-treatment strategy, dehydration cold, atropine in a hot environment. Cognitive performances was to decreases in the ... |
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| The Role of Cognitive Simulation Models in the Development of Advanced Training and Testing Systems |
15 JAN 87 |
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| Authors:
David E. Kieras; MICHIGAN UNIV ANN ARBOR TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION PROGRAM
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| To be most efficient, an intelligent tutoring system must be based on a thorough analysis of the task that is being trained, and the knowledge, both declarative and procedural, that the learner must acquire in order to perform the task. This paper explores the thesis that constructing a cognitive simulation model of the task is an efficient approach to characterizing this content. Because the simulation model must be explicitly stated ... |
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| The Knowledge Engineer as Student: Metacognitive Bases for Asking Good Questions |
JAN 1987 |
47 pages |
| Authors:
William J. Clancey; STANFORD UNIV CA DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
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| Knowledge engineers are efficient, active learners. They systematically approach domains and acquire knowledge to solve routine, practical problems. By modeling their methods, we may develop a basis for teaching other students how to direct their own learning. In particular, a knowledge engineer is good at detecting gaps in knowledge base and asking focused questions to improve an expert system's performance. This ability stems from domain. General knowledge, about: problem-solving procedures, ... |
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| Visualization of Computer User's Cognitive Strategies and Behaviors |
87 |
12 pages |
| Authors:
John B. Smith; Dana K. Smith; Eileen Kupstas; Peter Calingaert; NORTH CAROLINA UNIV AT CHAPEL HILL DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
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| Our research focuses on supporting scientists and engineers working collaboratively on shared artifacts such as documents, images, and programs. To support them fully, we ned to understand their cognitive activities as they interact both with the shared artifact and with each other. Our future studies of the collective cognition of group wil be guided by our earlier work in studying the cognitive activities of a single individual. Focusing initially on ... |
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| Study of Neuromotor Reaction Times Under the Influence of Thyrotropin- Releasing Hormone |
87 |
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| Authors:
Dan Repperger; Tom Jennings; James Jacobson; Norman Michel; Chuck Goodyear; HARRY G ARMSTRONG AEROSPACE MEDICAL RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT- PATTERSON AFB OH
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| Neuromotor reaction times (simple, choice, and decision) were measured when Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) was administered intravenously to nine healthy men in a double blind study. Measurements were made of simple reaction time, choice reaction and decision time for each subject at various intervals over a 54 hr. period. Given the observed inherent interaction of the drug with the long time used (54 hr.), most analyses were conducted across separate time ... |
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| Category Accessibility Effects in a Simulated Exemplar-Based Memory |
87 |
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| Authors:
Eliot R. Smith; PURDUE UNIV LAFAYETTE IN DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES
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| A quantitative model of long-term memory is applied, in the form of a computer simulation, in an attempt to reproduce several known properties of social priming of category accessibility effects. This exemplar-only model, developed by Hintzman, involves the storage and retrieval of specific experiences, without any representation of abstract schemas, constructs, or prototypes. It successfully reproduces several basic findings concerning effects of priming on category accessibility, including the cumulative impact ... |
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| A Computational Model of Scientific Insight |
31 DEC 86 |
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| Authors:
Pat Langley; Randolph Jones; CALIFORNIA UNIV IRVINE DEPT OF INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCE
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| Scientific discoveries often taken the form of insight, in which previously unseen and unexpected connections suddenly reveal themselves to the mind. In this paper, we present a computational theory of this phenomenon. We recount a number of well-known examples of the process, along with some early and recent theories that attempt to explain the phenomenon. However, our reservations about these theories have led us to develop an alternative model. We ... |
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| Endogenous ERP (Event Related Potential) Components Associated with Performance in Sonar Operators. 1. Reliability and Relation to Training |
31 DEC 86 |
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| Authors:
David J. Hord; NAVAL HEALTH RESEARCH CENTER SAN DIEGO CA
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| The large volume of basic research on the relationship of endogenous ERP components to cognitive processes is leading to applications in areas other than clinical. The present work is attempting to develop prediction equations based on measurements of ERP components and will enhance the selection criteria for workers performing complex cognitive tasks, e.g., sonar operators aviators and air traffic controllers. Several endogenous ERP components from 40 operators were shown to ... |
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| Effects of Various Environmental Stressors on Cognitive Performance |
DEC 1986 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
L. E. Banderet; B. L. Shukitt; E. A. Crohn; R. L. Burse; D. E. Roberts; ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA
|
| Rigorous testing instruments and psychometric methods are required to assess the effects of environmental stressors upon cognitive performance. This paper presents findings and illustrates our methodology for evaluating the effects of several types of environmental stressors. Various cognitive performances were investigated experimentally with paper and pencil tasks in repeated-measures paradigms for several high altitudes, an altitude-treatment strategy, dehydration, cold, and atropine in a hot environment. Cognitive performance was impaired on ... |
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| Cognitive Factors in Learning and Retention of Procedural Tasks |
DEC 86 |
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| Authors:
Paula J. Konoske; John A. Ellis; NAVY PERSONNEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER SAN DIEGO CA
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| Procedural tasks, the most important and necessary type of task for Navy mission readiness, consist of an ordered sequence of steps or operations performed on a single object or in a specific situation. They involve few decisions, are generally performed the same way every time, and are frequently not well retained. In Navy technical ratings, personnel must maintain high levels of procedural skill and knowledge to able to perform their ... |
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| Evidence for a Structure-Mapping Theory of Analogy and Metaphor |
DEC 86 |
71 pages |
| Authors:
Dedre Gentner; ILLINOIS UNIV AT URBANA DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
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| The central claim is that all analogies, and many metaphors, are fundamentally devices for mapping relational structures from one domain to another. This theory differs from other approaches in postulating that the interpretation rules for analogies and relational metaphors are based on predicate structure, rather than on feature salience or mental distance. Two experiments are described that test the interpretation predictions of the structure mapping theory as well as those ... |
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| The Effects of Wearing Chemical Protective Clothing on Cognitive Problem Solving |
OCT 86 |
26 pages |
| Authors:
T. M. Rauch; Calvin Witt; Louis Banderet; Richard Tauson; Michael Golden; ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA
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| The present study investigated the effects of wearing various MOPP (Mission Oriented Protective Postures) levels on three cognitive problem solving tasks over 24 hours of testing. The results show that wearing MOPP level 4 significantly impairs cognitive problem solving compared to MOPP 2 and a NO-MOPP control. The impairment attributed to the MOPP 4 condition was principally in the rate of task completion in contrast to task accuracy. The rate ... |
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| The Effects of Increasing Information Processing Demands on Rating Outcomes |
OCT 86 |
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| Authors:
Roseanne J. Foti; Neil M. Hauenstein; TEXAS A AND M UNIV COLLEGE STATION
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| This research investigated the cognitive processes which mediate the performance rating process. Specifically, level of processing and ratee prior performance information were manipulated in a 3 x 3 factorial design in order to assess the impact on psychometric rating outcomes and rating accuracy. Results indicated that as information processing demands increased, raters relied more on the past performance cues. Specifically, raters using more automatic processing and receiving a good performance ... |
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| Large Group Displays and Team Performance: An Evaluation and Projection of Guidelines, Research, and Technologies |
SEP 86 |
71 pages |
| Authors:
Michael D. McNeese; Clifford E. Brown; HARRY G ARMSTRONG AEROSPACE MEDICAL RESEARCH LAB WRIGHT- PATTERSON AFB OH
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| Within team-technology interaction the use of large group displays has been proposed for certain types of command and control activities. This report describes a broad continuum of issues, concerns, variables, problems, and factors that must be considered by both research/design and operational communities, when an integration of team performance and group display usage is desired. Guidelines, research, and technology focusses are reviewed, evaluated, and suggested to begin this integration. A ... |
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| Goal and Plan Knowledge in Software Comprehension |
31 AUG 86 |
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| Authors:
Scott Robertson; CATHOLIC UNIV OF AMERICA WASHINGTON DC DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| The purpose of this project was to study the cognitive factors involved in the modification of software. It was hypothesized that a programmer generates a goal-based representation of code during an initial comprehension phase. The programmer then operates on this representation to make conceptual modifications in the program's function. Finally the programmer executes programming plans that are language-specific in order to make changes in code. This procedure will be repeated ... |
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| Cognitive Effort and Decision Making Strategies: A Componential Analysis of Choice |
31 JUL 86 |
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| Authors:
James R. Bettman; Eric J. Johnson; John W. Payne; DUKE UNIV DURHAM NC
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| We examine the effort required to execute decision strategies, and propose a set of elementary information processes (EIP's) (e.g., reads, additions, comparisons) as a common language for describing these strategies. Based upon these component processes, a model for measuring the effort required to execute a decision strategy is proposed. The model suggests that effort is a weighted sum of EIP's. We test this model and several alternatives by attempting to ... |
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| The Cybernetics of Cognition |
30 JUL 86 |
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| Authors:
Heinz von Foerster; RHODE ISLAND UNIV KINGSTON PASTORE CHEMICAL LAB
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| In the framework of the Gordon Research Conferences of the Gordon Research Center, University of Rhode Island, Kigston, RI, an interdisciplinary and international conference on cognitive processes, with about 1200 participants of 12 countries from 3 continents, was held from June 8 to June 13, 1986, at the Brewster Academie in Wolfboro, NH, Because of the lack of a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted problem of the phenomenon of cognition ... |
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| Review of Winograd and Flores' Understanding Computers and Cognition: A Favorable Interpretation |
JUL 86 |
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| Authors:
William J. Clancey; STANFORD UNIV CA KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS LAB
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| Artificial intelligence researchers and cognitive scientists commonly believe that thinking involves manipulating representations. Thinking involves search, inference, and making choices. This is how we model reasoning and what goes on in the brain is similar. Winograd and Flores present a radically different view. They claim that our knowledge is not represented in the brain at all, but rather consists of an unformalized shared background, from which we articulate representations in ... |
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| A Psychophysiological Mapping of Cognitive Processes |
26 JUN 86 |
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| Authors:
John A. Stern; Robert Goldstein; WASHINGTON UNIV ST LOUIS MO BEHAVIOR RESEARCH LAB
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| The purpose of these studies was to map the psychophysiological concomitants of cognitive processes. To this end, a modified Sternberg paradigm was used in which the trials were divided into three parts, each beginning with a stimulus. The first, or cue, stimulus informed the subject as to the character of the following memory set. In studies 1 and 2, the cue simply signified the number of letters in the memory ... |
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| Effects of Hypohydration or Cold Exposure and Restricted Fluid Intake Upon Cognitive Performance |
JUN 86 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
L. E. Banderet; D. M. MacDougall; D. E. Roberts; D. Tappan; M. Jacey; ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA
|
| The effects of initial hydration state upon cognitive performance during cold exposure are examined. Five tests (Coding, Number Comparison, Computer Interaction, Pattern Comparison, and Grammatical Reasoning) were used to assess the cognitive performance of 36 male Marine volunteers. All subjects practiced the tests extensively the 3 days before the cold exposure. Each test was usually given 5 times per day for 4 minutes per administration. Computer Interaction was practiced 5 ... |
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| Training Lessons Learned from Peak Performance Episodes |
JUN 86 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
James L. Fobes; ARMY RESEARCH INST FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ALEXANDRIA VA
|
| An examination of episodes of peak performance indicates that three cognitive components enable these episodes: psychological readiness (activating optimal arousal and emotion appropriate for the task), information processing (attending to and interpreting key stimuli), and endurance management (controlling fatigue and pain for sustained performance). There is also evidence suggesting that endorphins underlie these three processes. Accordingly, performance can be enhanced through two strategies; one technique is teaching self-regulation of endorphins ... |
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| Mental Models for Mechanical Comprehension. A Review of Literature |
JUN 86 |
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| Authors:
Steve R. Mitchell; NAVY PERSONNEL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER SAN DIEGO CA MANPOWER AND PERSONNEL LAB
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| This literature review describes the recent research on mental models of mechanical comprehension. Three methodological approaches (constructionism, information-processing, and componential analysis) are discussed in terms of strengths and weaknesses. Variables shown to affect problem solving include pictorial representation, naive preconceptions about motion, the use of analogies, and the educational level of the problem solver. The theoretical concepts for describing the ability to solve problems include envisionment, assimilation-accommodation, and the space ... |
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| A Psychometric Analysis of a Three-Dimensional Spatial Task |
JUN 86 |
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| Authors:
Isaac I. Bejar; EDUCATIONAL TESTING SERVICE PRINCETON NJ
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| This paper considers the feasibility of incorporating research results from cognitive science into the modeling of performance on psychometric tests and the construction of test items. The paper focuses on the feasibility of modeling performance on a three-dimensional rotation task within the context of Item Response Theory (IRT). Three-dimensional items were chosen because there is a rich literature on the mental models that are used in their solution. To test ... |
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| Selective Attention and Cognitive Control |
01 MAY 86 |
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| Authors:
Michael I. Posner; David E. Presti; OREGON UNIV EUGENE DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| Studies of selective attention suggest a system which operates across modalities and on many forms of internal representation. Complex analysis, even semantic analysis, of sensory input may occur automatically (without attention), but attention controls the locus of action. Investigation of spatial attention within the visual system provides a means to explore the neural systems involved in the control of attention. (Author) |
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| Cognitive Science Program: Processes in the Resolution of Ambiguous Words: Towards a Model of Selective Inhibition |
01 MAY 86 |
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| Authors:
Penny L. Yee; OREGON UNIV EUGENE DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| An experiment using a lixical decision paradigm is reported investigating the role of specific inhibitory processes in lexical ambuity resolution. An attentional view of inhibition and a view based on specific automatic inhibition between nodes predict different results when a neutral item is processed between an ambiguous word and a related target. The results suggest inhibitory processes, but they do not rule out the role of attention in the overall ... |
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| Cognitive Science Program. Force Control and Its Relation to Timing |
01 MAY 86 |
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| Authors:
Steven W. Keele; Richard I. Ivry; Robert A. Pokorny; OREGON UNIV EUGENE DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| Previous work suggested two general factors of coordination that differentiate people across a variety of motor movements, factors of timing and speed. This study provides comparable evidence for a third general factor of coordination, that of force control. Subjects that exhibit low variability in reproducing a target force with one effector, such as the finger, show low variability with other effectors, foot or forearm. In addition, ability in force control ... |
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| Cognitive Science Program. The Concept of Energy in Psychological Theory |
01 MAY 86 |
|
| Authors:
Michael I. Posner; Mary K. Rothbart; OREGON UNIV EUGENE DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| We seek to understand the integration of computational (information processing) concepts of cognition and energetics (arousal, emotion, temperament) . We briefly outline the traditions out of which concepts of cognition and energetics arise. We argue that the integration of these concepts is best done at the level of the component facilitations and inhibitions describing elementary cognitive operations modulated by midbrain arousal systems. We explore this integration for the area of ... |
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| Assessment and Training of Student Learning Strategies |
APR 86 |
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| Authors:
Claire E. Weinstein; TEXAS UNIV AT AUSTIN DEPT OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
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| This chapter focuses on a subarea of learning-to-learn phenomena called learning strategies. Learning strategies are considered to be any behaviors or thoughts that facilitate encoding in such a way that knowledge integration and retrieval are enhanced. These thoughts and behaviors constitute organized plans of action designed to achieve a goal. Examples of learning strategies include actively rehearsing, summarizing, paraphrasing, imaging, elaborating, and outlining. This report presents a categorical scheme for ... |
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| Cognitive Modelling and Intelligent Tutoring |
17 MAR 86 |
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| Authors:
John R. Anderson; C. F. Boyle; Albert T. Corbett; Matthew W. Lewis; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| The ACT theory of skill acquisition and its PUPS successor provide production-system models of the acquisition of skills such as LISP programming, geometry theorm-proving, and solving of algebraic equations. Knowledge begins in declarative form and is used by analogical processes to solve specific problems. Domain specific productions are compiled from the traces of these problem solutions. The model-tracing methodology has been developed as a means of displaying this cognitive theory ... |
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| A Personalized and Prescriptive Decision Aid for Choice from a Database of Options |
04 MAR 86 |
|
| Authors:
Marvin S. Cohen; Kathryn B. Laskey; Martin A. Tolcott; DECISION SCIENCE CONSORTIUM INC FALLS CHURCH VA
|
| In many decision-making contexts there is a need for aids which cater flexibly to individual users in their preferred ways of organizing information and solving problems, but which guard against potential errors or biases inherent in common approaches to decision making. DSC has developed principles of personalized and prescriptive decision aiding which respond to this need, and which are based on experimental findings and theoretical models in cognitive psychology. In ... |
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| Neural and Conceptual Interpretations of Parallel Distributed Processing Models |
MAR 1986 |
48 pages |
| Authors:
Paul Smolensky; COLORADO UNIV AT BOULDER DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
|
| Mind and brain provide two quite different perspectives for viewing cognition. Yet both perspectives are informed by the study of parallel distributed processing. This duality creates a certain ambiguity about the interpretation of a particular PDP model of a cognitive process: Is each processing unit to be interpreted as a neuron? Is the model supposed to relate to the neural implementation of the process in some less direct way? A ... |
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| The Event-Related Brain Potential as an Index of Information Processing and Cognitive Activity: A Program of Basic Research |
20 FEB 86 |
|
| Authors:
Emanuel Donchin; Arthur Kramer; ILLINOIS UNIV CHAMPAIGN COGNITIVE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY LAB
|
| We review a program of research designed to understand the event- related brain potential (ERP) so that it can be used as a tool in the study of cognitive function and in the assessment of man-machine systems. We have conducted a series of studies on the functional significance of ERPs and have demonstrated the P300 component is related to memory processes. We have used measures of the same component to ... |
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| Neurocognitive Pattern Analysis of Auditory and Visual Information |
15 FEB 86 |
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| Authors:
Alan S. Gevins; EEG SYSTEMS LAB SAN FRANCISCO CA
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| The EEG Systems Laboratory has been actively improving the measurement of neuroelectric substrates of human higher brain functions. The short-term objective has been to use the EEG to predict decrements in performance consequent to attentional lapses or fatigue. The long-term objective is to develop new technologies for enhancing cognitive abilities. The laboratory continues to test subjects in highly controlled paradigms. The paradigms test elementary cognitive and perceptuomotor functions critical for ... |
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| Initial Skill Learning: An Analysis of How Elaborations Facilitate the Three Components |
14 FEB 86 |
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| Authors:
Davida H. Charney; Lynne M. Reder; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| This paper is concerned with the issue of how verbal instructions influence skill learning. In particular, our goal is to outline the components of initial cognitive skill acquisition and analyze what features of elaborations in the instructional materials can facilitate each component. We identify three basic components of skill learning: learning novel concepts and the functionality of novel concepts and procedures; learning how to execute the procedures; and learning the ... |
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| Genetic AI: Translating Piaget into Lisp |
FEB 86 |
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| Authors:
Gary L. Drescher; MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB
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| This paper presents a constructivist model of human cognitive development during infancy. According to constructivism, the elements of mental representation-even such basic elements as the concept of physiucal object-are constructed afresh by each individual, rather than being innately supplied. The author proposes a (partially specified, not yet implemented) mechanism, the Schema Mechanism; this mechanism is intended to achieve a series of cognitive constructions characteristic of infants' sensorimotor-stage development, primarily as ... |
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| Interpretation of Scientific or Mathematical Concepts: Cognitive Issues and Instructional Implications |
FEB 86 |
|
| Authors:
F. Reif; CALIFORNIA UNIV BERKELEY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
|
| Scientific and mathematical concepts are significantly different from everyday concepts and are notoriously difficult to learn. It is shown that particular instances of such concepts can be identified or generated by different possible modes of concept interpretation. Some of these modes use formally explicit knowledge and though processes, others rely on various kinds of compiled knowledge. Each mode has distinctive consequences in terms of attainable precision, likely errors, and ease ... |
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| Interpretation of Scientific or Mathematical Concepts: Cognitive Issues and Instructional Implications |
FEB 86 |
|
| Authors:
Frederick Reif; CALIFORNIA UNIV BERKELEY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION
|
| Scientific and mathematical concepts are significantly different from every day concepts and are notoriously difficult to learn. It is shown that particular instances of such concepts can be identified or generated by different possible modes of concept interpretation. Some of these modes use formally explicit knowledge and thought processes, others rely on various kinds of compiled knowledge. Each mode has distinctive consequences in terms of attainable precision, likely errors, and ... |
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| Theory-Based Cognitive Assessment |
JAN 86 |
|
| Authors:
Patrick C. Kyllonen; AIR FORCE HUMAN RESOURCES LAB BROOKS AFB TX
|
| This paper reviews the theoretical foundations, current issues, and a number of recent studies in the area of cognitive ability assessment, with particular focus on personnel selection and classification applications. A brief review of the history fo aptitude testing is provided, with particular emphasis on the cognitive psychology, along with the availability of modestly priced microcomputer systems, hold promise for improvements in ability assessment technology. Recent studies conducted at the ... |
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| A Synopsis of UTC-PAB (Unified Tri-Service Cognitive Performance Assessment Battery) |
86 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
D. L. Reeves; D. R. Thorne; NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH INST BETHESDA MD
|
| The Unified Tri-Service Cognitive Performance Assessment Battery (UTC-PAB) will serve as the primary metric during the Level II evaluation of cognitive performance in the JWGD3 MIL PERF chemical defense biomedical drug screening program. Emphasis fpr UTC-PAB development has been on the standardization of test batteries across participating laboratories with respect to content, computer-based administration, test scoring, and data formating. Thus far the effort has produced a 25-test UTC-PAB and standardized ... |
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| Cognitive Workload in Fault Diagnosis |
DEC 85 |
|
| Authors:
Douglas M. Towne; UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES BEHAVIORAL TECHNOLOGY LABS
|
| Prior research has produced a capability to project with reasonable accuracy the manual activities required to accomplish diagnosis and repair of particular faults within a specified system. When applied to a substantial sample of faults, the technique, termed PROFILE, provides an assessment of the manual workload expected to maintain the system. To obtain usable projections of total repair times, however, requires the estimation of the cognitive portion of fault diagnosis ... |
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| Effect of Heat and Chemical Protective Clothing on Cognitive Performance |
NOV 85 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Bernard J. Fine; John L. Kobrick; ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA
|
| This study examined the effects of heat on the sustained cognitive performance of sedentary soldiers clad in chemical protective clothing, Twenty males trained for 2 weeks on selected military tasks. Then, they performed the tasks for 7-hour periods on 4 successive days in hot (32.8C.,61%rh) and normal (21.1C35%rh) conditions, with and without protective clothing. After 4-5 hours in the heat wearing protective clothing, the cognitive performance of the group began ... |
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| Human Factors in Rule-Based Systems |
14 OCT 85 |
|
| Authors:
Paul E. Lehner; Debra Zirk; Richard B. Hall; Leonard Adelman; PAR TECHNOLOGY CORP MCLEAN VA
|
| This report summarizes several experiments investigating the impact of mental models and cognitive consistency on user/expert system interaction. Results indicate that user/expert system combined problem solving performance significantly improves if the user has a good mental model of expert system processes. Furthermore, 'cognitive consistency' between the user and system problem solving procedures only degrades performance in situations where users do not have a good mental model. Some practical implications of ... |
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| Marine Cognitive Processes |
09 OCT 85 |
|
| Authors:
Ronald J. Schusterman; CALIFORNIA STATE UNIV HAYWARD
|
| The purpose of this research is to test the limits of the cognitive capacities of California sea lions within the framework of teaching them to comprehend an artificial language composed of a trainer's arm and hand movements. These arbitrary gestural signs by a trainer are mapped on to modifiers designating place (in the case of a male sea lion, Bucky, at Marine World), size and brightness (in the case of ... |
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| An Evaluative Review of Hemispheric Learning Potential |
OCT 85 |
80 pages |
| Authors:
Jules Davidoff; John C. Marshall; J. G. Beaumont; Alan Beaton; UNIVERSITY COLL OF SWANSEA (WALES) DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| This report reviews evidence from several sources that conclusively shows the two hemispheres of the human brain have different functional organizations for cognition. The notion of hemisphericity--that there is a way of thinking that relies on one half-brain--is critically considered. Despite the reasonability of the assumption, there is, as yet, no good evidence to show that any procedure based on hemisphericity principles enhances learning potential. |
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| Cognitive Factors in User/Expert System Interaction |
OCT 85 |
|
| Authors:
Paul E. Lehner; Deborah A. Zirk; PAR TECHNOLOGY CORP MCLEAN VA
|
| A cognitive theory of user/expert system interaction is proposed that relates the quality of cooperative problem solving with an expert system to: (1) cognitive consistency, the degree of consistency between the rule-based system and the user's problem solving processes; and (2) mental model, the user's conceptual understanding of the basic principle of the system's problem solving processes. An experimental study is described that strongly supports the theoretical prediction. In particular, ... |
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| Accuracy in Performance Appraisals: A Comparison of Two Rater Cognitive Process Models |
OCT 85 |
|
| Authors:
Susan L. Frank-Major; Roseanne J. Foti; TEXAS A AND M UNIV COLLEGE STATION
|
| Two different theories of the cognitive processes involved in rating performance were compared by Nathan and Lord in 1983. These theories comprised Borman's (1978) traditional model of dimensional schemata and Feldman's (1981) cognitive categorization theory. To further explore the role of each in the process of performance appraisal over time, participants in the present study were presented with two different video-tapes of a lecturing college instructor. One half of the ... |
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| The Relationship between Cognitive Categories of Raters and Rating Accuracy |
OCT 85 |
|
| Authors:
Cheri Ostroff; Daniel R. Ilgen; MICHIGAN STATE UNIV EAST LANSING
|
| This research investigated cognitive processes affecting the accuracy of performance evaluation. One hundred and twenty-five hospital nurses completed questionnaires measuring their cognitive categorization processes and then rated a videotaped nurse's performance. Results focusing on the match between raters' cognitive categories and rating scales indicated that: a) rating accuracy was related to the match between raters' cognitive category dimensions and rating scale dimensions, but b) not related to the match between ... |
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| A Review of Rater Training Approaches and Effectiveness |
OCT 85 |
|
| Authors:
Mary B. DeGregorio; Roseanne J. Foti; TEXAS A AND M UNIV COLLEGE STATION DEPT OF MANAGEMENT
|
| A common criticism of rating scales and subjective evaluations of performance has been their potential for bias and error in the rater's judgment of others. As this review has shown, researchers in the area of performance appraisal have spent a great deal of effort in attempts to reduce rating errors. Unfortunately, this research has been largely disappointing. While some rater training studies have shown decreased levels of common rating errors; ... |
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