| Rwanda: Background and Current Developments |
03-Sep-2009 |
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| Authors:
Ted Dagne; LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE
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 | In 2003, Rwanda held its first multi-party presidential and parliamentary elections in decades. President Paul Kagame of the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) won 95% of the votes cast, while his nearest rival, Faustin Twagiramungu, received 3.6% of the votes cast. In the legislative elections, the ruling RPF won 73% in the 80-seat National Assembly, while the remaining seats went to RPF allies and former coalition partners. In September 2008, Rwanda ... |
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| Rwanda: Background and Current Developments |
23-Mar-2009 |
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| Authors:
Ted Dagne; LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE
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| In Rwanda, events of a prior decade are still fresh in the minds of many survivors and perpetrators. In 1993, after several failed efforts, the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) and the government of Rwanda reached an agreement in Tanzania, referred to as the Arusha Peace Accords. The RPF joined the Rwandan government as called for in the agreement. In April 1994, the Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi, along with several ... |
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| Military Integration as a Factor for Post-Conflict Stability and Reconciliation: Rwanda, 1994-2005 |
SEP 2006 |
103 pages |
| Authors:
Sam Ruhunga; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
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 | The international community adopted Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR) programs at the end of the Cold War in 1989 as a means to end violent conflicts in various parts of world. The traditional DDR programs were designed either to disband the defeated enemy forces, or to integrate ex-combatants where the fighting has not been conclusive. Exclusion of ex-combatants has resulted in renewed conflict. This thesis argues that conventional DDR has ... |
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| Genocide in Rwanda: The Interplay of Human Capital, Scarce Resources and Social Cohesion |
DEC 2003 |
131 pages |
| Authors:
Abdul L. Mohamed; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
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| In 1994 the Rwandan genocide stunned the international community. The brutality of its execution was incomprehensible and defied one's wildest imagination. Many authors contend that ethnic extremism coupled with political manipulation were the primary factors behind this tragedy. Yet to oversimplify the cause of this tragedy makes one blind to the complicated nexus that generated the outcome. Even though this genocide was quick in its execution, the events that lead ... |
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| Africa's Great Lakes Region: Current Conditions in Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda |
28 OCT 2003 |
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| Authors:
Ted Dagne; Maureen Farrell; LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE
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| The Great Lakes region is slowly becoming more stable after almost a decade of conflicts. The region remains vulnerable, however, since armed rebel groups are active in eastern Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, and northern Uganda. In Burundi, after a decade of conflict, prospects for a lasting peace appear promising. On August 28, 2000, a partial agreement was reached in Arusha, Tanzania, signed by 14 parties, 7 Hutu and 7 Tutsi. Twenty ... |
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| Military Intervention During the Clinton Administration: A Critical Comparison |
07 APR 2003 |
57 pages |
| Authors:
Damian P. Carr; ARMY WAR COLL CARLISLE BARRACKS PA
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| This study reviews the Clinton administration's approach to military intervention by examining the Rwandan genocide crisis of 1994 and the Kosovo crisis of 1999. It seeks to answer to the question of why the U.S. intervened militarily to stop ethnic cleansing in Kosovo but did not intervene to stop genocide in Rwanda. Before looking at the two cases, the paper provides background discussion on U.S. national interests and a discussion ... |
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| Confronting Genocide in Africa |
28 MAR 2003 |
25 pages |
| Authors:
Roger J. Moran; NATIONAL WAR COLL WASHINGTON DC
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| The chain of events that led the President of the United States thus to apologize for events in Rwanda show deliberate efforts on the part of U.S. government officials to avoid characterizing what was happening in Rwanda as a genocide. This paper will examine key bureaucratic, personal and policy factors in the United States, France and the United Nations leading to their respective reactions to the Rwandan genocide that began ... |
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| The Reluctant Peacemaker, Rwanda April 1994 |
2003 |
17 pages |
| Authors:
Lee C. Roberts; NATIONAL WAR COLL WASHINGTON DC
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| No more genocide - the nations of the world reacted to the shock of the systematic mass extermination of European Jews and other ethnic groups during World War II by agreeing to act pre-emptively against future threats of genocide. The '90s began with President Bush declaring a "new world order where brutality will go un-rewarded and aggression will meet collective resistance." Yet, in 1998, President Clinton apologized to the Rwandan ... |
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| Rwanda Reconsidered |
JUN 2001 |
117 pages |
| Authors:
Michael L. Artbauer; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
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| On April 6, 1994, the airplane returning the President of Rwanda home was shot down. After appearing to have achieved a negotiated end to the countries ongoing civil war, the nation was now plunged into an ethnically motivated genocide with horrendous results. What led the extremist elements of the Presidents ruling elite class to view this alternative as a plausible solution to the loss of power and prestige they would ... |
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| Operation Amaryllis: French Evacuation Operation in Rwanda 1994 - Lessons Learned for Future German Noncombatant Evacuation Operations? |
02 JUN 2000 |
158 pages |
| Authors:
Uwe F. Jansohn; ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLL FORT LEAVENWORTH KS
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| In April 1994 a genocide took place in Rwanda that led to the death of more than 800,000 people. This study analyzes the French Noncombatant Evacuation Operation (NEO) "Amaryllis" in Rwanda, conducted in order to rescue European citizens, who were in extreme danger during the riots. While the French conducted their NEO, the German Armed Forces realized that they were unprepared to conduct an evacuation operation. ... |
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| Genocide in Rwanda: Towards a Theoretical Approach |
MAR 2000 |
130 pages |
| Authors:
Jill D. Rutaremara; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
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| Before colonialism, the Rwandese lived together in harmony. They spoke the same language, shared the same culture and geographical territory, intermarried, and belonged to the same clans. Yet, in a period of less than three months in 1994, about one million Tutsi and moderate Hutu were killed by their Hutu neighbors in one of the most horrific genocides ever witnessed. This thesis reviews the definitions ... |
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| Did the United Nations and or the United States Ignore the Atrocities/ Genocide in Rwanda? |
1999 |
55 pages |
| Authors:
Morris T. Goins; ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLL FORT LEAVENWORTH KS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED MILITARY STUDIES
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| This monograph analyzes the military operation of Rwanda in order to determine if the United Nations and or the United States ignored the atrocities and or genocide in Rwanda. This operation was viewed from the positions of the United Nations, National Command Authorities, and the United States military and the linkage to include the impact they had on each other. This monograph demonstrates that the UN ... |
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| Is It Genocide? The Military Implications |
1998 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Susan Keogh; NATIONAL WAR COLL WASHINGTON DC
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| Almost universally, genocide has a megalithic connotation that puts it in a separate category altogether from communal conflicts, tribal warfare, or any other kind of mass killing. Until 1994, Tutsis killing Hutus or vice versa was generally considered to be another example of ancient African animosities. When corpses began to clog Lake Victoria however, and reports that hundred of thousands of people were begin slaughtered, the term genocide began to ... |
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| A Rwandan Retrospective -- Developing an Intervention Option |
97 |
67 pages |
| Authors:
Scott R. Feil; ARMY WAR COLL CARLISLE BARRACKS PA
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| Major General Romeo Dallaire, (Canada), the Commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda in 1994, made the comment that with 5,000 troops and the right mandate he could have saved thousands who died in the genocide that spring and summer. The Carnegie commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Georgetown University's Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, and the US Army, sponsored a conference that brought together senior international military ... |
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| UNAMIR: Mission to Rwanda |
1995 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
R. A. Dallaire; B. Poulin; NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIV WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR COUNTERPROLIFERATION RESEARCH
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| In early 1993, the UN Secretary General drew attention to the tragedy befalling Rwanda In June the Security Council passed resolution 846 authorizing a UN Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda (UNOMUR) which began operations in July with approximately a hundred military and civilian personnel. Its primary task was to ensure that no military assistance reached the Rwandan rebels-the Front Patriotique Rwandais-across the Uganda border. In August, the belligerents signed the Arusha peace ... |
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| Amnesty, Reconciliation and Reintegration: The International Community and the Rwandan Process |
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59 pages |
| Authors:
Powell; Jeffrey H II; ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLL FORT LEAVENWORTH KS SCHOOL OF ADVANCED MILITARY STUDIES
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| The Rwandan Genocide of 1994 was a cataclysmic international event. Because of the devastation suffered during the genocide, a focused effort at repairing the social fabric of the nation had to take place. The case shows how Rwanda overcame the negative impacts of the international community and implemented two aspects of the amnesty, reconciliation, and reintegration process (AR2) by developing interesting and innovative reconciliation and reintegration policies. Throughout the case ... |
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