NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Extraction of Carbon Dioxide from Seawater by an Electrochemical Acidification Cell. Part 2 - Laboratory Scaling Studies

11 Apr 2011

21 pages

Authors: Heather D Willauer; Felice DiMascio; Dennis R Hardy; M K Lewis; Frederick W Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The full text of this report is available for sale.

An electrochemical acidification cell has been developed to extract large quantities of carbon dioxide fast and efficiently from seawater. Verification and validation of the electrochemical cell as a function of increased operational time and flow rate using Key West seawater is reported. The electrolytic regeneration of cation exchange resin allowed simultaneous and continuous ion exchange and regeneration to occur within the cell along with control of the seawater pH. At ...

Liquid Loss From Advancing Aqueous Foams With Very Low Water Content

14 Jan 2011

63 pages

Authors: Michael Conroy; Ramagopal Ananth; James Fleming; Justin Taylor; John Farley; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Applications employing aqueous foams begin with filling a space with foam, and the liquid loss (drainage) from the foam during and after this process plays a crucial role in its effectiveness. We describe the loss of liquid from foam and the evolution of its average liquid fraction over time. The theoretical model shows a constant drainage rate during the filling process which decays exponentially after a static column is formed. ...

The Feasibility and Current Estimated Capital Costs of Producing Jet Fuel at Sea Using Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen

29 Sep 2010

20 pages

Authors: Heather D Willauer; Dennis R Hardy; Frederick W Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

A cost/benefit and energy balance analysis has been done to address the critical scientific and technical challenges that impact the economic feasibility of producing jet fuel at sea using carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The report also evaluates the capital cost, operation maintenance, and electrical generation costs for synthesizing jet fuel at sea.

Data Fusion Analysis for Range Test Validation System

14 Jul 2010

59 pages

Authors: Christian P Minor; Mark H Hammond; Susan L Rose-Pehrsson; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

A range test validation system (RTVS) was developed under the sponsorship of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency as a means for validating point and standoff chemical sensors with releases of chemical agent simulants over a test grid. Data were collected from various sensor systems during test chemical releases at Dugway Proving Ground in 2007 and 2008 and a data fusion analysis conducted. Environmental factors and dissemination techniques significantly affected cloud ...

User Manual for Graphical User Interface Version 2.10 with Fire and Smoke Simulation Model (FSSIM) Version 1.2

10 May 2010

125 pages

Authors: Thomas A Haupt; Gregory J Henley; Bhargavi S Parihar; Robert Kirkland; Jason E Floyd; Joseph L Scheffey; Patricia A Tatem; Frederick W Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The collaborative work of Hughes Associates, Inc. (HAI), the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and a group at Mississippi State University resulted in developing a simulation system including Graphical User Interface (GUI) and Visualization. The simulation environment provides a runtime environment for a third-party simulation package, Fire and Smoke Simulation (FSSIM) developed by HAI. This updated user's manual for the viewer provides documentation of the GUI layout and detailed discussion of ...

SWOrRD: Swept Wavelength Resonance-Raman Detection of Bacteria, Chemical and Explosives

02 Mar 2010

6 pages

Authors: Jacob Grun; Charles Manka; Pratima Kunapareddy; Robert Lunsford; David Gillis; Sergei Nikitin; Zheng Wang; Jeffrey Bowles; Michael Corson; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Detection of bacteria, chemicals or explosives with Raman scattering is fast, noncontact, does not require chemical supplies and is adaptable to robotic vehicles; making Raman ideal for many military and civilian applications. In this technique, a laser is used to illuminate an area which may contain the sought after substance. Some of the laser light is absorbed by the molecular vibrational and rotational states of the substance, and is re-emitted ...

Quantitative Assessment of Manned Damage Control Performance

27-Jul-2009

21 pages

Authors: Frederick W Williams; John P Farley; John B Hoover; Joseph L Scheffey; Scott A Hill; Jason E Floyd; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

New ship manning concepts have resulted in new demands and changing roles for personnel assigned to damage control. The changing force structure requires that designers and operators understand the capabilities of damage control teams. This includes the design, equipment, and doctrinal requirements needed for an acceptable level of ship recoverability. Limited formal structures and validated methods for assessing such capabilities exist. Methods to assess readiness and training requirements suffer from ...

Influence of Gas Feed Composition and Pressure on the Catalytic Conversion of CO2 to Hydrocarbons Using a Traditional Cobalt-Based Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst

25-Jun-2009

7 pages

Authors: Robert W Dorner; Dennis R Hardy; Frederick W Williams; Burton H Davis; Heather D Willauer; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The hydrogenation of CO2 using a traditional Fischer-Tropsch Co-Pt/Al2O3 catalyst for the production of valuable hydrocarbon materials is investigated. The ability to direct product distribution was measured as a function of different feed gas ratios of H2 and CO2 (3:1, 2:1, and 1:1) as well as operating pressures (ranging from 450 to 150 psig). As the feed gas ratio was changed from 3:1 to 2:1 and 1:1, the production distribution ...

Development of a Fuel Lubricity Haze Test (FLHT) for Naval Applications

16-Mar-2009

78 pages

Authors: Dennis R Hardy; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Highly processed diesel fuels are now monitored for lubricity by specially developed mechanical tests. Because these mechanical tests are imprecise, difficult to run, expensive, and difficult to relate to actual field conditions, a chemical test for lubricity has been developed. This Fuel Lubricity Haze Test (FLHT) has been miniaturized, and can be run in the laboratory or field. It has been found to be an objective, precise test that is ...

Synthetic Fuels and Biofuels: Questionable Replacements for Petroleum

31-Dec-2008

12 pages

Authors: Heather D Willauer; Frederick W Williams; George W Mushrush; Joy W Bauserman; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The anticipation of synthetic fuel and biodiesel entering the fuel supply has led to concern regarding the relative stability of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) fuel, biofuel, and their blends with petroleum. This report summarizes the storage stability results found for a stable petroleum fuel and its blends with biodiesel and FT diesel. The findings show that at even low concentration, 5%, biodiesel appears insoluble in FT and FT petroleum middle distillate blends. ...

Recovery of [CO2]T from Aqueous Bicarbonate using a Gas Permeable Membrane

25-Jun-2008

16 pages

Authors: Heather D Willauer; Dennis R Hardy; M K Lewis; Ejiogu C Ndubizu; Frederick W Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Celgard 2400 gas permeable membranes were in contact with a model sodium bicarbonate solution on a closed system at elevated water pressures. When gaseous carbon dioxide was removed from the water by diffusion through the membrane, the bicarbonate disproportionated to carbon dioxide and carbonate. The carbon dioxide permeance rate and effect of ionic strength on disproportionation is reported.

User's Guide to STAT The SHADWELL Test Analysis Tool (Version 2.0)

29 FEB 2008

34 pages

Authors: John B. Hoover; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The SHADWELL Test Analysis Tool, orginally developed to aid in the analysis of large-scale fire test data, has been updated. The new version removes the dependency on proprietary, third-party software and adds support for several new data input formats, including SHADWELL LabVIEW test data and the Fire and Smoke Simulator (FSSIM) fire model output. Methods are provided for definition of data channels, selection of data based on instrument type and ...

Comparison of Fire and Smoke Simulator (FSSIM) Predictions with Hydraulic Fluid Spray Fire Test Data

10 DEC 2007

74 pages

Authors: John B. Hoover; Frederick W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Results from large-scale hydraulic fluid spray fire tests have been compared with simulations of those tests using the Fire and Smoke Simulator (FSSIM) model. Using a model calibration data set, the sensitivity of FSSIM to several key inputs was evaluated; for the critical heat release rate (HRR) parameter, an adjustment factor was estimated to correct for unburned fuel. The resulting input parameters were then applied to similar data sets and ...

Heat Release Rates for Shipboard Dry Goods Storage Space Materials

04 MAY 2007

50 pages

Authors: John B. Hoover; Hung Pham; Frederick W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Compartment-scale tests were conducted to evaluate the fire performance of items found in typical dry goods storage spaces on DDG-51 class destroyers. Packaging materials included cardboard boxes, Kraft paper and polyethylene bubble wrap. Toilet paper, paper towels, and copy paper were used as representative flammable stock items. Heat release rate (HRR) was measured by oxygen consumption calorimetry. It was found that both the nature of the material and the packing ...

Intelligent Data Fusion for Wide-Area Assessment of UXO Contamination. SERDP Project MM-1510. 2006 Annual Report

20 APR 2007

69 pages

Authors: Susan L. Rose-Pehrsson; Kevin Johnson; Christian Minor; Verner Guthrie; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Intelligent data fusion techniques are being developed and optimized for use in enhancing wide-area assessment UXO remediation efforts. A data fusion framework will be created to provide a cohesive data management and decision-making utility that will capture all available data and more efficiently direct the expenditure of time, labor, and resources. The objectives of the first year are to determine the feasibility of feature selection methods for data fusion. The ...

Future Naval Concepts -- Crew Reductions through Improved Damage Control Communications (FNC-CRIDCC), Triad Test 2 Report (18-22 Sep 2006)

12 JAN 2007

70 pages

Authors: Thomas T. Street; Frederick W. Williams; L. S. Cooper; III Halloway Kenneth E.; Michael Rininger; Charles Miller; Bradley Shirley; Samuel Genovese; Rendell Perry; Kenney McCombs; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The object of Triad Test 2 was to conduct and document an RF coverage survey of the installed WLAN aboard ex-USS Shadwell in a benign environment, obtain RF WLA data during fire events, and evaluate the ability of the communications equipment to continue to provide a communication capability. The fire events were used to determine the ability of the equipment to provide voice and data communications over Voice over Internet ...

Examination of JP-8 Fuels for Contaminants Responsible for KC-130J Nozzle Fouling

16 MAY 2006

16 pages

Authors: Robert E. Morris; Kevin J. Johnson; Christina DiGiulio; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This examination was conducted at NRL to determine if fuel contamination was responsible for premature fuel nozzle coking on USMC KC-130J and USAF C-130J aircraft deployed in Iraq. The overall chemical compositions of the 26 JP-8 samples were found by chemometric modeling to be within the range of compositions determined in the 240 worldwide JP-8, JP-5, and Jet A fuels currently in our reference fuels database. This result was obtained ...

The Development of Advanced Sensor Technologies to Measure Critical Navy Mobility Fuel Properties

27 JAN 2006

54 pages

Authors: Robert E. Morris; Kevin J. Johnson; Mark H. Hammond; Susan L. Rose-Pehrsson; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Laboratory studies have been conducted at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) to develop chemometric methodologies and assess measurement technologies that will enable the implementation of sensor-based instrumentation capable of measuring critical Navy mobility fuel properties. These chemometric techniques were then used to evaluate several chromatographic and spectroscopic methods for their efficacy in modeling critical fuel properties. The preliminary findings from a training set consisting of 46 jet fuels from around ...

General Atomics Smart Microsensors -- FY05 Shipboard Fire Test Results

12 DEC 2005

45 pages

Authors: NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Water Mist Suppression of Propane-Air Frames: Interpretation of Experimental Results

10 MAR 2005

13 pages

Authors: Harsha K. Chelliah; Bradley A. Williams; James W. Fleming; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

We report a modeling study to understand the observed suppression behavior of 14-, 30-, and 42-um-diameter water drops on propane-air non-premixed counterflow flames. The model employed is a hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation for treating the interaction of drops and counterfiow non-premixed flames. For treatment of the propane chemical kinetics, a skeletal model was developed with validation against experimental non-premixed counterfiow flame extinction conditions and low pressure flame structure data for both ...

Supervisory Control System Instruction Manual

04 FEB 2005

109 pages

Authors: Ryan Downs; Ralph Paul; Eric Runnerstrom; Hung Pham; Frederick W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The Supervisory Control System (SCS) installed aboard the ex-USS shadwell is a functional example of a damage control (DC) focused distributed control system, SCS. as used in this report, is defined as a system automated to some extent, which monitors and controls multiple ship systems and enables a human supervisor to interact with the ship systems through a human-centered interface and to manage human actions so that the responses of ...

Water Mist Suppression of PMMA Boundary Layer Combustion - A Comparison of NanoMist and Spray Nozzle Performance

20 SEP 2004

67 pages

Authors: Chuka C. Ndubizu; Ramagopal Ananth; Frederick W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Water is a multiphase fire-suppressing agent and its transport and distribution pose additional challenges that necessitate research efforts. This report compares the effects of ultra fine water mist (^3 micrometers) and regular spray nozzle mist (^30 micrometers) on forced flow boundary layer combustion of PMMA plate, where mist was introduced with the incoming air. With the spray nozzles, burning rate downstream was enhanced due to spray- induced turbulence, which enhanced ...

Upgrades to ex-USS SHADWELL Capabilities: Evaluation of Technology for the Implementation of a Shipwide Video System

19 APR 2004

28 pages

Authors: T. T. Street; F. W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report details current video technology to support the implementation of a ship wide video system capable of viewing, recording, and playback of video images from up to 200 cameras in ship compartments and passageways with video functions controlled from a central control room.

A Methodology for Predicting Fire and Smoke Spread Following a Weapon Hit

30 SEP 2003

36 pages

Authors: Gerard G. Back; Erin C. Mack; Michelle J. Peatross; Joseph L. Scheffey; Derek A. White; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

A methodology has been developed as part of a congressionally mandated LFT&E program to predict smoke and fire spread after a weapon hit. The objective of the current methodology is to identify specific weaknesses and/or shortcomings that might increase survivability. The process involves modeling PDA(F) compartments with the multi-compartment zone fire model CFAST. The use of CFAST allows for a more complete characterization of these compartments. The output from CFAST ...

Pyrolysis and Boundary Layer Combustion of a Non-Charring Solid Plate Under Forced Flow

31 JUL 2003

45 pages

Authors: Ramagopal Ananth; Patricia A. Tatem; Chuka C. Ndubizu; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Solutions of Navier-Stokes (NS) equations were obtained for burning rate Nu and temperature distributions for a flat PMMA plate using an iterative method to impose steady-state, pyrolysis kinetics at the surface. The NS solutions show that Nu depends on two parameters-Reynolds number (Re) and air velocity-unlike the classical solutions, which include the boundary layer approximations. The NS solutions are compared with experiments to show that the curvature and in-depth heat ...

The Effects of Air-Borne Water Mist on a Forced Convection Boundary Layer Flame over a Non-Charring Solid

30 MAY 2003

27 pages

Authors: Chuka C. Ndubizu; Ramagopal Ananth; Patricia A. Tatem; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report presents preliminary results of an experimental study of water mist suppression of forced flow boundary layer flames over a non-charring solid, where fine water mist was introduced with the incoming air. In this configuration, extinguishment at high mist flow rates is achieved only by flame blow-off. With small droplets (^5O micrometer) at low mist flow rates, the time- averaged local burning rate seems to be suppressed in the ...

Performance Analysis of Foam Agents Required to Combat Liquid Fuel Hazards

21 MAR 2002

20 pages

Authors: J. L. Scheffey; R. L. Darwin; W. Leach; S. Fallis; Frederick W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This paper presents a framework for determining the required fire extinguishment and burnback performance of fire fighting foam on Class B fires. A generalized method to assess performance is presented and applied to a Navy aircraft carrier flight deck. For the hazards involved in the flight deck, fire extinguishing agents must control/extinguish fires in 30 to 90 seconds to prevent the onset of critical thresholds (e.g., ordnance cook-off). Current systems ...

Supervisory Control System for Ship Damage Control: Volume 7: Software Architecture

19 DEC 2001

20 pages

Authors: Michael Hamman; David C. Wilkins; Patricia A. Tatem; Frederick W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report describes the system architecture of the Supervisory Control System for Ship Damage Control (DC-SCS). Its purpose is to provide for the reader an understanding of the structure of the software modules that make up DC-SCS and how these modules interrelate during the run-time of the system.

Supervisory Control System for Ship Damage Control: Volume 8 - User's Manual

19 DEC 2001

23 pages

Authors: Ron Carbonari; Mike Pilat; David C. Wilkins; Patricia A. Tatem; Frederick W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The DC-SCS User's Manual provides you with a concise introduction and general reference to the layout and use of the system's many features. It is designed for a user who has never touched or seen the system before, but who has some knowledge of Navy vessels and the various commands that can be issued on them.

Initial Evaluation of a Water Spray Cooling System, in Flammable Liquid Storage Room Fires

28 SEP 2001

75 pages

Authors: J. B. Hoover; R. S. Sheinson; A. Maranghides; B. H. Black; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The U.S. Navy has been evaluating Halon replacement agents and technologies for use onboard new construction platforms. After extensive research and development, the Navy selected HFP (heptafluoropropane, HFC-227ea, C3F7H) as the clean Halon replace HFP as do all other hydrofluorocarbons, provides limited compartment cooling and generates very large quantities of toxic and corrosive hydrogen fluoride (HF). The Water Spray Cooling System (WSCS), invented and patented by NRL, was designed to ...

New Concepts for Design of an Automated Hydraulic Piping Network for a Water Mist Fire Suppression System on Navy Ships

28 SEP 2001

72 pages

Authors: J. R. Mawhinney; P. J. DiNenno; F. W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The purpose of this report is to describe the design of an automated water distribution system to supply a ship-wide network of nozzles for fire suppression purposes, and then to explain the implementation of that design as a test platform on the ex-USS Shadwell. The analysis will show that the proposed system architecture has the potential to provide a higher degree of 'survivability' after battle damage than believed possible with ...

EX-USS Shadwell (LSD-15) - The Navy's Full-Scale Damage Control RDT&E test Facility

24 AUG 2001

37 pages

Authors: Frederick W. Williams; Xuan Nguyen; John P. Farley; Joseph L. Scheffey; Jennifer T. Wong; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report reviews the capabilities of the Navy's full-scale damage control RDT&E platform, ex-USS Shadwell (LSD-15). The ex-USS Shadwell serves as the ultimate test platform in the development of fire fighting agents, DC systems, predictive models and technology stemming from basic and theoretical concepts developed through naval research. As a complete Navy platform, it enables consolidation of research developments from laboratories, system commands, industry and the fleet to assess technology ...

Supervisory Control System for Ship Damage Control: Volume 1 - Design Overview

27 JUL 2001

111 pages

Authors: David C. Wilkins; Janet A. Sniezek; Patricia A. Tetem; Frederick W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report presents a state-of-the-art concept of automated situation awareness for ship damage control. The solution encompasses model- based crisis recognition, model-based predictive validation, automated casualty response, and a supervisor interface console. The report details a solution approach to the Supervisory Control decision-making task for damage control management of fire, smoke, flooding, pipe rupture, and stability aboard ships. The solution is relevant to ships built in the future, as it ...

Development of DC-ARM Reflexive Smart Valve

07 MAY 2001

46 pages

Authors: Tom Lestina; Melissa Bradley; Ryan Downs; Eric Runnerstrom; John Farley; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The development of a smart valve, which automatically detects and isolates a rupture in a shipboard fluid system, is discussed. The hardware design is based on commercial components Consisting of pressure sensors embedded in the inlet and outlet of the valve and a microprocessor and a communication transceiver embedded in the valve actuator. The smart valve software detects and isolates a rupture using the embedded pressure data even if communication ...

Water Mist Flashover Suppression and Boundary Cooling System for Integration with DC-ARM Volume II: Summary of Testing

30 SEP 1999

631 pages

Authors: J. Mawhinney; P. J. DiNenno; F. W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report describes the results of the first year of an experimental program aimed at developing a prototype water mist fire suppression (WMFS) system for integration with DC-ARM (Damage Control-Automation for Reduced Manning) objectives on Navy shipboard applications. The WMFS system is to provide, as a minimum, flashover suppression and boundary cooling, so that a fire may be controlled and confined to the compartment of origin for an extended period. ...

Water Mist Flashover Suppression and Boundary Cooling System for Integration with DC-ARM Volume 1: Summary of Testing

30 SEP 1999

59 pages

Authors: J. Mawhinney; P. J. DiNenno; F. W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Propellant Fires in a Simulated Shipboard Compartments: Project HULVUL Phase III

20 AUG 1999

42 pages

Authors: F. W. Williams; G. G. Back; R. L. Darwin; J. L. Scheffey; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

A multi-phase investigation was conducted to quantify the thermal insult produced by the burning of unspent solid rocket propellant in a missile hit scenario. The objectives of this multi-phase investigation were to; identify the thermal conditions produced in the compartment during the missile fuel burning stage, identify the likelihood for ignition of Class A materials in the space and bound the transition time for the ensuring compartment fire. This report ...

Full-Scale Machinery Space Water Mist Tests: Final Design Validation

12 JUN 1999

440 pages

Authors: F. W. Williams; G. G. Beck III; P. J. DiNenno; R. L. Darwin; S. A. Hill; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

The water mist nozzle developed in the early stages of the Navy's investigation into the use of water mist in machinery space applications was redesigned and revaluated during this test program. The nozzle was evaluated in a system design consisting of two levels of nozzles installed with a nominal 3.0 m (10 ft) nozzle spacing. With the space secured (doors closed and the ventilation system secured), the water mist system ...

An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Effects of Design Parameters on Water Mist Suppression of Liquid Pool Fires

30 APR 1999

32 pages

Authors: Chuka C. Ndubizu; Ramagopal Ananth; Patricia A. Tatem; Kuldeep Prasad; Chiping Li; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report presents the results of an experimental and numerical parametric study of water mist suppression of liquid pool fires. The numerical part was conducted with small 2-D methanol pool fire, while the experiments were conducted with a 50 cm diameter pan heptane and JP8 pool fires. Analyses of results of the experimental and numerical parts lead to similar conclusions. First, the results show that base injection of droplets enhanced ...

Overview of Smoke Toxicity Testing and Regulations

15 APR 98

35 pages

Authors: Jesse J. Beitel; Craig L. Beyler; Lawrence A. McKenna; Frederick W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Historically, more people are injured and die from fire combustion products than from direct heat/flame exposure. Evaluations have shown that personnel remote from the source of a fire are particularly at risk from fire effluent from post flashover fire scenarios. Various test methods have been developed to assess the toxic potential of smoke from burning materials. These test methods are sensitive to the fire exposure (e.g., smoldering vs. flaming), size ...

Experimental Study of Fire Suppression with Water Mist 1. Small Gaseous Diffusion Flame

15 APR 98

50 pages

Authors: C. C. Ndubizu; R. Ananth; P. A. Tatem; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report presents a study of the relative contributions of latent heat, heat capacity effects and oxygen dilution in the water mist suppression of a gaseous diffusion flame. The work is motivated by the urgent need to find an alternative to the banned halogen based fire suppressing agents. Water mist is a contending alternative agent especially in total flooding applications. A modified Wolfhard- Parker burner was used to establish a ...

An Investigation of Air Emission Reduction Methods for Aircraft Rescue and Firefighter Training Fires: Small-Scale Tests

20 NOV 97

47 pages

Authors: M. J. Peatross; R. J. Ouellette; D. P. Verdonik; F. W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Small-scale experiments were conducted to examine pollutant reduction techniques for JP-5 spray fires. These tests were part of a program to relocate the fire training facility at Naval Air Training Center (NATTC) Millington to NATTC Pensacola. The use of water spray, fuel additives, and water emulsion was investigated. Water spray was identified as the most feasible technique for immediate use at the facility. The water spray system was optimized by ...

1994 Attack Team Workshop: Phase II - Full-Scale Offensive Fog Attack Tests

24 APR 97

307 pages

Authors: Joseph P. Scheffey; Charles W. Siegmann III; Terrance A. Toomey; Frederick W. Williams; John P. Farley; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Shipboard firefighting is accomplished in one or a combination of three techniques: (a) for a incipient or growing fire, the preferred method is DIRECT ATTACK; (b) if the fire has grown beyond being handleable by the direct attack, the INDIRECT ATTACK is preferred followed by a direct attack; and (c) in large post-flashover fires, a CONTAINMENT strategy is first initiated following by indirect and then a direct attack. This report ...

Real Scale Halon Replacement Testing Aboard the Ex-USS SHADWELL: Phase II - Post Fire Suppression Compartment Characterization

14 APR 97

21 pages

Authors: R. S. Sheinson; J. P. Farley; B. H. Black; A. Maranghides; M. J. Peatross; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report describes real scale Halon 1301 replacement tests conducted aboard the ex-USS SHADWELL. These tests were conducted in a simulated shipboard machinery space. The floodable volume of the space was 370 cu M (13, 000 cu ft.). Most tests were conducted with heptafluoropropane with limited baseline comparison tests conducted with Halon 1301. Parameters such as fire extinguishment, oxygen depletion, agent concentration inhomogeneities, thermal stratification and hydrogen fluoride production were ...

The Effects of a Water Spray Cooling System During Real Scale Halon 1301 Replacement Testing on Post Fire Suppression Compartment Reclamation

14 APR 97

19 pages

Authors: R. S. Sheinson; A. Maranghides; B. H. Black; M. J. Peatross; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Real scale tests were conducted aboard me ex-USS SHADWELL with HFP with limited baseline comparison tests with Halon 1301. Two of the objectives of the full scale machinery space testing were to determine the optimum post fire suppression hold time (time prior to venting) and to evaluate the option of using a water spray cooling system (WSCS) to reduce compartment temperature and acid decomposition products and therefore expedite compartment reclamation. ...

Results of the 1996 Firefighting and Damage Control Equipment Evaluation Tests (SCBA)

31 MAR 97

132 pages

Authors: S. A. Hill; J. L. Scheffey; J. P. Farley; F. W. Williams; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

A series of full-scale fire tests was conducted to evaluate the proposed self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) when used by firefighters to combat Class A fire scenarios. Based on the comments made by the test participants, it appeared that the majority of the participants preferred the SCBA over the OBA. Specifically, the participants preferred wearing the SCBA on the back, with a portion of the unit's weight being distributed to the ...

Results of Damage Control Tactics and Equipment Tests-Phase 3: Cold Water Tests

28 FEB 97

64 pages

Authors: F. W. Williams; S. A. Hill; C. Campbell; H. Kuzma; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report summarizes data from the cold water series of damage control tests involving pipe patching and hull repair. Two different anti- exposure suits were also evaluated.

1995 Class B Firefighting Doctrine and Tactics: Final Report

13 JAN 97

96 pages

Authors: F. W. Williams; J. P. Farley; M. J. Peatross; D. T. Gottuk; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

These tests show development and mitigation of Class B explosions aboard Naval ships. This consisted of three main points: (1) determining the conditions needed for developing a Class B explosion, (2) determining the effect of ship board conditions (e.g. buffer zone size and ventilation) on the development of Class B explosions, and (3) determining the effectiveness of using water spray as a mitigating tactic. Results that address all three points ...

Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Measurement Techniques in Class B Fire Environments

13 JAN 97

40 pages

Authors: F. W. Williams; M. J. Peatross; D. T. Gottuk; R. J. Roby; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

This report provides technical information for making baseline hydrocarbon measurements in a Class B fire scenario. The automotive industry along with the Environmental Protection Agency has expended a great deal of effort trying to measure reliably hydrocarbon emission from engines. These studies show a 20% error at concentrations less than 1000 ppm. The higher the hydrocarbon emission the greater the error. These hydrocarbons that would be typical of shipboard fire ...

Evaluation of Damage Control Tactics and Equipment - Phase I, Baseline Tests

30 DEC 96

62 pages

Authors: F. W. Williams; H. Kuzma; C. Campbell; R. Breaux; S. A. Hill; NAVY TECHNOLOGY CENTER FOR SAFETY AND SURVIVABILITY WASHINGTON DC

Surface Ship Survivability, NWP 62-1 Series, and the Naval Ship Technical Manual (NSTM) Chapter 079 Volume 2 are silent on tactics and procedures for attacking a combination flooding/fire incident. Repair and recovery from flooding incidents are often considered in isolation from a fire incident in fleet training tactics and doctrine. Yet, flooding may occur simultaneously with a fire incident. The emergency repair procedures/equipment evaluated in these tests included pipe patching, ...