| Transforming Graph Data for Statistical Relational Learning |
Oct 2012 |
80 pages |
| Authors:
Ryan A Rossi; Luke K McDowell; David W Aha; Jennifer Neville; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
 | Relational data representations have become an increasingly important topic due to the recent proliferation of network datasets (e.g., social, biological, information networks) and a corresponding increase in the application of Statistical Relational Learning (SRL) algorithms to these domains. In this article, we examine and categorize techniques for transforming graph-based relational data to improve SRL algorithms. In particular, appropriate transformations of the nodes, links, and/or features of the data can dramatically ... |
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| Shedding Light on the Graph Schema: Perceptual Features vs. Invariant Structure |
2008 |
25 pages |
| Authors:
Raj M. Ratwani; J. G. Trafton; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Most theories of graph comprehension posit the existence of a graph schema to account for people's prior knowledge of how to understand different graph types. The graph schema is, however, a purely theoretical construct: there are no empirical studies that have explicitly examined the nature of the graph schema. We sought to determine whether graph schemas are based on perceptual features or on a common invariant structure shared between certain ... |
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| Thinking Graphically: Connecting Vision and Cognition during Graph Comprehension |
2008 |
56 pages |
| Authors:
Raj M. Ratwani; J. G. Trafton; Deborah A. Boehm-Davis; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Task analytic theories of graph comprehension account for the perceptual and conceptual processes required to extract specific information from graphs. Comparatively, the processes underlying information integration have received less attention. We propose a new framework for information integration that highlights visual integration and cognitive integration. During visual integration, pattern recognition processes are used to form visual clusters of information; these visual clusters are then used to reason about the graph ... |
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| Spatial Memory Guides Task Resumption |
2008 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
Raj M. Ratwani; J. G. Trafton; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Previous research examining how people resume a task following an interruption has focused primarily on pure memory processes. In this paper, we focus on the perceptual processes underlying task resumption and show that spatial memory guides task resumption. In Experiment 1, fixation patterns suggest participants were able to resume remarkably close to where they were in the task prior to interruption. In Experiment 2, a spatial interruption disrupted resumption performance ... |
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| Using Peripheral Processing and Spatial Memory to Facilitate Task Resumption |
OCT 2007 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Raj M. Ratwani; Alyssa E. Andrews; Malcolm McCurry; J. G. Trafton; Matthew S. Peterson; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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| Theories accounting for the process of primary task resumption following an interruption have focused on the suspension and retrieval of a specific goal. The ability to recall the spatial location of where in the task one was prior to being interrupted may also be important. We show that being able to maintain a spatial representation of the primary task facilitates task resumption. Participants were interrupted by an instant message window ... |
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| Does the Difficulty of an Interruption Affect our Ability to Resume? |
OCT 2007 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
David M. Cades; Deborah A. Boehm-Davis; J. G. Trafton; Christopher A. Monk; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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| Research has shown that different types of interruptions can affect their disruptiveness. However, it is unclear how different features of the interrupting task determine its disruptive effects. Specifically, some theories predict that the difficulty of an interruption does not contribute to the disruptive effects of that interruption alone. Disruptive effects can be mediated by the extent to which the interrupting task interferes with the ability to rehearse during the interruption. ... |
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| Long-Term Symbolic Learning in Soar and ACT-R |
SEP 2007 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
William G. Kennedy; J. G. Trafton; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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| The characteristics of long-term, symbolic learning were investigated using Soar and ACT-R models of a task to rearrange blocks into specific configurations. Long sequences of problems were run collecting data to answer fundamental questions about long-term, symbolic learning. The questions were whether symbolic learning continues indefinitely, how learned knowledge is used, and whether performance degrades over the long term. It was found that in both systems symbolic learning eventually stopped, ... |
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| The Use of Spatial Cognition in Graph Interpretation |
AUG 2007 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Susan B. Trickett; J. G. Trafton; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| We conducted an experiment to investigate whether spatial processing is used in graph comprehension tasks. Using an interference paradigm, we demonstrate that a graph task interfered more with performance on a spatial memory task than on a visual "non-spatial" memory task. Reaction times showed there was no speed-accuracy tradeoff. We conclude that it was the spatial nature of the graph task that caused the additional interference in the spatial memory ... |
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| Using Simulations to Model Shared Mental Models |
JUL 2007 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
William G. Kennedy; J. G. Trafton; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Good team members seem to have the ability to simulate what others on the team will do in different situations. Team researchers have long studied what makes an effective team. Their methodology has been to examine how high and low performing teams accomplish team-related tasks. They have suggested that a good team-member has three knowledge components (Cannon-Bowers, Salas, & Converse, 1993): (1) Knowledge of own capabilities [meta-knowledge], (2) Knowledge of ... |
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| Goal and Spatial Memory Following Interruption |
JUL 2007 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Michel E. Brudzinski; Raj M. Ratwani; J. G. Trafton; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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| The process of resuming an interrupted task has been understood by task level goals. Recent empirical evidence has implicated spatial memory as a component of the resumption process suggesting that spatial level representations are important as well. We collected eye track data in an interruptions paradigm to examine the perceptual processes involved in resumption. Four models were created to illustrate the importance of the role of spatial representations and further, ... |
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| Integration of Two SPAWAR PEOC4I NetCentric Technologies: Tactical Environmental Database Services (TEDServices) with the Extensible Tactical C4I Framework (XTCF) |
12 JAN 2007 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Timothy H. Bowers; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| This paper outlines work that was completed to assist the warfighter during the critical mission planning process. This was accomplished by delivering current weather data from Tactical Environmental Data Services (TEDServices), an API used to request meterological, oceanographic, and environmental information, through the Extensible Tactical C4I Framework (XTCF), which is a prototype extensible data management framework implemented in Java. It includes discussion of relevant technologies, such as XML and JMS. ... |
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| Computer-Aided Visualization in Meteorology |
01-Jan-2007 |
23 pages |
| Authors:
J G Trafton; Robert R Hoffman; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Our topic in this chapter is not so much what happens when experts have to work "out of context," but how cognitive engineering might help weather forecasters, in particular, remain within familiar decision-making spaces by improving on their display technology. Most weather forecasters get data, charts, and satellite images from Internet sources. In this chapter, we discuss some of what we know about how weather forecasters use information technology to ... |
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| Complex Visual Data Analysis, Uncertainty, and Representation |
2007 |
54 pages |
| Authors:
Christian D. Schunn; Lelyn D. Saner; Susan K. Kirschenbaum; J. G. Trafton; Eliza B. Littleton; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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| How do problem solvers represent visual-spatial information in complex problem solving tasks? This paper explores the predictions of symbolic computation, embodied problem solving and a neurocomputational theory for what factors influence internal representation choices. Across two studies, data are collected from experts and novices in three different, complex visual-spatial problem-solving domains (weather forecasting, submarine target motion analysis, and fMRI data analysis). Internal spatial representations are coded from spontaneous gestures made ... |
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| A Generalized Graph-Based Method for Engineering Swarm Solutions to Multiagent Problems (Preprint) |
SEP 2006 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
R. P. Wiegand; Mitchell A. Potter; Donald A. Sofge; William M. Spears; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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| We present two key components of a principled method for constructing modular, heterogeneous swarms. First, we generalize a well-known technique for representing swarm behaviors to extend the power of multiagent systems by specializing agents and their interactions. Second, a novel graph-based method is introduced for designing swarm-based behaviors for multiagent teams. This method includes engineer-provided knowledge through explicit design decisions pertaining to specialization, heterogeneity, and modularity. We show the representational ... |
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| The Relationship Between Spatial Transformations and Iconic Gestures |
01-Jan-2006 |
30 pages |
| Authors:
J G Trafton; Susan B Trickett; Cara A Stitzlein; Lelyn Saner; Christian D Schunn; Susan S Kirschenbaum; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
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| Current theories of gesture production all suggest that spatial working memory is a critical component of iconic gesture production. However, none of the models has a selection mechanism for what aspect of spatial working memory is gestured. We explored how expert and journeyman scientists gestured while discussing their work. Participants were most likely to make iconic gestures about change over time (spatial transformations), less likely to gesture about spatial relations ... |
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| Children and Robots Learning to Play Hide and Seek |
2006 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
J. G. Trafton; Alan C. Schultz; Dennis Perznowski; Magdalena D. Bugajska; William Adams; Nicholas L. Cassimatis; Derek P. Brock; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| How do children learn how to play hide and seek? At ages 3-4, children do not typically have perspective taking ability, so their hiding ability should be extremely limited. The authors show through a case study that a 3-1/2-year-old child can, in fact, play a credible game of hide and seek, even though she does not seem to have perspective taking ability. They propose that children are able to learn ... |
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| Communicating and Collaborating With Robotic Agents (Preprint) |
2006 |
41 pages |
| Authors:
J. G. Trafton; Alan C. Schultz; Nicholas L. Cassimatis; Laura M. Hiatt; Dennis Perzanowski; Derek P. Brock; Magdalena D. Bugajska; William Adams; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| For the last few years, our lab has been attempting to build robots that are similar to humans in a variety of ways. Our goal has been to build systems that think and act like a person rather than look like a person since the state of the art is not sufficient for a robot to look (even superficially) like a human person. We believe that there are at least ... |
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| Huh, What Was I Doing? How People Use Environmental Cues after an Interruption |
SEP 2005 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
J. G. Trafton; Erik M. Altmann; Derek P. Brock; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| The authors examine the effects of environmental cues on being interrupted while performing a task. They conducted an experiment in which participants, after an interruption, received either a blatant environmental cue of their previous action (a red arrow), a subtle environmental cue of their previous action (a cursor that was placed in the same location as their previous action), or no environmental cue at all. The authors found that participants ... |
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| From Specific Information Extraction to Inferences: A Hierarchical Framework of Graph Comprehension |
SEP 2004 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Raj M. Ratwani; J. G. Trafton; Deborah A. Boehm-Davis; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| This study examined how graph readers extract specific information, integrate information, and make inferences from choropleth graphs. The authors present a hierarchical framework of graph comprehension that suggests how graph readers extract different types of information. The framework suggests that the cognitive operations required to extract different types of information build in a hierarchical fashion as the complexity of the type of extraction increases. Empirical data gathered in their laboratory ... |
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| Cognitive Tools for Humanoid Robots in Space |
2004 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Donald Sofge; Dennis Perzanowski; Marjorie Skubic; Magdalena Bugajska; J. G. Trafton; Nicholas Cassimatis; Derek Brock; William Adams; Alan Schultz; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| The effective use of humanoid robots in space will depend upon the efficacy of interaction between humans and robots. The key to achieving this interaction is to provide the robot with sufficient skills for natural communication with humans so that humans can interact with the robot almost as though it were another human. This paper describes the design, implementation, and capabilities of a robotic system architecture for a robot which ... |
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| GRACE and GEORGE: Autonomous Robots for the AAAI Robot Challenge |
2004 |
13 pages |
| Authors:
Reid Simmons; Allison Bruce; Dani Goldberg; Adam Goode; Alan Schultz; William Adams; Ian Horswill; David Kortenkamp; Bryn Wolfe; Bruce Maxwell; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| In an attempt to solve as much of the AAAI Robot Challenge as possible, five research institutions representing academia, industry and government, integrated their research on a pair of robots named GRACE and GEORGE. This paper describes the second year effort by the GRACE team, the various techniques each participant brought to GRACE, and the integration effort itself. |
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| Spatial Transformations in Graph Comprehension |
2004 |
5 pages |
| Authors:
Susan B. Trickett; J. G. Trafton; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Although it is apparent that people are able to make inferences from graphs, it is presently unclear how they do so, even from simple graphs. Current theories of graph comprehension are largely silent about the processes by which such inferences are made ( e.g., Freedman and Shah, 2002; Pinker, 1990). The authors propose that people use spatial reasoning, in the form of spatial transformations (Trafton, Trickett, and Mintz, in press), ... |
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| Anytime Coevolution of Form and Function |
01-Jan-2003 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Magdalena D Bugajska; Alan C Schultz; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| This paper describes an approach to continuous coevolution of form (the morphology) and function (the control behavior) for autonomous vehicles. This study focuses on coevolution of the characteristics such as beam width and range of individual sensors in the sensor suite, and the reactive strategies for collision-free navigation for an autonomous micro air vehicle. The results of the evolution of the system in a fixed simulation model were compared to ... |
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| Finding the FOO: A Pilot Study for a Multimodal Interface |
2003 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Dennis Perzanowski; Derek Brock; William Adams; Magdalena Bugajska; Alan C. Schultz; J. G. Trafton; Sam Blisard; Majorie Skubic; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| In their research on intuitive means for humans and intelligent, mobile robots to collaborate, the authors use a multimodal interface that supports speech and gestural inputs. As a preliminary step to evaluate their approach and to identify practical areas for future work, they conducted a Wizard-of-Oz pilot study with five participants who each collaborated with a robot on a search task in a separate room. The goal was to find ... |
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| Spatial Language for Human-Robot Dialogs |
2003 |
40 pages |
| Authors:
Marjorie Skubic; Dennis Perzanowski; Sam Blisard; Alan Schultz; William Adams; Magda Bugajska; Derek Brock; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| In conversation, people often use spatial relationships to describe their environment, e.g., "There is a desk in front of me and a doorway behind it", and to issue directives, e.g., "Go around the desk and through the doorway. " In our research, we have been investigating the use of spatial relationships to establish a natural communication mechanism between people and robots, in particular, for novice users. In this paper, the ... |
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| Achieving Collaborative Interaction with a Humanoid Robot |
2003 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
D. Sofge; Dennis Perzanowski; M. Skubic; N. Cassimatis; J. G. Trafton; D. Brock; Magda Bugajska; William Adams; Alan C. Schultz; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| One of the great challenges of putting humanoid robots into space is developing cognitive capabilities for the robots with an interface that allows human astronauts to collaborate with the robots as naturally and efficiently as they would with other astronauts. In this joint effort with NASA and the entire Robonaut team we are integrating natural language and gesture understanding, spatial reasoning incorporating such features as human-robot perspective taking, and cognitive ... |
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| Agent-based Multimodal Interface for Dynamically Autonomous Mobile Robots |
2003 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Donald Sofge; Magdalena Bugajska; William Adams; Dennis Perzanowski; Alan Schultz; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Agents provide a flexible and scalable method of integrating artificial intelligence techniques on a single cohesive distributed computing system. We have designed and implemented an agent-based interface for autonomous control, and for providing web-based information retrieval, for a dynamically autonomous mobile robot. The robot implements and integrates a variety of artificial intelligence techniques including a multimodal interface that allows natural language understanding, gesture interpretation, simultaneous localization and mapbuilding, object identification ... |
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| The Attentional Costs of Interrupting Task Performance at Various Stages |
OCT 2002 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Christopher A. Monk; Deborah A. Boehm-Davis; J. G. Trafton; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| The visual occlusion technique has received considerable attention in recent years as a method for measuring the interruptible aspects of in-vehicle information system (IVIS) task performance. Because the visual occlusion technique lacks a loading task during "occluded" periods, an alternate method was adopted to provide increased sensitivity to the attentional costs of interruptions on IVIS-style task performance. Participants alternated between performing a VCR programming task and a simple tracking task. ... |
|
| A Hybrid Cognitive-Reactive Multi-Agent Controller |
OCT 2002 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Magdalena D. Bugajska; Alan C. Schultz; J. G. Trafton; Matthew Taylor; Farilee E. Mintz; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| The purpose of this paper is to introduce a hybrid cognitive-reactive system, which integrates a machine- learning algorithm (SAMUEL, an evolutionary algorithm-based rule-learning system) with a computational cognitive model (written in ACT-R). In this system, the learning algorithm handles reactive aspects of the task and provides an adaptation mechanism, while the cognitive model handles cognitive aspects of the task and ensures the realism of the behavior. In this study, the ... |
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| Using Spatial Language in a Human-Robot Dialog |
2002 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Marjorie Skubic; Dennis Perzanowski; Alan Schultz; William Adams; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| In conversation, people often use spatial relationships to describe their environment, e.g., "There is a desk in front of me and a doorway behind it", and to issue directives, e.g., "Go around the desk and through the doorway. " In our research, we have been investigating the use of spatial relationships to establish a natural communication mechanism between people and robots, in particular, for novice users. In this paper, the ... |
|
| Communicating with Teams of Cooperative Robots |
2002 |
10 pages |
| Authors:
D. Perzanowski; A. C. Schultz; W. Adams; M. Bugajska; E. Marsh; G. Trafton; D. Brock; M. Skubic; M. Abramson; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| The authors are designing and implementing a multi-modal interface to a team of dynamically autonomous robots. For this interface, they have elected to use natural language and gesture. Gestures can be either natural gestures perceived by a vision system installed on the robot, or they can be made by using a stylus on a Personal Digital Assistant. In this paper,they describe the integrated modes of input and one of the ... |
|
| Memory for Goals: An Activation-Based Model |
2002 |
47 pages |
| Authors:
Erik M. Altmann; J. G. Trafton; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Goal-directed cognition is often discussed in terms of specialized memory structures like the "goal stack." The "goal-activation" model presented here analyzes goal-directed cognition in terms of the general memory constructs of activation and associative priming. The model embodies three predictive constraints: (1) the interference level, which arises from residual memory for old goals; (2) the strengthening constraint, which makes predictions about time to encode a new goal; and (3) the ... |
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| Extracting Explicit and Implict Information from Complex Visualizations |
2002 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
J. G. Trafton; Sandra Marshall; Farilee Mintz; Susan B. Trickett; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| How do experienced users extract information from a complex visualization? The authors examine this question by performing an experiment. They presented experienced weather forecasters with visualizations that did not show the needed information explicitly and examined their eye movements. They replicated Carpenter and Shah (1998) when the information was explicitly available on the visualization. However, when the information was not explicitly available, they found that forecasters used spatial reasoning in ... |
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| Coevolution of Form and Function in the Design of Micro Air Vehicles |
2002 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
Magdalena D. Bugajska; Alan C. Schultz; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| This paper discusses approaches to cooperative coevolution of form and function for autonomous vehicles, specifically evolving morphology and control for an autonomous micro air vehicle (MAV). The evolution of a sensor suite with minimal size, weight, and power requirements, and reactive strategies for collision-free navigation for the simulated MAV is described. Results are presented for several different coevolutionary approaches to evolution of form and function (single- and multiple-species models) and ... |
|
| Multi-modal Interfacing for Human-Robot Interaction |
2001 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Dennis Perzanowski; Alan Schultz; William Adams; Magda Bugajska; Elaine March; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| CONCLUSIONS: 1. By using "context predicates" we track actions occurring during a dialog to determine which goals (event and locative) have been achieved or attained and which have not. 2. By tracking "context predicates" we can determine what actions need to be acted upon next; i.e., predicates in the stack that have not been completed. 3. "Locative" expressions, e.g. "there," give us a kind of handle in command and control ... |
|
| Building Adaptive Computer-Generated Forces: The Effect of Increasing Task Reactivity on Human and Machine Control Abilities |
2001 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Magdalena D. Bugajska; Alan C. Schultz; J. G. Trafton; Shaun Gittens; Farilee Mintz; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Computer Generated Forces (CGF), to be effective training tools, must exhibit robust, challenging, and realistic behaviors. CGF tasks usually have both cognitive and reactive aspects to them. The reactivity has to co-exist with (higher-level) cognitive activities like planning and strategy assessment. The overall purpose of this research is to merge a machine-learning algorithm (SAMUEL, an evolutionary algorithm-based rule learning system) with a cognitive model (ACT-R) into a system where the ... |
|
| Co-Evolution of Form and Function in the Design of Autonomous Agents: Micro Air Vehicle Project |
08 JUL 2000 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Magdalena D. Bugajska; Alan C. Schultz; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| This paper addresses issues of co-evolution of form and function for autonomous vehicles specifically evolving morphology and control for an autonomous micro air vehicle (MAV). The evolution of an optimal minimum sensor suite and reactive strategies for navigation and collision avoidance for the simulated MAV is described. The details of the implementation of the simulated aircraft, the environment, and the two cooperating genetic algorithm-based systems, SAMUEL and Genesis, used for ... |
|
| Two Ingredients for My Dinner with R2D2: Integration and Adjustable Autonomy |
2000 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Dennis Perzanowski; Alan C. Schultz; Elain Marsh; William Adams; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| While the tone of this paper is informal and tongue-in-cheek, we believe we raise two important issues in robotics and multi-modal interface research; namely, how crucial integration of multiple modes of communication are for adjustable autonomy, which in turn is crucial for having dinner with R2D2. Furthermore, we discuss how our multimodal interface to autonomous robots addresses these issues by tracking goals, allowing for both natural and mechanical modes of ... |
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| Towards Seamless Integration in a Multi-modal Interface |
2000 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Dennis Perzanowski; William Adams; Alan C. Schultz; Elaine Marsh; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| We are designing and implementing a multi-modal interface to an autonomous robot. For this interface, we have elected to use natural language and gesture. Gestures can be either natural gestures perceived by a vision system installed on the robot, or they can be made by using a stylus on a Personal Digital Assistant. In this paper we describe how we are attempting to provide a seamless integration of the various ... |
|
| Distributed Spatial Control, Global Monitoring and Steering of Mobile Agents (Preprint) |
NOV 1999 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Diana F. Gordon; William M. Spears; Oleg Sokolsky; Insup Lee; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| In this paper, we combine two frameworks in the context of an important application. The first framework, called "artificial physics," is described in detail in a companion paper by Spears and Gordon. The purpose of artificial physics is the distributed spatial control of large collections of mobile physical agents. The agents can be composed into geometric patterns (e.g., to act as a sensing grid) by having them sense and respond ... |
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| Goal Tracking in a Natural Language Interface: Towards Achieving Adjustable Autonomy |
1999 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Dennis Perzanowski; Alan C. Schultz; William Adams; Elaine Marsh; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Intelligent mobile robots that interact with humans must exhibit adjustable autonomy; that is, the ability to dynamically adjust the level of self-sufficiency of an agent depending on the situation. When intelligent robots require close interactions with humans, they will require modes of communication that enhance the ability for humans to communicate naturally and that allow greater interaction, as well as adapt as a team member or sole agent in achieving ... |
|
| Two Multimodal Interfaces to Military Simulations |
1997 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
Kenneth Wauchope; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Eucalyptus and InterLACE are two projects integrating spoken natural language interaction with the already-developed graphical user interfaces of currently existing military simulation systems. We take this approach (rather than developing new, fully integrated systems from scratch) to facilitate the development of Navy demonstrations of NL technology applied to their own tools, as well as to explore the relative strengths and weaknesses of graphical vs. NL interfaces and how the two ... |
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| Grammatical Processing Using the Mechanisms of Physical Inference |
|
7 pages |
| Authors:
Nicholas L Cassimatis; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC CENTER FOR APPLIED RESEARCH IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
|
| Although there is considerable evidence that humans use the same mechanisms for linguistic and nonlinguistic cognition, the thesis of linguistic modularity will remain plausible so long as well-established formal properties of syntax remain unexplained in terms of domain-general cognitive mechanisms. This paper presents several dualities between the formal structure of syntax and cognitive structures used to represent the physical world. These dualities are used to construct a cognitive model of ... |
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