| Methods for Providing Direct Feedback about Decision Processes for Command and Control Classroom Exercises |
JAN 91 |
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| Authors:
Marvin L. Thordsen; Gary A. Klein; Rex Michel; Edward Sullivan; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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 | This report summarizes research that explores the possibilities for providing immediate, real-time feedback to officers in classroom training exercises at the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Six issues were addressed by the project: (1) Can team decision strategies be tracked in real-time military command and control exercises? If so, (2) Can direct feedback be provided to the participants? (3) What is the nature of the feedback ... |
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| Descriptive Models of Military Decision Making |
AUG 90 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
Gary A. Klein; Marvin L. Thordsen; Roberta Calderwood; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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 | It is important to understand the nature of military decision-making strategies in order to plan for those systems dependent on their effectiveness. This paper reports the results of three studies examining team decision making in the Army. The data suggest that recognitional decision making is much more common than analytical decision making. The strengths and weakness of recognitional and analytical decision strategies are viewed and compared, and we describe factors ... |
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| Recognition-Primed Decision Strategies |
AUG 90 |
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| Authors:
Gary Klein; Beth Crandall; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| For this research, the goal of the first year was to expand our understanding of recognitional decision making specifically in terms of how situation assessments are communicated. Three studies were proposed. We have completed two of them and have initiated the third. In addition, we have started a project originally planned for year 2. The projects completed were a literature review in the area of situation assessment and a multidimensional ... |
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| Distributed Decision Making in Wildland Firefighting |
JUL 90 |
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| Authors:
Janie Taynor; Gary A. Klein; Marvin L. Thordsen; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| This study examined distributed decision making in a naturalistic context. The subjects--expert, command level, wildland firefighters--were studied as they made decisions about an ongoing set of wildland fires. Interviews were conducted using the critical decision method, which is a semi- structured technique for probing nonroutine incidents. Seventeen decision makers were studied, and a total of 110 decision points were probed. For most of the decision points, recognition strategies were used. ... |
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| Protocol Analysis of Expert/Novice Command Decision Making during Simulated Fire Ground Incidents |
JUL 90 |
66 pages |
| Authors:
Roberta Calderwood; Beth W. Crandall; Timothy H. Baynes; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| This research is part of a series of studies that investigate how decisions are made in operational settings by trained personnel. The focus is on environments in which strategic and tactical decisions must be made under conditions of uncertainty, risk, and time pressure, such as urban firefighting. Verbal protocols were obtained from professional urban firefighters during simulated incidents in which they were asked to assume the role of fire ground ... |
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| Investigations of Naturalistic Decision Making and the Recognition- Primed Decision Model |
JUL 90 |
61 pages |
| Authors:
Gary A. Klein; Roberta Calderwood; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| This monograph reviews 3 years of research that explores how experienced personnel make decisions in operational settings characterized by real-time information processing, shifting goals, and high-risk consequences. The study combined field studies with experiments designed to test specific hypotheses. Study domains were selected so that findings would have high potential for generalizing to military command-and-control decision making. Researchers carried out critical decision interviews with experienced personnel, including urban fire ground ... |
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| Decision Making in Armored Platoon Command |
JUL 90 |
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| Authors:
Christopher P. Brezovic; Gary A. Klein; Martin Thordsen; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| This research studied command decisions during armored platoon leader training exercises. The Critical Decision method was employed to identify command decisions and the environmental features of decision situations offering a command challenge to the students. The student platoon leader, the trainer evaluating his performance, and one researcher all rode the platoon leader's tank and observed the events from the same perspective. A total of 57 decision points were identified and ... |
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| A Knowledge Elicitation Study of Military Planning |
FEB 90 |
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| Authors:
Marvin Thordsen; Joseph Galushka; Gary A. Klein; Saul Young; Christopher Brezovic; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| The Critical Decision Method (CDM) has been developed as a knowledge elicitation tool for probing proficient decision making. This report describes the use of CDM during three different Division, Battalion, and Brigade-level planning exercises at Ft. Leavenworth, Ft. Riley, and Ft. Hood. CDM was successfully applied in each case. The third exercise, a computer-driven activity at Ft. Hood, used the Army Battle Training Simulator System (ARTBASS). It was the most ... |
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| Knowledge Elicitation of Recognition-Primed Decision Making |
JUL 88 |
62 pages |
| Authors:
Gary A. Klein; Donald MacGregor; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| A Critical Decision Method (CDM) has been developed for knowledge elicitation. The CDM, an extension of the critical incident technique, includes protocol analysis and memory recall tasks to study cognitive performance. A set of probes is employed to trace the development of situation assessment during critical incidents, and to determine the decision strategies used. The outputs of the method include inventories of the critical cues, graphic portrayals of the situation ... |
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| Prediction Model for Estimating Performance Impacts of Maintenance Stress |
JUN 88 |
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| Authors:
Janet Taynor; Gary A. Klein; Cheryl L. Batchelor; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| An Identification Point modelling tool was constructed to assist Air Force planners to predict the effects of stress upon aircraft maintenance time. Preparedness for the hazard, experience of the maintenance technicians, payoff for performing the task quickly, task complexity, and the need for others to complete the task were combined to produce 32 identification points in the model. The Comparison Based Prediction method was used to obtain information from maintenance ... |
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| Analogical Decision Making |
DEC 86 |
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| Authors:
Gary A. Klein; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| The overall goal of this research program is to develop a descriptive model of decision making that can be applied to tactical and strategic decision making domains. We wish to explore variables such as time pressure, risk, and levels of expertise as they affect the use of decision strategies and situational assessment. We also want to contrast analytical and recognitional models of decision making. Year 1 was devoted to field ... |
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| Comparison-Based Prediction of Cost and Effectiveness of Training Devices: A Guidebook |
JUL 85 |
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| Authors:
Gary A. Klein; P. Johns; R. Perez; A. Mirabella; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| This Guidebook is part of a larger project to develop comparison- based prediction (CBP) techniques to estimate the effectiveness of new training devices and to generate design recommendations. The document explains why and how the methodology can be useful and then gives step-by-step instructions on how to apply it. (Author) |
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| Comparison-Based Predictions and Recommendations for Army Maintenance Training Devices |
MAR 85 |
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| Authors:
Gary A. Klein; Sallie E. Gordon; Mark Palmisano; Angelo Mirabella; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| This study is part of a larger project to evaluate the use of Comparison-Based Prediction (CBP) techniques as a method to estimate the effectiveness of new training devices and concepts, and to generate design recommendations. The goal of this effort was to CBP to predict the savings in training time that might be realized by introducing maintenance training devices into automotive courses for Army personnel. The intent was to learn ... |
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| Using Comparison-Based Methods for Predicting and Designing, |
APR 1984 |
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| Authors:
G. A. Klein; S. E. Gordon; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| Effective planning requires that we can predict the outcomes of different options, but it is difficult to make predictions when we have limited knowledge of the relevant causes and their impacts. Comparison-based methods are proposed as a means of generating predictions despite uncertainty and missing data. The methods have the further advantage of providing an audit trail describing the basis for the predictions: the comparison case used, the operational data ... |
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| User Guides: Some Theoretical Guidelines for Their Use. |
OCT 1979 |
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| Authors:
Gary A. Klein; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| Recognitional capacity is needed in order to perform tasks: a recognition of when procedures apply. Further, recognitional capacity cannot be replaced by higher-level procedures. This creates an insurmountable barrier for guidebooks that attempt to provide step-by-step procedural accounts of task performance. User guides will be most successful when they attempt to show novices how to perform procedural tasks. However, step-by-step user guides will be least successful when applied to tasks ... |
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| Analogical Reasoning as a Discovery Logic. |
AUG 1979 |
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| Authors:
Julian Weitzenfeld; Gary A. Klein; KLEIN ASSOCIATES YELLOW SPRINGS OH
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| Reasoning by analogy is an important means of generating hypotheses about new situations. Phychological research on analogical reasoning has been limited to the format of mathematical proportions. However, this treatment of analogical reasoning is not consistent with the aspect of analogical reasoning that generates hypotheses. A more viable approach is taken by philosophers of science such as Hesse (1966), whose work is used to provide a description of a psychological ... |
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Reports by Corporate Author
