| Islamist Extremism in Europe |
29 JUL 2005 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Kristin Archick; John Rollins; Steven Woehrel; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
 | Although the vast majority of Muslims in Europe are not involved in radical activities, Islamist extremists and vocal fringe communities that advocate terrorism exist and reportedly have provided cover for terrorist cells. Germany and Spain were identified as key logistical and planning bases for the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. The March 2004 terrorist bombings in Madrid have been attributed to an Al Qaeda-inspired group of North ... |
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| Islamic Terrorism and the Balkans |
26 JUL 2005 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Steven Woehrel; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| In the 1990s, wars and political instability provided an opportunity for Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups to infiltrate the Balkans. However, U.S. and European peacekeeping troops, aid, and the prospect of Euro-Atlantic integration have helped to bring more stability to the region in recent years. Moreover, the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States underscored for the countries of the region the dangers of global terrorism, and resulted ... |
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| Terrorist Screening and Brady Background Checks for Firearms |
25 JUL 2005 |
12 pages |
| Authors:
William J. Krouse; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| Historically, terrorist watch list checks were not part of the firearms background check process implemented pursuant to the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Such watch lists were not checked, because being a known or suspected terrorist is not a disqualifying factor for firearm transfer/possession eligibility under current federal or state law. Nevertheless, if a person is a known or suspected terrorist, it suggests that there may be an underlying factor ... |
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| U.S.-EU Cooperation Against Terrorism |
12 JUL 2005 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Kristin Archick; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks gave new momentum to European Union (EU) initiatives to improve law enforcement cooperation against terrorism both among its 25 member states and with the United States. Washington has largely welcomed these efforts, recognizing that they may help root out terrorist cells and prevent future attacks. However, the United States and the EU continue to face several challenges as they seek to promote closer cooperation ... |
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| Suits Against Terrorist States by Victims of Terrorism |
07 JUN 2005 |
54 pages |
| Authors:
Jennifer K. Elsea; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| In 1996 Congress amended the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) to allow U.S. victims of terrorism to sue certain States responsible for terrorist acts. The terrorist state defendants have refused to appear in court, the courts have handed down large default judgments, the Clinton and Bush Administrations have intervened to block collection on those judgments, and Congress has repeatedly enacted measures to facilitate payment. Further complexity has been added by ... |
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| Terrorism: Some Legal Restrictions on Military Assistance to Domestic Authorities Following a Terrorist Attack |
27 MAY 2005 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Charles Doyle; Jennifer Elsea; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| The Constitution empowers the President to act as Commander in Chief of the armed forces and to see to the execution of federal law; it gives Congress the authority to make federal law including laws for the regulation of the armed forces. The Posse Comitatus Act prohibits use of the armed forces to perform civilian governmental tasks unless explicitly authorized to do so. There are statutory exceptions to ensure continued ... |
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| Lawsuits Against State Supporters of Terrorism: An Overview |
27 MAY 2005 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Jennifer K. Elsea; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| A 1996 amendment to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) enables American victims of international terrorist acts supported by certain States designated by the State Department as supporters of terrorism Cuba, Iran, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, Syria, and until recently, Iraq to bring suit in federal court to seek monetary damages. Holders of judgments against these States, however, have encountered difficulties in their efforts to collect, despite congressional efforts to ... |
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| Federal Counter-Terrorism Training: Issues for Congressional Oversight |
16 MAY 2005 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
Shawn Reese; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| Federal counter-terrorism training programs are varied and are provided by numerous federal agencies and departments. Some of these departments and agencies include the Departments of Defense (DOD), Energy (DOE), Homeland Security (DHS), Health and Human Services (HHS), Justice (DOJ), and Transportation (DOT), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Each department and agency provides specific counter-terrorism training targeted to given categories of recipients. Training recipients include federal, state, and local government ... |
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| Cuba and the State Sponsors of Terrorism List |
13 MAY 2005 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
Mark P. Sullivan; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| Cuba was first added to the State Department s list of states sponsoring international terrorism in 1982, pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (P.L. 96-72). At the time, numerous U.S. government reports and statements under the Reagan Administration alleged Cuba's ties to international terrorism and its support for terrorist groups in Latin America. Cuba had a history of supporting revolutionary movements and governments in Latin ... |
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| Bioterrorism Countermeasure Development: Issues in Patents and Homeland Security |
06 MAY 2005 |
25 pages |
| Authors:
Wendy H. Schacht; John R. Thomas; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| Congressional interest in the development of bioterrorism countermeasures remains strong, even after passage of legislation establishing Project BioShield. In the 109th Congress, several bills have been introduced, including S. 3, the Protecting America in the War on Terror Act, and S. 975, the Project Bioshield II Act, that would generate additional incentives for the creation of new technologies to counteract potential biological threats. These bills propose reforms to current policies ... |
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| Terrorism and Security Issues Facing the Water Infrastructure Sector |
25 APR 2005 |
17 pages |
| Authors:
Claudia Copeland; Betsy Cody; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| Damage to or destruction of the nation's water supply and water quality infrastructure by terrorist attack could disrupt the delivery of vital human services in this country, threatening public health and the environment, or possibly causing loss of life. Interest in such problems has increased greatly since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in New York City and at the Pentagon. Across the country, water infrastructure systems extend over vast ... |
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| Computer Attack and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress |
01 APR 2005 |
47 pages |
| Authors:
Clay Wilson; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| Many international terrorist groups now actively use computers and the Internet to communicate, and several may develop or acquire the necessary technical skills to direct a coordinated attack against computers in the United States. A cyberattack intended to harm the U.S. economy would likely target computers that operate the civilian critical infrastructure and government agencies. However, there is disagreement among some observers about whether a coordinated cyberattack against the U.S. ... |
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| Biomedical Requirements for High Productivity Computing Systems |
APR 2005 |
122 pages |
| Authors:
Kay Howell; Gerry Higgins; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| This report details biomedical computing requirements for high productivity computing systems for DARPA's High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS) program. The goal of the project was to determine biomedical computing requirements in order to define the size and nature of the demand in this research field; provide an assessment of the impact HPCS technologies can have on important biomedical problems and highlight HPCS R&D areas critical to advances in biomedical computing. ... |
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| Latin America: Terrorism Issues |
29 MAR 2005 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Mark P. Sullivan; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| In the aftermath of the September 2001 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington D.C., U.S. attention to terrorism in Latin America intensified, with an increase in bilateral and regional cooperation. Latin American nations strongly condemned the attacks, and took action through the Organization of American States (OAS) to strengthen hemispheric cooperation. In June 2002, OAS members signed an Inter-American Convention Against Terrorism. President Bush submitted the convention to the ... |
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| The Financial Action Task Force: An Overview |
04 MAR 2005 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
James K. Jackson; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, or the 9/11 Commission, recommended that tracking terrorist financing must remain front and center in U.S. counterterrorism efforts. 1 As part of these efforts, the United States plays a leading role in the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF). The independent, intergovernmental policy-making body was established by the 1989 G-7 Summit in Paris as a result of growing ... |
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| Saudi Arabia: Terrorist Financing Issues |
01 MAR 2005 |
30 pages |
| Authors:
Alfred B. Prados; Christopher M. Blanchard; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| The September 11, 2001 attacks fueled criticisms within the United States of alleged Saudi involvement in terrorism or of Saudi laxity in acting against terrorist groups. Of particular concern have been reports that funds may be flowing from Saudi Arabia and other Middle East countries to terrorist groups, largely under the guise of charitable contributions. Critics of Saudi policies have cited a number of reports that the Saudi government has ... |
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| Terrorist Financing: The 9/11 Commission Recommendation |
25 FEB 2005 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Martin A. Weiss; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| Although efforts to seize terrorist funds have met with some success, in July 2004, the 9/11 Commission asserted that the likelihood of being able to continue freezing funds may diminish as terrorists seek increasingly more informal methods of earning and moving money. The financial support of terrorism involves both earning funds, through legal and illegal means, and the illicit movement of money to terrorist groups. The Commission recommended that the ... |
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| Removing Terrorist Sanctuaries: The 9/11 Commission Recommendations and U.S. Policy |
11 FEB 2005 |
30 pages |
| Authors:
Francis T. Miko; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission) issued its final report on July 19, 2004. A major recommendation in the report was that the U.S. government should identify and prioritize actual or potential terrorist sanctuaries and, for each, to employ a realistic strategy to keep possible terrorists insecure and on the run, using all elements of national power. U.S. strategy to combat global terrorism, ... |
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| Domestic Intelligence in the United Kingdom: Applicability of the MI-5 Model to the United States |
19 MAY 2003 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
Todd Masse; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| Intelligence failures frequently lead to calls for reforms in the United States Intelligence Community to remedy what are real or perceived functional, procedural, regulatory, systemic, and/or structural problems. While it can be debated whether the events of September 11, 2001 represent a tactical or strategic failure, it has been widely cited as a prima facie intelligence failure. One potential remedy that has been suggested in response to the events of ... |
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| Proposed Change to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Under S. 113 |
19 MAY 2003 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Jennifer Elsea; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| The Senate recently passed S. 113, a bill in the 108th Congress to extend the coverage of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ("FISA") to non-United States persons who engage in international terrorism or activities in preparation for international terrorism, without a showing of membership in or affiliation with an international terrorist group. FISA provides a means by which the government can obtain approval to conduct electronic surveillance (wiretap) and other ... |
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| Privacy: Total Information Awareness Programs and Related Information Access, Collection, and Protection Laws |
21 MAR 2003 |
36 pages |
| Authors:
Gina M. Stevens; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| This report describes the Total Information Awareness (TIA) programs in the Defense Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of the Department of Defense, and related information access, collection, and protection laws. TIA is a new technology under development that plans to use data mining technologies to sift through personal transactions in electronic data to find patterns and associations connected to terrorist threats and activities. Data mining technologies are currently used by federal ... |
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| The Intelligence Community and 9/11: Congressional Hearings and the Status of the Investigation |
16 JAN 2003 |
25 pages |
| Authors:
Jr Best Richard A.; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 led many to inquire whether there had been a failure by United States intelligence agencies to collect all available information about the plots that led to the attacks, to analyze it properly, and disseminate it in time to protect the American public. Congressional intelligence committees responded by launching an unprecedented Joint Inquiry to investigate the Intelligence Community's record in regard to the 9/11 ... |
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| Intelligence and Law Enforcement: Countering Transnational Threats to the U.S. |
03 DEC 2001 |
36 pages |
| Authors:
Jr Best Richard A.; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
|
| In the post-Cold War world, terrorism, narcotics trafficking, and related money laundering are perceived both as criminal matters and as threats to the nation's security. Often collectively termed transnational threats, these issues have become the concerns of law enforcement agencies as well as the U.S. Intelligence Community. Two foreign banking scandals in the late 1980s led to efforts to ensure that information in the possession of intelligence agencies would, in ... |
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| The Digital Human: Open Source Software Framework for Organ Modeling and Simulation |
DEC 2001 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
Gerald Higgins; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
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| Researchers met at the National Library of Medicine on July 23-24, 2001 to brainstorm about the next stage in the development of a "Digital Human". This meeting, called "Open Source Software Framework for Organ Modeling & Simulation", was organized to review the current state of computer-based modeling in medicine, identify critical "next steps" for technical resource development, and create a vision for building useful and functional computer models of human ... |
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| Historical Outline on the Question of Swiss Nuclear Armament |
APR 1996 |
|
| Authors:
Jurg Stussi; FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS WASHINGTON DC
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Reports by Corporate Author
