| A Reconnaissance Snow Survey across Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada, April 2007 |
FEB 2008 |
88 pages |
| Authors:
Matthew Sturm; Chris Derksen; Glen Liston; Arvids Silis; Daniel Solie; Jon Holmgren; Henry Huntington; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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 | During April 2007, a coordinated series of snow measurements were made across the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada, during a 4200-km snowmobile traverse from Fairbanks, Alaska, to Baker Lake, Nunavut. While detailed, local snow measurements have been made as part of ongoing studies at tundra field sites in this region (Daring Lake and Trail Valley Creek in the Northwest Territories), systematic measurements at the regional scale have not been previously ... |
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| The History of Early Polar Ice Cores |
JAN 2008 |
57 pages |
| Authors:
Jr Langway Chester C.; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The scientific knowledge of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, and the subsequently derived Earth history, has been greatly increased during the past 50 years. Much of the new information was obtained from various studies made on a relatively small number of deep (300-400 m) and several very deep (some over 3000 m) ice cores, recovered from the inland regions of both ice sheets by different national and international research ... |
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| Fifty Years of Soviet and Russian Drilling Activity in Polar and Non-Polar Ice: A Chronological History |
OCT 2007 |
145 pages |
| Authors:
Herbert T. Ueda; Pavel G. Talalay; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Soviet and Russian drilling activity in ice began in 1955 while conducting temperature surveys on a glacier in Franz-Josef Land in the Arctic and continued to 1960 on the glaciers of the polar Ural and the northern Tien Shen mountain ranges. In 1956 the first Complex Antarctic Expedition (CAE) was formed and the first Antarctic drilling was conducted in October of 1956 near Mirny Station. Later, the expeditions were referred ... |
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| Measuring Energetics Residues on Snow |
OCT 2007 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; Marianne E. Walsh; Charles A. Ramsey; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Quantifying energetics residues resulting from firing and detonating military munitions are necessary components in developing range sustainability models and plans. Determination of the residue plume area, discrimination from previous activities, separation of the residues from the collection matrix, and processing of the samples are all difficult tasks when dealing with residues on soils. To circumvent these problems, the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory has been sampling for ... |
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| In Situ California Bearing Ration Database |
OCT 2007 |
97 pages |
| Authors:
Peter M. Seman; Sally A. Shoop; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| A global database of in situ soil test measurements and associated attributes was compiled for use in developing California bearing ratio (CBR) prediction models. From a variety of potential data sources, a collection of U.S. Army and Air Force airfield pavement research and evaluation reports was selected for inclusion. The schema includes data fields for common geotechnical parameters related to airfield pavement strength and geomorphological features associated with soil formation. ... |
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| Propellant Residues Deposition from Small Arms Munitions |
SEP 2007 |
43 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; Marianne E. Walsh; Susan R. Bigl; Nancy M. Perron; Dennis J. Lambert; Alan D. Hewitt; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Military live-fire training missions utilize a variety of energetic materials that are never completely consumed during firing. In February 2007, the U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory teamed with the Vermont National Guard at Camp Ethan Allen to conduct tests to determine the propellant residues deposition related to the firing of small arms. Samples were collected from the snow surface at the firing points for 5.56-, 7.62-, 9-, ... |
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| Processing of Training Range Soils for the Analysis of Energetic Compounds |
SEP 2007 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Alan Hewitt; Susan Bigl; Marianne Walsh; Sylvie Brochu; Kevin Bjella; Dennis Lambert; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Large soil samples are often necessary to represent areas where analytes are distributed as particulates. Proper processing of these large samples impose additional time, space, and equipment requirements on the laboratory community servicing environmental programs to investigate military training ranges. Part of this study evaluated the robustness of two methods used to process large soil samples for the determination of energetic munitions residues whole sample mechanical grinding (comminution) and solvent ... |
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| Review and Synopsis of Natural and Human Controls on Fluvial Channel Processes in the Arid West |
SEP 2007 |
62 pages |
| Authors:
John J. Field; Robert W. Lichvar; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Parallel to ongoing efforts to revise the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers wetland delineation manual for support of Section 404 under the Clean Water Act, the Corps has initiated an effort to develop an "Ordinary High Water" (OHW) delineation manual. The Arid West region is dominated by watersheds with intermittent and ephemeral dry washes. Consequently, many aquatic resources lack the three characteristic features of a wetland, but they still perform ... |
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| Evaluation of Dam Decommissioning in an Ice-Affected River: Case Study |
SEP 2007 |
45 pages |
| Authors:
Carrie M. Vuyovich; Kathleen D. White; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Many dams across the United States are being decommissioned as a result of structural deficiencies or a desire to restore fish passage and to restore the natural stream. On northern rivers, darn removal affects the river ice processes and can result in increased ice jams and ice jams-related flooding. An analysis of the river system prior to darn removal is often necessary to ensure that increased ice jams, flooding, and ... |
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| Environmental Screening Assessment of Perchlorate Replacements |
AUG 2007 |
53 pages |
| Authors:
Jay L. Clausen; Stephen Clough; Michael Gray; Patrick Gwinn; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| A screening level assessment of the fate, transport, and toxicity of four potential replacements for perchlorate was performed. Resulting data will allow for evaluation and minimization of the potential environmental liability associated with the use of energetic compounds as propellants. This report details methods used and assessment findings. Inorganic oxidizer ammonium di(nitramido)amine (ADNA); cyclic nitramine/ gem-dinitro compound 1,3,5,5-tetranitrohexahydropyrimidine (DNNC); 1,3,3,5,7,7-hexanitro-1,5-diazacyclooctane (HCO); and diammonium di(nitramido)dinitroethylene (ADNDNE) were evaluated. Their respective analogue ... |
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| Energetic Residues on Alaskan Ranges: Studies for US Army Garrison Alaska 2005 and 2006 |
AUG 2007 |
86 pages |
| Authors:
Marianne E. Walsh; Charles M. Collins; Charles A. Ramsey; Thomas A. Douglas; Ronald N. Bailey; Michael R. Walsh; Alan D. Hewitt; Jay L. Clausen; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Soil was collected from Alaskan firing points and impact areas to assess accumulation of 2,4-DNT, NG, RDX, TNT, and/or HMX resulting from live-fire training activities. At each sampling site, the energetic compound was known from previous sampling or from specific training events. Surface soils at firing points for 105-mm howitzers had part-per-million concentrations of 2,4-DNT resulting from deposition of slivers of propellant from multi-perforated single-base propellant grains. 2,4-DNT was not ... |
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| Measurement of Lateral Tire Performance on Winter Surfaces |
AUG 2007 |
33 pages |
| Authors:
Gary Phetteplace; Sally Shoop; Travis Slagle; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Extending two-dimensional models of tire vehicle interaction to full three-dimensional functionality requires an understanding of lateral forces on off-road terrain and low-friction surfaces. Experiments were conducted at the Nevada Automotive Test Center using two principal tires--an all-season LT235/75R15, which has been the subject of many tests on the CRREL Instrumented Vehicle (CIV), and a tire used on the military's HMMWV, size 37X12.50R16.5 on ice, packed snow, and disaggregated snow. The ... |
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| Evaluation of the Snap Sampler for Sampling Ground Water Monitoring Wells for VOCs and Explosives |
AUG 2007 |
68 pages |
| Authors:
Louise V. Parker; Nathan D. Mulherin; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| A series of laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine the ability of the Snap Sampler to recover representative concentrations of VOC and explosives in ground water. For the laboratory studies, statistical analyses of the data (for each analyte) were conducted to determine if the concentrations of analytes in samples taken with the Snap Sampler were significantly different from known concentrations of the analytes in samples collected from a ... |
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| Environmental Assessment of Lead at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, Small Arms Ranges |
AUG 2007 |
136 pages |
| Authors:
Jay L. Clausen; Nic Korte; Benjamin Bostick; Benjamin Rice; Matthew Walsh; Andrew Nelson; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Environmental issues for small arms training with lead projectiles are examined in this report for Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, in order to evaluate whether past or future use of lead in small arms has or will result in lead mobilization to groundwater. A review of relevant literature and case studies demonstrates lead is toxic to humans and wildlife and, therefore, exposure must be minimized. The literature also demonstrates lead mobilization occurs ... |
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| Fate and Transport of Tungsten at Camp Edwards Small Arms Ranges |
AUG 2007 |
120 pages |
| Authors:
Jay L. Clausen; Susan Taylor; Steven L. Larson; Anthony Bednar; Michael Ketterer; Chris S. Griggs; Dennis J. Lambert; Alan D. Hewitt; Charles A. Ramsey; Susan R. Bigl; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, is the first of three military installations studied to assess the distribution of tungsten at small arms ranges. The study focused on three ranges at Camp Edwards. Tungsten was present in surface soils up to 2,080 mg/kg. Highest observed concentrations occurred at the berm face and decreased away from the berm in the following order: trough, target, range floor, and firing point. Tungsten concentration in surface soils ... |
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| Protocols for Collection of Surface Soil Samples at Military Training and Testing Ranges for the Characterization of Energetic Munitions Constituents |
JUL 2007 |
55 pages |
| Authors:
Alan D. Hewitt; Thomas F. Jenkins; Marianne E. Walsh; Michael R. Walsh; Susan R. Bigl; Charles A. Ramsey; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| In the past, very little guidance has been available for site characterization activities addressing the concentration and mass of energetic residues in military training range soils. Energetic residues are heterogeneously distributed over military training ranges as particles of various sizes, shapes, and compositions. Most energetic residues are deposited on the surface, and the highest concentrations exist at firing positions, near targets, and where demolition activities are performed. In the case ... |
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| A Review of the Growth Habits and Restoration Issues for Clitoria fragrans and Polygonella basiramia |
JUN 2007 |
29 pages |
| Authors:
Antonio J. Palazzo; Susan E. Hardy; Timothy J. Cary; Terry Bashore; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Military training activities, such as tracked vehicle operations and the use of high explosive ordnance, damage soils and vegetation. When federally listed threatened or endangered species are located in areas of destructive military activities, the military is required by law to consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to determine the best course of action, which may be either to restrict the military mission or to obtain permission to ... |
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| Development of Environmental Data for Navy, Air Force, and Marine Munitions |
JUN 2007 |
60 pages |
| Authors:
Jay L. Clausen; Constance Scott; Randall J. Cramer; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Use of conventional weapons and explosives in live-fire military training can lead to release of munitions constituent residues, which can migrate to groundwater and drinking water sources. The extent to which major energetic constituents (RDX, HMX, TNT, and perchlorate) are present at military installations is being analyzed and assessed. Studies of the presence of energetic materials on US Army live-fire training sites have increased our understanding of the environmental fate ... |
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| Analysis of the Lake Superior Watershed Seasonal Snow Cover |
MAY 2007 |
54 pages |
| Authors:
Steven F. Daly; Timothy B. Baldwin; Patricia Weyrick; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Daily estimates of the snow water equivalent (SWE) distribution for the period from 1 December through 30 April for each winter season from 1979 80 through 2002 03 were calculated for the entire Lake Superior watershed. The calculations were based on numerous groundbased daily observations collected and compiled by the National Weather Service in the United States and by the Meteorological Service of Canada in Canada. The daily estimates of ... |
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| Benefits of Using Remotely Operated Vehicles to Inspect USACE Navigation Structures |
MAR 2007 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
James H. Lever; Gary E. Phetteplace; Jason C. Weale; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers operates numerous navigation locks and dams across the country. Age and lack of funds to maintain these structures has led to significant increases in unscheduled outages. Dewatering provides the best inspection opportunity but is costly and halts navigation traffic. Diver inspections are costly, and safety is an issue. Frequent underwater inspections using remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) would help reduce the number and severity of ... |
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| Blast Absorber Feasibility Test - Short Range Measurements Aberdeen Test Center, MD |
MAR 2007 |
98 pages |
| Authors:
Frank E. Perron Jr.; Stephen N. Decato; Donald G. Albert; David L. Carbee; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Complaints about Army training noise, especially artillery noise, are increasing and are impacting soldier training opportunities. One suggested mitigation method is to use a gravel pad near the noise source to reduce blast noise. Measurements were conducted to assess this method by detonating C4 charges located over a 15- x 15- x 1.5-m-thick gravel pad or over undisturbed ground and recording the acoustic and seismic waveforms at various distances from ... |
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| Explosives Residues Resulting from the Detonation of Common Military Munitions: 2002-2006 |
FEB 2007 |
30 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Detonation of military munitions from live-fire and blow-in-place operations results in the deposition of explosives residues on training ranges. Residue accumulation may cause range availability restrictions and adversely affect training. As part of the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and through support from the U. S. Army Garrison, Alaska, methodologies were developed for the sampling and analysis of residues. Several munitions were detonated and their residues examined to obtain ... |
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| Instrumenting an All-Terrain Vehicle for Off-Road Mobility Analysis |
JAN 2007 |
56 pages |
| Authors:
Kyle D. Wesson; Michael W. Parker; Barry C. Coutermarsh; Sally A. Shoop; Jesse M. Stanley; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| With small mobile vehicles, even robots, becoming increasingly important for military operations, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) researchers set out to instrument an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) with mobility sensors to obtain and understand small-vehicle mobility data in all seasons. Extensive mobility research has already been performed at CRREL on the CRREL Instrumented Vehicle (CIV), which collects mobility data with large and expensive vehicle performance sensors. However, a small ... |
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| Characterization and Fate of Gun and Rocket Propellant Residues on Testing and Training Ranges: Interim Report 1 |
JAN 2007 |
221 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas F. Jenkins; Judith C. Pennington; Guy Ampleman; Sonia Thiboutot; Michael R. Walsh; Emmanuela Diaz; Katerina M. Dontsova; Alan D. Hewitt; Marianne E. Walsh; Susan R. Bigl; Susan Taylor; Denise K. MacMillan; Jay L. Clausen; Dennis Lambert; Nancy M. Perron; Marie C. Lapointe; Sylvie Brochu; Marc Brassard; Rob Stowe; Roccio Farinaccio; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| The objectives of the research described in this report are to characterize the deposition and accumulation of propellant residues at the various types of firing points at military firing ranges, develop process descriptors to allow estimation of environmental transport rates of individual energetic chemicals from these residues, and collect lysimeter and groundwater monitoring well samples to experimentally assess off-site transport of residues. Estimates of residue deposition are presented for the ... |
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| Double Lap Shear Testing of Coating-Modified Ice Adhesion to Specific Shuttle Component Surfaces |
DEC 2006 |
62 pages |
| Authors:
Michael G. Ferrick; Nathan D. Mulherin; Barry A. Coutermarsh; Glenn D. Durell; Leslie A. Curtis; Terry L. St. Clair; Erik S. Weiser; Roberto J. Cano; Trent M. Smith; Charles G. Stevenson; Eloy C. Martinez; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| The goals of this experimental program were to optimize the effectiveness of an icephobic coating for use on several Space Shuttle surfaces, to evaluate the effects of adding an ultraviolet light absorber (UVA) on coating performance, and to assess the consistency and durability of the basic coating and its modifications. The double lap shear test was used to quantify ice adhesion performance at a constant temperature of 112 C ( ... |
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| Assessing Fog Oil Deposition to Simulated Plant Surfaces During Military Training |
NOV 2006 |
66 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas A. Douglas; Jerome B. Johnson; Charles M. Collins; Charles M. Reynolds; Karen L. Foley; Lawrence B. Perry; Arthur B. Gelvin; Susan E. Hardy; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Fog oil is used as a battlefield obscurant during military operations. A smoke-like aerosol is emitted from mobile generators by volatilizing standard grade fuel #2 and blowing it through a heated manifold. In this study we monitored fog oil aerosol deposition to environmental surfaces during training. This project had two goals: to assess fog oil aerosol deposition (as total petroleum hydrocarbon, TPH) to environmental media and to quantify whether glass ... |
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| Conceptual Model for the Transport of Energetic Residues from Surface Soil to Groundwater by Range Activities |
NOV 2006 |
169 pages |
| Authors:
Jay L. Clausen; Nic Korte; Mary Dodson; Joe Robb; Shirley Rieven; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| This report integrates and summarizes research on the fate-and-transport properties of munition energetic compounds potentially migrating to groundwater. The goals of the report are to 1) review and summarize previous work; 2) identify data gaps; 3) provide research recommendations; and integrate conclusions from peer-reviewed research, results from investigations at military ranges, and consultations with explosives experts in the United States and Canada (Waterways Experiment Station, Army Environmental Center, Defence Research ... |
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| Creating a Wetland Restoration Decision Support System Using GIS Tools |
SEP 2006 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Jeff P. Lin; Scott C. Bourne; Barbara A. Kleiss; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| This technical note is a product of the Ecosystem Management and Restoration Research Program (EMRRP) work unit titled Development of a Spatially Explicit Decision Support System for Prioritizing wetland Restoration Areas. This technical note discusses the potential development and application of a generalized, GIS-based wetland restoration decision support system (DSS) using ArcView ModelBuilder. The discussion includes the general steps needed in creating a wetland restoration DSS, the types of digital ... |
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| A GIS System for Inferring Subsurface Geology and Material Properties: Proof of Concept |
SEP 2006 |
98 pages |
| Authors:
Lawrence W. Gatto; Michael V. Campbell; Judy Ehlen; Charles C. Ryerson; Lewis E. Hunter; Brian T. Tracy; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| This report describes the concept for a geographical information system (GIS) that can infer subsurface geology and material properties. The hypotheses were that a GIS can be programmed to 1) follow the fundamental logic sequence developed for traditional terrain- and image-analysis procedures to infer geologic materials; 2) augment that sequence with correlative geospatial data from a variety of sources; and 3) integrate the inferences and data to develop best-guess estimates. ... |
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| Engineering and Ecological Aspects of Dam Removal-An Overview |
SEP 2006 |
10 pages |
| Authors:
Jock Conyngham; J. C. Fischenich; Kathleen D. White; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Decommissioning and removing dams has emerged as one of the central foci of the new millennium for infrastructure management, river conservation, and the restoration of fisheries populations (American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) 2002; Heinz Center 2002). Anadromous, catadromous, and adfluvial species (Figure 1) are especially impacted by dam decommissioning and removal. It represents arguably the most powerful tool and largest opportunity for restoration of aquatic ecosystems and communities that ... |
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| Evaluation of Ground Vibrations Induced by Military Noise Sources |
AUG 2006 |
73 pages |
| Authors:
Donald G. Albert; Patrice Boulanger; Keith Attenborough; Michael J. White; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Measurements from locations with a variety of ground types were analyzed to determine the mechanisms and levels of the ground vibrations produced by airborne detonations of C4. The measurements show that an early seismic arrival from an underground path is always much smaller than the vibration induced by the air blast arrival. The acoustic-to-seismic coupling ratio for the atmospheric wave is a constant with respect to distance and peak pressure ... |
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| Delineating and Evaluating Vegetation Conditions of Vernal Pools Using Spaceborne and Airborne Remote Sensing Techniques, Beale Air Force Base, CA |
JUL 2006 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
Robert W. Lichvar; David C. Finnegan; Stephen Newman; Walter Ochs; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Remote sensing techniques were employed to identify aquatic resources, including vernal pools and riparian areas, at Beale Air Force Base (AFB) in September 2005. Aquatic resources previously identified at Beale AFB were delineated in the field and precisely located with a global position system (GPS). Though precise, these GPS maps were not comprehensive enough to fully understand the distribution and character of the aquatic system. Using those field results, we ... |
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| A Generalized Approach to Soil Strength Prediction With Machine Learning Methods |
JUL 2006 |
151 pages |
| Authors:
Peter M. Semen; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Current methods for evaluating the suitability of potential landing sites for fixed-wing aircraft require a direct measurement of soil bearing capacity. In contingency military operations, the commitment of ground troops to carry out this mission prior to landing poses problems in hostile territory, including logistics, safety, and operational security. Developments in remote sensing technology provide an opportunity to make indirect measurements that may prove useful for inferring basic soil properties. ... |
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| Comparison of Explosives Residues from the Blow-in-Place Detonation of 155-mm High-Explosive Projectiles |
JUN 2006 |
36 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; Marianne E. Walsh; Guy Ampleman; Sonia Thiboutot; Deborah D. Walker; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The disposal of unexploded ordnance is a potential source of explosives residues on ranges. Blow-in-place detonation of munitions currently is done to clear these areas for safety without an emphasis on the consumption of the explosive load. The general testing method is to detonate the horizontal fuzed projectile with one block of C4 explosive. Explosives residues from blow-in-place disposal were examined using several different detonation configurations. Seven 155-mm fuzed high-explosive ... |
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| Efficacy of DECON Green against VX Nerve and HD Mustard Simulants at Subfreezing Temperatures |
JUN 2006 |
25 pages |
| Authors:
Charles M. Reynolds; David B. Ringelberg; Lawrence B. Perry; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The objective of these studies was to quantify the efficacy of DECON Green against the VX nerve agent simulant bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phosphite and the HD mustard agent simulant 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide when used below 0 C relative to DECON Green use above 0 C. The efficacy of the DECON Green formulations was tested at 4 , 5 and 15 C using both dermal transfer and mass balance approaches. Dermal ... |
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| Double Lap Shear Testing of Coating Modified Ice Adhesion to Liquid Oxygen Food Line Bracket, Space Shuttle External Tank |
MAY 2006 |
92 pages |
| Authors:
M. G. Ferrick; N. D. Mulherin; R. B. Haehnel; B. A. Coutermarsh; G. D. Durell; T. J. Tantillo; T. L. St.Clair; E. S. Welser; R. J. Cano; T. M. Smith; E. C. Martinez; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The brackets that secure the liquid oxygen feed line to the external tank are known locations of frost and ice growth during the period following fuel loading. This experiment quantified the reduced adhesion when ice phobic coating were applied to test coupons simulating the bracket surface. Double lap shear testing of coated and uncoated coupons provided robust test specimens and consistent load response patterns with exceptional resolution. For these tests ... |
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| Energetic Residues Deposition From 60-mm and 81-mm Mortars |
MAY 2006 |
54 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; Marianne E. Walsh; Charles A. Ramsey; Richard J. Rachow; Jon E. Zufelt; Charles M. Collins; Arthur B. Gelvin; Nancy M. Perron; Stephanie P. Saari; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| Military live-fire training missions utilize a variety of energetic materials that are never completely consumed during firing. Many munitions are issued with various types, quantities, and configurations of propellants. In January 2006, CRREL teamed with the 1st Battalion, 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR) in Alaska to sample areas used during a mortar training mission. Samples were collected from the snow surface at the firing points for both 81-mm and 60-mm ... |
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| Double Lap Shear Testing of Coating Modified Ice Adhesion to Liquid Oxygen Feed Line Bracket, Space Shuttle External Tank |
MAY 2006 |
92 pages |
| Authors:
M. G. Ferrick; N. D. Mulherin; R. B. Haehnel; B. A. Coutermarch; G. D. Durell; T. J. Tantillo; T. L. St. Clair; E. S. Weiser; R. J. Cano; T. M. Smith; E. C. Martinez; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The brackets that secure the liquid oxygen feed line to the external tank are known locations of frost and ice growth during the period following fuel loading. This experiment quantified the reduced adhesion when ice phobic coatings were applied to test coupons simulating the bracket surface. Double lap shear testing of coated and uncoated coupons provided robust test specimens and consistent load response patterns with exceptional resolution. For these tests ... |
|
| Extending the Season for Concrete Construction and Repair. Phase II - Defining Engineering Parameters |
APR 2006 |
74 pages |
| Authors:
Charles J. Korhonen; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The Phase I study, conducted prior to the work reported herein, developed the tools to design, mix, place, and cure concrete in cold weather made with various combinations of commercial admixtures. The admixtures helped to protect concrete and maintain productivity, even when the temperature of concrete falls to 5 C soon after mixing. Phase II addressed the effect of high doses of the chemical admixtures studied in Phase I. The ... |
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| Seismic-Acoustic Active Range Monitoring for Characterizing Low-Order Ordnance Detonation |
APR 2006 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas S. Anderson; Jason C. Weale; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| A seismic-acoustic field data acquisition experiment was conducted in March 2005 to support the ERDC Environmental Quality program, Distributed Source focus area. The Distributed Sources focus area strives to characterize the level of contamination in range environments attributed to ordnance residue for the purpose of range management and environmental remediation. This remote sensing research project emphasizes seismic magnitude measurements and subsequent inference of partial detonations and unexploded ordnance. The analysis ... |
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| Variations in FASST Predictions of Soil Surface Temperatures |
APR 2006 |
78 pages |
| Authors:
Lindamae Peck; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| This report presents the results of a systematic investigation of the variation in soil surface temperatures predicted by the numerical model FASST (Fast All Seasons Soil Strength), using different values of soil physical, thermal, and optical parameters. Soil hydraulic properties were not varied. Single-factor experiments have shown that the major soil parameters for FASST predictions are, in descending order, initial volumetric soil moisture content, bulk density of the dry soil ... |
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| Extraction Kinetics of Energetic Compounds from Training Range and Army Ammunition Plant Soils |
MAR 2006 |
46 pages |
| Authors:
Marianne E. Walsh; Dennis J. Lambert; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Field-contaminated soils from army ammunition plants, training ranges, and an explosive ordnance disposal area were used to determine the effect of machine grinding and extraction procedure on concentration estimates of energetics. Machine grinding for one minute did not degrade the major analytes of interest (HMX, RDX, TNT, or 2,4-DNT), but did significantly reduce the subsampling error. The platform shaker extraction procedure was found to be at least as efficient as ... |
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| Design of Breakup Ice Control Structures |
MAR 2006 |
39 pages |
| Authors:
Andrew M. Tuthill; James H. Lever; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| The primary purpose of a breakup ice control structure (ICS) is to retain a breakup ice run upstream of a traditional ice jam problem area and thereby mitigate ice-jam flooding. By controlling ice-jam location, breakup ICSs also can prevent ice-related scour associated with dam removals or contaminated sediment remediation projects. This report briefly describes basic ICS types, purposes, and advantages and disadvantages, and provides engineering design guidance for their use. ... |
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| Settlement of a Foundation on a Permanent, Deep Snowpack |
FEB 2006 |
42 pages |
| Authors:
George L. Blaisdell; Jason C. Weale; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| The U.S. Antarctic Program is nearing completion of a nine-year project to reconstruct its primary facility at the South Pole. The new building is elevated and jackable to accommodate bulk and differential settlement into the snowpack. The building's foundation consists of rigidly connected grade beams from which 36 columns extend upward 13 ft (4 m) to support the state-of-the-art living and scientific facility. A limit of 2 in. (50 mm) ... |
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| Sampling Studies at an Air Force Live-Fire Bombing Range Impact Area |
FEB 2006 |
56 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas F. Jenkins; Alan D. Hewitt; Charles A. Ramsey; Kevin L. Bjella; Susan R. Bigl; Dennis J. Lambert; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Field sampling experiments were conducted at an Air Force live-fire bombing range. The main objective was to assess the effectiveness of using a systematic-random, multi-increment sampling strategy for the collection of representative surface soil samples in areas where bombing practice is conducted with bombs containing high explosives. Replicate surface soil samples were collected within several craters and in different sized grids (1 m x 1 m, 10 m x 10 ... |
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| Soil Freeze-Thaw Effects on Bank Erosion and Stability: Connecticut River Field Site, Norfolk, Vermont |
DEC 2005 |
56 pages |
| Authors:
Michael G. Ferrick; Lawrence W. Gatto; Steven A. Grant; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Bank recession resulting from surficial erosion and mass failure is a consequence of hydraulic forces and geotechnical processes. One important set of geotechnical processes in regions where seasonal frost forms is soil freeze-thaw (FT) cycling and associated ground-ice growth and melt. In cold regions soil FT processes usually cause more bank recession annually than other processes. The magnitude of FT effects is variable, depending on soil type, water content, and ... |
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| Energetic Residues From Live-Fire Detonations of 120-mm Mortar Rounds |
DEC 2005 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
Michael R. Walsh; Marianne E. Walsh; Charles M. Collins; Stephanie P. Saari; Jon E. Zufelt; Arthur B. Gelvin; James W. Hug; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Only limited data are available on energetic residues resulting from the firing and detonation of rounds from 120-mm mortars. After a live-fire training exercise at Fort Richardson, Alaska, we sampled a firing point for propellant residues (NG) and the impact area for high-explosives residues (RDX, HMX, and TNT). The firing point was snow-covered soil, and the impact area was snow-covered ice. The total explosives residue mass averaged 19 mg per ... |
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| Cold Regions Data Acquisition and Analysis for Section 227 National Shoreline Erosion Control Development and Demonstration Program Miami Park South, Allegan County, Michigan |
SEP 2005 |
29 pages |
| Authors:
Michael G. Ferrick; Lawrence W. Gatto; Christopher R. Williams; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Bank recession resulting from erosion and mass failure is a consequence of hydraulic forces and geotechnical processes. One important set of processes is soil freeze-thaw (FT) cycling and associated ground-ice growth and melt. In regions where seasonal frost forms soil FT processes usually cause more bank recession annually than other processes. The magnitude of FT effects is variable depending on soil type water content and freezing rate. The stability of ... |
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| Elution of Energetic Compounds from Propellant and Composition B Residues |
JUL 2005 |
37 pages |
| Authors:
Alan D. Hewitt; Susan R. Bigl; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Surface soils from two firing points, an artillery impact range, and soils fortified with propellants were evaluated in column elution experiments assessing the release of energetic compounds from melt-cast crystalline explosives and nitrocellulose-based polymeric propellant formulations. Soils obtained from active military ranges were collected at locations identified as potential source zones for energetic residues. The laboratory columns contained 30 g of a silty-sand loam beneath 5.0 g of soil laden ... |
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| Disturbance Measurements From Off-Road Vehicles on Seasonal Terrain |
JUL 2005 |
95 pages |
| Authors:
Rosa T. Affleck; ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
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| Vehicle operations on cross-country terrain for military, commercial or industrial, and recreational purposes can disturb the terrain, especially during spring thaw season. Terrain disturbance from off-road vehicle operations can be measured in terms of rut depth and vegetation damage. Ruts occur when vehicle load is greater than the terrain's bearing capacity, especially in soft soils. Rutting is the physical disturbance of the soil, including compaction and deformation. Estimates of rut ... |
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