| Large Scale Genomic Monitoring or Profiling Using a DNA-Based Memory and Microarrays |
DEC 2004 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Junghuei Chen; Yuzhen Wang; Russell Deaton; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
 | We describe a new method consisting of enzymatic manipulation of genomic DNA or mRNA with DNA microarrays that is capable of monitoring or profiling any organisms presented in a biological sample without priori knowledge of genomic sequences. The method we have developed seeks to store all genomic DNA information in the bacterial communities found in a patch of soil, water or air sample. The goal is to use genomic information ... |
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| Organic-Inorganic Interactions in Hydrothermal Processing |
26 OCT 2002 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The effect of inorganic species alone and on organic reactions at hydrothermal conditions was being investigated. The method involves the use of real-time IR spectroscopy in a windowed flow reactor. The specific studies were directed at the water gas shift reaction below the critical temperature of water; the kinetics of decomposition of nickel tetracarbonyl, sodium tetracarbonylcobaltate, and cyclopentadienyl cobalt dicarbonyl at hydrothermal conditions; decarboxylation and defluorination of trifluoroacetate and fluoroform; ... |
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| Chemical Mechanisms at the Burning Surface |
31 MAY 2000 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| This research program was devoted to the study of high-nitrogen compounds that have been of worldwide interest as gas generators, explosives, and propellants. The focus was specifically on substituted tetrazole and furazan ring compounds. The Russian FLAME database reveals that many of these compounds have high burning rates. In the United States these compounds are of interest to AFRL, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Thiokol Corporation ... |
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| Chemical Mechanisms at the Burning Surface |
15 MAR 96 |
127 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Chemical mechanisms and kinetics are described for the surface reaction zone of materials of interest in solid rocket propellants. The technique used is flash thermolysis of films by T-jump-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The potential for burn rate modification by a wide variety of related nitrogen heterocyclics was uncovered. The kinetics of decomposition of HMX, RDX and NTO were evaluated and critically analyzed. It was found that a kinetic compensation effect ... |
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| Chemistry of the Burning Surface |
12 OCT 93 |
202 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The objective of this project was to identify the dominant thermal decomposition and secondary reaction pathways that exist in the surface zone of a burning propellant. T-jump/FTIR spectroscopy and SMATCH/FTIR spectroscopy are new diagnostic techniques that were designed for this project. They enable a film of material to be heated at a high rate in such a manner as to simulate a thin volume element of the surface during combustion. ... |
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| Energetics Solids Degradation in High Temperature Water |
01 JUL 92 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Strategies have been developed to determine the kinetics and mechanisms of degradation of energetic molecules in water up to 500 deg C. FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopy enable in situ studies to be made and provide a wide spectral window in which many species can be followed simultaneously. Numerous spectroscopic and cell design hurdles have been encountered and surmounted so far. Cell designs and a process flow system that should provide ... |
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| Energetics Solids Degradation in High Temperature Water |
01 JUN 92 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Strategies have been developed to determine the kinetics and mechanisms of degradation of energetic molecules in water up to 500 deg C. FTIR and Fr-Raman spectroscopy enable studies to be made and provide a wide spectral window in which many species can be followed simultaneously. Numerous spectroscopic and cell design hurdles have been encountered and surmounted so far. Cell designs and a process flow system that should provide clean kinetic ... |
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| Characterization of the Thermal Degradation of Selected Energetic Materials and Mixtures by Rapid-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared (RSFTIR) spectroscopy |
JUL 90 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; Thomas P. Russell; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The rapid thermal decomposition characteristics of alkylammonium nitrate salts in which the alkyl group is a hydrocarbon cage are described. Cubylammonium nitrate, cubane-1, 4-diammonium dinitrate, and penta undecane-4- exo-e-endo diammonium dinitrate were studied. Comparisons are made to the behavior of other alkylammonium nitrate salts upon fast thermolysis. Keywords: Energetic materials, Rapid scan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermal decomposition. (js) |
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| Characterization of the Thermal Degradation of Selected Energetic Materials and Mixtures by Rapid-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared (RSFTIR) spectroscopy |
SEP 89 |
23 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; Thomas P. Russell; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| There has been considerable interest in ethylenediammonium dinitrate (EDD) as a component of mixtures with other nitrate salts and various organic molecules for use in melt castable explosives. Most of this work is described in the international patent literature. EDD mixtures with ammonium nitrate (AN) are more thermally stable than EDD alone, and they have better performance than AN alone. The eutectic mixture has a lower melting point than either ... |
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| Spectroscopic Characterization of HAN-Based Liquid Gun Propellants and Nitrate Salt Solutions |
15 JAN 89 |
112 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The high heating rate thermal decomposition of HAN and LP1845 was conducted using the FTIR/temperature profiling technique. The crystal structure of pure HAN was obtained. Models of the behavior of these materials during decomposition were developed. Very concentrated aqueous metal nitrate salt solutions were also investigated at high temperature and pressure by Raman spectroscopy to gain an understanding of the properties of HAN under similar conditions. To determine the feasibility ... |
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| Characterization of the Thermal Degradation of Selected Energetic Materials and Mixtures by Rapid-Scan Fourier Transform Infrared (RSFTIR) spectroscopy |
SEP 88 |
51 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; Thomas P. Russell; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Infrared studies of the solid-melt phases of a homologous series of organobis (ammonium nitrate) salts (1,2- ethanediammonium dinitrate through 1,6- hexanediammonium dinitrate) are described. Fast thermolysis experiment involving selected organoammonium and orgaodiammonium nitrate salts are also described. Conclusions related to the solid phase and thermolysis studies are presented. |
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| Structure/Property/Reactivity Relations Among Nitramine and Other Energetic Materials |
01 OCT 87 |
|
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
 | High heating rate thermoylsis studies of energetic materials using rapid-scan Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as the diagnostic technique have yielded considerable information on the origins of the pressure dependence of the process and structure/property/reactivity relationships. The pressure dependence of the observed gas products up to 1000 psi was shown for the first time to originate from heterogeneous gas/condensed phase reactions. The formation of NH3 from alkylammonium nitrate salts occurs only ... |
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| Structure/Property/Reactivity Relationships Among Nitramines and Newer Energetic Materials |
06 OCT 86 |
|
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Rapid-scan infrared spectroscopy studies of the high rate thermolysis of energetic molecules containing CNO2, NNO2, ONO2, N3, NO3(-), IR spectroscopy, DSC, solid-state NMR and X-ray crystallography have been conducted. Structure/ property/reactivity relationships have been established for the formation of NO2 and HONO. Understanding of some of the factors influencing the formation of CH2O, N2O and NO has also been acquired. The influence of the static applied pressure on the first ... |
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| Molecular Dynamics in Nitramines and Modified Nitramines |
NOV 1983 |
12 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The structure of RDX has been compared by the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the gas phase, melt phase, solution phase, and the solid Beta and alpha phases. The gas, melt, and solid Beta-RDX phases have not been studied previously. The RDX molecule has essentially C sub 3V molecular structure in all environments except the stable solid Alpha-RDX phase. The RDX and HMX melts were found to be ... |
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| Molecular Dynamics of Nitramines and High Energy Composite Materials |
NOV 1981 |
|
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Determination of the pressure-temperature phase diagram of the beta- to-delta polymer conversion of HMX has been completed. Enthalpy, entropy values were determined as was the effect of particle size. Variations in the nature of decomposition were found to be the source of the observed slope breaks and the particle size effect. The mechanism of motion in beta-HMX up to the phase transition temperature was found to involve disruption of the ... |
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| Studies of the Polymorphs of RDX. |
JUN 1978 |
|
| Authors:
Stephen T. Sergio; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The primary purpose of this research has been to investigate the lattice and molecular dynamics of RDX by observing the effects of both slow and rapid heating on the vibrational modes of RDX, and to determine if a thermally induced phase transition to the unstable polymorph can be observed spectroscopically. A laser Raman investigation of octahydro-1-3-5-7-tetranitro-1-3-5-7-tetrazocine (HMX), the eight-member ring analog of RDX, has shown that thermally induced phase transitions ... |
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| Lattice Dynamics of Heated Nitramines. |
NOV 1977 |
|
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The laser Raman spectra of the four known polymorphs of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) have been recorded. Comparison of the spectra show that beta-HMX contains a different ring conformation than do alpha, gamma and delta-HMX. Alpha, gamma and delta-HMX have conformations which are similar to one another. The phase transition behavior between the polymorph forms was studied at slow heating rates and the results with transition temperatures being given parenthetically are: beta ... |
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| The Enthalpy of Interaction of Nonelectrolyte Pairs in Dilute Aqueous Solutions. |
APR 1977 |
|
| Authors:
James J. Savage; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The enthalphy of dilution of single- and binary-solute aqueous mixtures of a series of compounds were measured from about 0.2 to 2 mol/kg at 25 C. The compounds included in the study were N-methylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N-methylpropionamide, N-butylacetamide, urea, ethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, glucose and sucrose. The apparent molal volumes of each solute in dilute aqueous solutions were measured at 0, 25, and 45 C. A statistical analysis of the excess enthalpy ... |
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| Combustion Characteristics of Crystalline Solid Oxidizers and Lattice Dynamics in Ammonium Perchlorate. |
AUG 1976 |
35 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Combustion Characteristics of Crystalline Oxidizers: Time-of-flight and high resolution mass spectrometry of UHP-AP and its deuterated derivative were examined in an effort to identify some of the key decomposition species. Of particular interest is the sure detection of HNO, the hydrides of nitrogen and the oxides of chlorine. HNO (mass 31) was found as a minor component at temperatures above 80 C. It is considered highly improbable that HNO could ... |
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| Lattice Dynamics in Ammonium Perchlorate. |
20 OCT 1975 |
32 pages |
| Authors:
Thomas B. Brill; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The breakdown of the crystal lattice of ammonium perchlorate in the 300-625 K range has been studied by laser Raman spectroscopy. Detailed examination of the external and internal modes of the ion reveals that the onset of essentially unhindered tumbling of the ClO4(-) ion seems to be intimately tied to the decomposition of AP. The effect of K(+) as an isomorphous dopant in the crystal lattice is to permit the ... |
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| Combustion Characteristics of Crystalline Rocket Oxidizers. |
FEB 1972 |
67 pages |
| Authors:
Harold C. Beachell; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The report describes a combustion research and testing program that has achieved one of its long range goals; that of providing new theory and practice for burning rate control of solid rocket propellants. In addition, new understanding has been added of the role played by the crystalline oxidizers used in those propellants. (Author) |
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| Combustion Characteristics of Crystalline Oxidizers |
Jun 1969 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Harold C Beachell; E E Hackman; John Melpolder; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Single crystals have been prepared from ammonium perchlorate (A.P.) solutions containing 20% by weight Ba(ClO4)2. Analyses for Ba(++) content in the crystals are being made. Single crystals of methyl ammonium perchlorate were grown and submitted for combustion testing comparison with pure A. P. A number of new perchlorate and nitrate oxidizers were prepared and characterization was begun. To date, the fastest burning oxidizer has been methyl ammonium perchlorate (2 1/2 ... |
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| Combustion Characteristics of Crystalline Oxidizers. |
SEP 1968 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
Harold C. Beachell; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Combustile tubes, loaded with sample powders, have demonstrated their utility in screening pure and catalyzed monopropellant oxidizer burning rates. Tests have been run at pressures from 1 to 100 atmospheres; and various perchlorates and nitrates have been tested. Divalent cation doping of A.P. large single crystals has proven to be extremely difficult. Tests are proceeding with Ba(++). Concurrent tests in other laboratories have demonstrated burning rate modification of propellants containing ... |
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| REACTION OF DIISONITROSOACETONE WITH SULFONYL CHLORIDES. |
26 FEB 1968 |
|
| Authors:
William A. Mosher; Edward S. Wilks; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| This report describes the results obtained on three aspects of the color-forming reaction between diisonitrosoacetone (DIA), diethylamine, and tosyl chloride. Further attempts have been made to find a reagent that would increase the color intensity of this reaction. The replacement of diethylamine by other secondary amines generally, but not always, gives lower color intensities, while primary amines give variable results. No significant color intensity increases were observed. The reaction fails ... |
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| REACTION OF DIISONITROSOACETONE WITH SULFONYL CHLORIDES. |
26 FEB 1968 |
|
| Authors:
William A. Mosher; Edward S. Wilks; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| This report summarizes the work carried out on the synthesis and structure determination of diisonitrosoacetone (DIA) and on the color-forming reaction between DIA, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, and various amines and amides. Extensive evidence suggests that the DIA molecule exists primarily in the syn-syn conformation, although this has not been finally proved. The reaction between DIA, diethylamine, and tosyl chloride has been studied extensively, and is known to be complex; several products ... |
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| REACTION OF DIISONITROSOACETONE WITH SULFONYL CHLORIDES. |
18 SEP 1967 |
|
| Authors:
William A. Mosher; Edward S. Wilks; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| This report describes the attempts made to find a reagent that would increase the color intensity developed in the reaction involving the formation of 3-diethylamino-4-pyrazolone-1-oxide from diisonitrosoacetone, diethylamine, and p-tolunesulfonyl chloride. It was found that p-phenylenediamine, p-aminophenol, quinone, and 1,4-naphthoquinone altered the reaction path, while ascorbic acid markedly inhibited the formation of the pyrazolone. Cupric sulfate and ferrous sulfate prevented the occurrence of the reaction, whereas hydrazobenzene, hydroquinone, hydrogen peroxide, ... |
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| COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CRYSTALLINE OXIDIZERS. |
SEP 1967 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Harold C. Beachell; E. Ellsworth Hackman; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| Various modifications to the monopropellant solid oxidizer ammonium perchlorate are described. Cation replacement, or 'doping' of AP by Sr(++) ion and deuteration to provide ND4ClO4 did not alter the burning rate from that of pure NH4ClO4 at 14.7 psia. Hydrated aluminum sulfate shows an ability to extinguish AP combustion at the 5% level, whereas 2% does not even alter the burning rate at atmospheric pressure. The theoretical adiabatic combustion species ... |
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| SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS IN HYDROXAMATE NUCLEOPHILE DISPLACEMENTS AT CARBONYL CENTERS. |
31 AUG 1967 |
|
| Authors:
Harold Kwart; Hisanori Omura; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| The 'charge effect' previously discussed for nucleophilic displacements on isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate by non-alpha but not by alpha nucleophiles was investigated in analogous reactions occurring at carbonyl centers. The catalytic coefficients determined for a variety of neutral and cationic para substituted benzohydroxamates in reaction with both p-nitrophenylbenzoate and p-nitrophenyl-p-nitrobenzoate were plotted in both Bronsted and Hammett linear free energy relationships. These and other data appear to be consistent with the conclusion ... |
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| COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CRYSTALLINE OXIDIZERS. |
JUN 1967 |
115 pages |
| Authors:
Elmer Ellsworth Hackman III; DELAWARE UNIV NEWARK DEPT OF CHEMISTRY
|
| A fundamental understanding of the combustion characteristics of crystalline oxidizers like ammonium perchlorate is important if complete knowledge pertaining to the combustion and stability characteristics of composite solid propellants is to be attained. This research involved theoretical and experimental studies of the burning of crystalline oxidizers ranging in physical form from large single crystals to low bulk density powders. Single crystals, visually perfect throughout most of their mass, were grown ... |
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