| Physical Properties of the Ice Cover of the Greenland Sea |
NOV 1982 |
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| Authors:
W. F. Weeks; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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 | There is a very little information available on the physical properties of the ice cover of the Greenland Sea. This paper reviews what is known about the different types of ice that are believed to occur in this area. It also discusses how the internal structure and composition of these ice masses may differ from those of the more extensively studied ice of the Beaufort Sea and identifies gaps in ... |
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| Hydraulic Model Study of Port Huron Ice Control Structure |
NOV 1982 |
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| Authors:
Darryl J. Calkins; David S. Deck; Devinder S. Sodhi; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| The ice discharge through an opening in an ice control structure was documented to be a function of the floe size, ice type, ice floe conditions and vessel direction. The model data for the average ice discharge per vessel transit scaled to prototype values compared favorably with data taken at the St. Marys River ice control structure (ICS). The model results of the force measurements were also consistent with data ... |
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| Climate of Remote Areas in North-Central Alaska: 1975-1979 Summary |
NOV 1982 |
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| Authors:
Richard K. Haugen; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Air temperature, precipitation, and some ground surface temperatures predominantly from remote areas of central and northern Alaska are statistically and graphically summarized on a monthly basis for a five-year period (1975-79). The remote site data were obtained during the course of several CRREL investigations. To provide a more comprehensive coverage, these data are presented together with data obtained at National Weather Service stations in the area. The analysis is based ... |
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| Long-Term Modifications of Perennially Frozen Sediment and Terrain at East Oumalik, Northern Alaska |
NOV 1982 |
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| Authors:
Daniel E. Lawson; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Camp construction and drilling activities in 1950 at the East Oumalik drill site in northern Alaska caused extensive degradation of ice-rich, perennially frozen silt and irreversible modification of the upland terrain. In a study of the long-term degradational effects at this site, the near-surface geology was defined by drilling and coring 76 holes (maximum depth of 34 m) in disturbed and undisturbed areas and by laboratory analyses of these cores. ... |
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| The Growth, Structure, and Properties of Sea Ice |
NOV 1982 |
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| Authors:
W. F. Weeks; S. F. Ackley; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| This monograph describes in some detail the current state of knowledge of the observed variations in the structural characteristics (grain size, crystal orientation, brine layer spacing) and composition (brine, gas and solid salts) of sea ice as well as the presumed causes of these variations. The importance of these variations in controlling the large observed changes in the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of sea ice is also discussed. (Author) ... |
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| Limnological Investigations: Lake Koocanusa, Montana. Part 3. Basic Data, Post-Impoundment, 1972-1978 |
NOV 1982 |
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| Authors:
P. C. Storm; T. J. H. Bonde; R. M. Bush; J. W. Helms; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Study of Lake Koocanusa, Montana (the reservoir formed by impoundment of the Kootenai River by Libby Dam in 1972), was undertaken in 1972 as a continuation of pre-impoundment studies of the Kootenai River underway since 1967. This report presents the water quality-limnological data compiled by the Corps of Engineers from 1972 through 1978. Additional information was provided by the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Waste Management Branch, and the Water ... |
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| Hydrology and Climatology of the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed, Alaska |
OCT 1982 |
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| Authors:
Richard K. Haugen; Charles W. Slaughter; Karen E. Howe; S. Lawrence Dingman; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| The Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed is a small (101.5-sq km) drainage basin located 48 km northwest of Fairbanks, Alaska. Elevations within the watershed range from 210 to 826 m, and approximately 28% of its area is underlain by permafrost. Climatic differences between the watershed and Fairbanks are primarily due to the higher elevation of the watershed. Generally the watershed climatic sites are warmer in winter and cooler in summer than ... |
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| On the Differences in Ablation Seasons of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice |
OCT 1982 |
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| Authors:
Edgar L. Andreas; Stephen F. Ackley; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Arctic sea ice is freckled with melt ponds during the ablation season; Antarctic sea ice has few, if any. On the basis of a simple surface heat budget, we investigate the meteorological conditions necessary for the onset of surface melting in an attempt to explain these observations. The low relative humidity associated with the relatively dry winds off the continent and an effective radiation parameter smaller than that characteristic of ... |
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| Bering Strait Sea Ice and the Fairway Rock Icefoot |
OCT 1982 |
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| Authors:
Austin Kovacs; Devinder S. Sodhi; Gordon F. N. Cox; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Information on sea ice conditions in the Bering Strait and the icefoot formation around Fairway Rock, located in the strait, is presented. Cross-sectional profiles of Fairway Rock and the relief of the icefoot are given along with theoretical analyses of the possible forces active during icefoot formation. It is shown that the ice cover most likely fails in flexure as opposed to crushing or buckling, as the former requires less ... |
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| Fluid Dynamic Analysis of Volcanic Tremor |
OCT 1982 |
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| Authors:
M. G. Ferrick; A. Qamar; W. F. St. Lawrence; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Low-frequency (<10 Hz) volcanic earthquakes originate at a wide range of depths and occur before, during, and after magmatic eruptions. The characteristics of these earthquakes suggest that they are not typical tectonic events. Physically analogous processes occur in hydraulic fracturing of rock formations, low-frequency icequakes in temperate glaciers, and autoresonance in hydroelectric power stations. We propose that unsteady fluid flow in volcanic conduits is the common source mechanism of low-frequency ... |
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| Equations for Determining the Gas and Brine Volumes in Sea Ice Samples |
OCT 1982 |
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| Authors:
Gordon F. N. Cox; Wilford F. Weeks; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Equations are developed that can be used to determine the amount of gas present in sea ice from measurements of the bulk ice density, salinity and temperature in the temperature range of -2 to -30 C. Conversely these relationships can be used to give the density of sea ice as a function of its temperature and salinity, considering both the presence of gas and of solid salts in the ice. ... |
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| Growth of Faceted Crystals in a Snow Cover |
OCT 1982 |
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| Authors:
Samuel C. Colbeck; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Ice grains in a snow cover with a low temperature gradient assume a well-rounded equilibrium form. However, at temperature gradients of 0.1 to 0.2 C/cm (depending somewhat on temperature and snow density), the rounded grains recrystallize into a faceted kinetic growth form. The large temperature gradient must play a decisive role in moving the vapor fast enough to sustain the rapid growth rate associated with the kinetic growth form. Once ... |
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| Least Life-Cycle Costs for Insulation in Alaska |
OCT 1982 |
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| Authors:
Stephen N. Flanders; Harold J. Coutts; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Recommendations for economical thicknesses for building insulation result from a study of fuel and construction costs of 12 military installations in Alaska. A comparison between the insulation thickness that a building owner might choose today and what he might choose in 20 years indicates a trend for much thicker insulation in the future. An analysis of how much more expensive a building built today with the thickness that would be ... |
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| Limnological Investigations: Lake Koocanusa, Montana. Part 1. Pre- Impoundment Study, 1967-1972 |
OCT 1982 |
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| Authors:
Thomas J. H. Bonde; Ronald M. Bush; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| This report documents the effects of the construction of Libby Dam upon the water quality of the United States portion of the Kootenai River during the pre-impoundment phase of a long-term water quality study. Water quality problems during dam construction appeared to be restricted to short-term increases in suspended sediment and turbidity which suppressed the aquatic insect population in the river downstream. Abnormally high background concentrations and abrupt chemical changes ... |
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| Direct Filtration of Streamborne Glacial Silt |
SEP 1982 |
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| Authors:
Michael D. Ross; Richard A. Lowman; Robert S. Sletten; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| A direct filtration, water treatment pilot plant was operated on the Kenai River at Soldotna, Alaska, during the summer of 1980. The purpose of the pilot plant operations was to determine the feasibility of the direct filtration process for removal of glacial silt. The major criterion used to determine feasibility was production of water containing less than 1.0 NTU of turbidity. For the range of raw water turbidities encountered (22-34 ... |
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| An Experimental Investigation of Potential Icing of the Space Shuttle External Tank |
SEP 1982 |
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| Authors:
Michael G. Ferrick; Kazuhiko Itagaki; George E. Lemieux; Susan E. Minas; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| The thermal protection system tiles on the Space Shuttle orbiter are extremely sensitive to impact damage. Such impacts could be caused by ice particles dislodged from the outer surface of the external tank (ET) during the launch. The ET, which contains the cryogenic propellant tanks, is covered with a spray-on foam insulation (SOFI) to minimize ice formation. The objective of this investigation was to experimentally explore a range of environmental ... |
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| Bibliography of Literature on China's Glaciers and Permafrost. Part I. 1938-1979 |
SEP 1982 |
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| Authors:
Shen Jian; Zhang Xianggong; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| This report is a translation of a book received by USACRREL as part of its cooperative program with the Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology, Academica Sinica, People's Republic of China. The bibliography covers the following topics: glaciers by geographic regions, applied glaciology including snow, avalanches, and river ice, permafrost (cryopedology), mud flows, and survey techniques including mapping, remote sensing, and isotope analyses. A list of Chinese journals is included. (Author) ... |
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| Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology. Volume 36, Part 1, 1982 |
SEP 1982 |
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| Authors:
COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| The 'Bibliography on Cold Regions Science and Technology' was first published in 1951 and is a continuing publication of the Cold Regions Bibliography Project in the Science and Technology Division of the Library of Congress. It is sponsored by and prepared for the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (formerly Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Volumes 1-15 were issued as the 'Bibliography ... |
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| Conduction Phase Change Beneath Insulated Heated or Cooled Structures |
AUG 1982 |
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| Authors:
Virgil J. Lunardini; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| The problem of thawing beneath heated structures on permafrost (or cooled structures in non-permafrost zones) must be addressed if safe engineering designs are to be conceived. In general, there are no exact solutions to the problem of conduction heat transfer with phase change for practical geometries. The quasi-steady approximation is used here to solve the conductive heat transfer problem with phase change for insulated geometries including infinite strips, rectangular buildings, ... |
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| Acoustic Emissions from Polycrystalline Ice |
AUG 1982 |
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| Authors:
William F. St. Lawrence; David M. Cole; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| The acoustic emission response from fine-grained polycrystalline ice subjected to constant compressive loads was examined. A number of tests were conducted with the nominal stress ranging from 0.8 to 3.67 MPa at a temperature of -5 C. The acoustic emission response was recorded and the data are presented with respect to time and strain. The source of acoustic emissions in ice is considered in terms of the formation of both ... |
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| Deceleration of Projectiles in Snow |
AUG 1982 |
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| Authors:
Donald G. Albert; Paul W. Richmond III; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Instrumented M374 projectiles were launched into snow, nylon, and Styrofoam targets using a 10.7-m radius centrifuge. For snow of 410-kg/cu m 3 density, the 3.1-kg test projectile experienced decelerations of approximately 220, 400, and 550 m/sq s (at a depth of 0.1 m) for initial impact velocities of 15,30 and 46 m/s respectively. These values disagree with values predicted from a simple hydrodynamic drag force approximation. The decelerations measured for ... |
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| Optimizing Deicing Chemical Application Rates |
AUG 1982 |
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| Authors:
L. David Minsk; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Snow and ice control on highways has come to rely heavily on the use of sodium chloride to maintain a trafficable surface for unimpeded movement. Empirical approaches have led to a wide range of application rates, some clearly excessive, but justified on the ground of safety and expediency. The combination of environmental degradation from the huge quantities of salt entering the environment, along with the increased cost of salt itself ... |
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| Wastewater Applications in Forest Ecosystems |
AUG 1982 |
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| Authors:
H. L. McKim; W. E. Sopper; D. Cole; W. Nutter; D. Urie; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Under proper design and management, a forest ecosystem in the central United States should renovate municipal wastewater as long or longer than conventional agricultural systems, especially when design limitations are hydraulic loading rate, heavy metals, P and N. Forest systems require smaller buffer zones than agricultural systems and lower sprinkler pressures. Immature forests are better wastewater renovators than mature forests. (Author) |
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| Application of a Numerical Sea Ice Model to the East Greenland Area |
AUG 1982 |
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| Authors:
Walter B. Tucker III; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model which employs a viscous-plastic constitutive law has been applied to East Greenland area. The model is run on a 40-km spatial scale at 1/4-day time steps for a 60-day period with forcing data beginning on 1 October 1979. Results tend to verify that the model predicts reasonable thicknesses and velocities within the ice margin. Thermodynamic ice growth produces excessive ice extent, however, probably due to ... |
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| Subsea Permafrost in Harrison Bay, Alaska: An Interpretation from Seismic Data |
AUG 1982 |
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| Authors:
K. Gerard Neave; Paul V. Sellmann; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Velocity data derived from petroleum industry seismic records from Harrison Bay show that high-velocity material (> or = 2 km/s) interpreted to be ice-bonded permafrost is common. In the eastern part of the bay, the depth to high velocity material increases and velocity decreases in an orderly manner with increasing distance from shore until the layer is no longer apparent. The western part of the bay is less orderly, possibly ... |
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| Seismic Site Characterization Techniques Applied to the NATO RSG-11 Test Site in Muenster Nord, Federal Republic of Germany |
JUL 1982 |
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| Authors:
Donald G. Albert; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| Seismic P and SH wave refraction experiments at the NATO RSG-11 test site in Muenster Nord, Federal Republic of Germany, reveal the presence of a nearly horizontal, three-layer velocity structure. The upper layer, composed of unconsolidated glacial till, is 1 m thick and has P (compressional) and SH (shear-horizontal) wave velocities of 240 and 165 m/s. The second layer, made up of similar, more compacted material, is 9.5 m thick, ... |
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| The Mobility of Water in Frozen Soils |
18 JUN 1982 |
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| Authors:
Virgil J. Lunardini; Richard Berg; Richard McGaw; Thomas Jenkins; Yoshisuke Nakano; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| New relations for the flow of water in partially frozen soils are now being incorporated into frost heave models. The thermodynamic equilibrium equations for freezing soil water are well established but the partition of the soil system stresses within freezing zones is poorly understood. It has been demonstrated that the hydraulic conductivity of water in frozen soils is small but non-zero. Over time spans of several years, which are appropriate ... |
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| Development of a New Design Procedure for Overland Flow System |
18 JUN 1982 |
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| Authors:
C. James Martel; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
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| The hydraulic and kinetic relationships developed during this study can be used as the basis of a rational procedure for design of overland flow systems. The three basic steps in this procedure are: (1) Determine the detention times required to remove pollutants specified in the discharge permit. (2) Calculate the application rate needed to satisfy the longest or most critical detection time. (3) Calculate the land area required from the ... |
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| Evaluation of a Simple Model for Predicting Phosphorus Removal by Soils during Land Treatment of Wastewater |
JUN 1982 |
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| Authors:
J. C. Ryden; J. K. Syers; I. K. Iskandar; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| This report evaluates a simple P balance model to predict site longevity with respect to P removal during land treatment of wastewater. The model is based on measured inputs and outputs of P at the treatment site and on an estimate of the P storage capacity of the soil profile. Sorption of P by three soils used for land treatment conformed to the P sorption model based on a generalized ... |
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| Improving Electric Grounding in Frozen Materials |
JUN 1982 |
|
| Authors:
A. J. Delaney; P. V. Sellmann; S. A. Arcone; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| This study shows that resistance to ground of a simple vertical electrode in frozen fine-grained soil can be lowered significantly by placing it in a hole backfilled with a conductive soil-salt mixture. These tests were performed near Fairbanks, Alaska, in perennially frozen silt. Three electrodes were installed in holes created by detonating standard military shaped charges placed at the ground surface. The backfill contained varying amounts of salt. Measurement of ... |
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| Relationship between the Ice and Unfrozen Water Phases in Frozen Soil as Determined by Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Physical Desorption Data |
JUN 1982 |
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| Authors:
A. R. Tice; J. L. Oliphant; Y. Nakano; T. F. Jenkins; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| An experiment is described that demonstrates the balance between the ice and the unfrozen water in a frozen soil as water is removed. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used to monitor the unfrozen water content as the soil is dehydrated by a molecular sieve material. Our results show that the unfrozen water content of a Morin clay soil remains constant until the total water content has been reduced to the ... |
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| Limnological Investigations: Lake Koocanusa, Montana. Part 4. Factors Controlling Primary Productivity |
JUN 1982 |
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| Authors:
P. F. Woods; C. M. Falter; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Postimpoundment loadings of total nitrogen and total phosphorus delivered to Lake Koocanusa by the principal inflowing stream, the Kootenai River, were predicted to be large enough to cause eutrophication of the lake; however, measured annual primary productivity for 1972 through 1975 was relatively low, and characteristic of oligotrophic waters. It was hypothesized that primary productivity was limited to oligotrophic values because phytoplankton photosynthesis was suppressed by physical limnological factors. ... |
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| The CRREL 2-Inch Frazil Ice Sampler |
MAY 1982 |
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| Authors:
John Rand; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| The CRREL 2-inch frazil ice sampler is a tubular device for obtaining undisturbed samples of frazil ice from beneath a floating ice cover. It fits through a 2 1/2-in.-diameter hole drilled in the ice. A liquid-tight seal at the bottom of the sampler prevents the loss of frazil ice and/or water from the tube while the unit is being raised. (Author) |
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| Evaluating the Heat Pump Alternative for Heating Enclosed Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Cold Regions |
MAY 1982 |
|
| Authors:
C. James Martel; Gary E. Phetteplace; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| This report presents a five-step procedure for evaluating the technical and economic feasibility of using heat pumps to recover heat from treatment plant effluent. The procedure is meant to be used at the facility planning level by engineers who are unfamiliar with this technology. An example of the use of the procedure and general design information are provided. Also, the report reviews the operational experience with heat pumps at wastewater ... |
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| Meteorological Conditions Causing Major Ice Jam Formation and Flooding on the Ottauquechee River, Vermont |
MAY 1982 |
|
| Authors:
Roy Bates; Mary-Lynn Brown; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| This report discusses wintertime meteorological conditions that can induce rapid ice breakup, ice jam formation and subsequent flooding. These conditions, described for the Ottauquechee River in Vermont, should be representative of those for similar unregulated river systems in northern temperature regions. Summer flood conditions are compared to those during winter floods, when river ice is the main impediment to water flow. Comparisons are made for total precipitation, stage height and ... |
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| Shoreline Conditions and Bank Recession Along the U.S. Shorelines of the Saint Marys, Saint Clair, Detroit and Saint Lawrence Rivers |
MAY 1982 |
|
| Authors:
Lawrence W. Gatto; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| The purpose of this investigation was to provide data to be used in evaluating the effects of winter navigation on processes that cause bank erosion. The specific objectives were to document bank conditions and erosion sites along the rivers, to monitor and compare the amounts of winter and summer bank recession and change, and to estimate the amount of recession that occurred prior to winter navigation. Shoreline conditions and bank ... |
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| Effects of Inundation on Six Varieties of Turfgrass |
MAY 1982 |
|
| Authors:
Frederic H. Erbisch; Karen L. Stark; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Six cold-adapted grasses, (manchar brome, boreal red fescue, durar fescue, nugget Kentucky bluegrass, meadow foxtail and sydsport bluegrass) were given ten-day dark and inundation stress treatments. Nugget Kentucky bluegrass grown in soil or gravel exhibited the best survival. Sydsport bluegrass did well in gravel. Meadow foxtail and manchar brome survived the treatments when grown in silt soil, but did not when grown on gravel soil. Rhizomes were regenerated by most ... |
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| Snowpack Profile Analysis Using Extracted Thin Sections |
MAY 1982 |
|
| Authors:
William L. Harrison; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| A method is presented for obtaining snow profiles for analysis. The method and required equipment replace former methods such as the 'roaring bonfire' technique and the use of dyes. (Author) |
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| Moisture Detection in Roofs with Cellular Plastic Insulation -- West Point, New York, and Manchester, New Hampshire |
MAY 1982 |
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| Authors:
Charles J. Korhonen; Barry A. Coutermarsh; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| New roofs with cellular plastic insulation and a bituminous built-up membrane were surveyed with a hand-held infrared camera to determine its effectiveness in detecting damp and wet insulation. Wet areas were found and defined with the help of 2-in.-diam. core samples. The results of the tests showed the infrared camera can be useful and effective as an inspection tool within the time constraints of the typical one-year warranty period. The ... |
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| The Freezing and Blocking of Water Pipes |
MAY 1982 |
|
| Authors:
K. L. Carey; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| The topic addressed in this article is the freezing and blockage of water pipes that are full, with the water either flowing or still. It has long been assumed that when the water in a pipe freezes the ice begins to form on the inside surface of the pipe and grows uniformly inward (annular growth), until finally the pipe is completely blocked. Under this hypothesis, the freezing process is fairly ... |
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| Laboratory Measurements of Soil Electric Properties between 0.1 and 5 GHz |
APR 1982 |
|
| Authors:
Allan J. Delaney; Steven A. Arcone; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Dielectric measurements have been performed on silt and sand samples from permafrost areas using Time Domain Reflectometry. The sample temperatures were varied from +25 C to -25 C, and volumetric water content was varied between oven-dry and 0.55 gH2O/cc. The data were processed for frequencies between 0.1 and 5.0 GHz. The results show a constant K' and a low K' for frequencies up to 1 GHz. A frequency dependence seen ... |
|
| Model Study of Port Huron Ice Control Structure, Wind Stress Simulation |
APR 1982 |
|
| Authors:
D. S. Sodhi; D. J. Calkins; D. S. Deck; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| This study deals with the distribution of forces along the converging boundaries of the Port Huron, Michigan, region where unconsolidated ice in Lake Huron is held against wind and water stresses. An experimental basin was built to induce uniform shear stress on the model ice cover by flowing water beneath the ice. The boundary segments, which held the ice cover in the region, were instrumented to measure force in the ... |
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| Plant Growth and Management for Wastewater Treatment in Overland Flow Systems |
APR 1982 |
|
| Authors:
Antonio J. Palazzo; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Domestic wastewater was applied over a four-year period at various rates to three overland flow test slopes to study forage grass growth and nutrient removal. The annual application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus ranged up to 2026 and 226 kg/ha, respectively. The forage grasses were harvested three times per season. Plant yields, composition and uptake of nutrients were determined. The results show that reed canarygrass, quackgrass and Kentucky bluegrass were ... |
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| Sensible and Latent Heat Fluxes and Humidity Profiles Following a Step Change in Surface Moisture |
APR 1982 |
|
| Authors:
Edgar L. Andreas; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| From a high-quality set of velocity, temperature, and humidity profiles collected upwind and downwind of a step change in surface roughness, temperature, and moisture, we have calculated upwind and downwind values of the heat fluxes and friction velocity. The surface change is from smooth to rough; upwind, the sensible heat flux is upward and the latent heat flux is zero; downwind, the surface is well-watered so that the latent heat ... |
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| Numerical Solutions for a Rigid-Ice Model of Secondary Frost Heave |
APR 1982 |
|
| Authors:
Kevin O'Neill; Robert D. Miller; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Frost heave is analyzed for the common case in which some ice penetrates the soil. In this situation, heave is due to the accumulation of soil-free ice just within the frozen zone, behind a frozen fringe of finite thickness. Heat and mass transport within and across that fringe are crucial processes in the dynamics of heave. This analysis concentrates on activity within the fringe, also connecting that activity to heat ... |
|
| Testing Shaped Charges in Unfrozen and Frozen Silt in Alaska |
MAR 1982 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
North Smith; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
 | Borehole blasting tests using 15- and 40-lb charges were conducted in silt at Fort Wainwright near Eielson Air Force Base. Tests were conducted with the silt unfrozen and with two thicknesses of frozen surface layers (2.0 and 3.7 feet). The standoff distance (the height of the charge above the soil surface) was varied to determine its effect on borehole dimensions. The 15-lb shaped charge was fired over unfrozen sile with ... |
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| Charged Dislocation in Ice. II. Contribution of Dielectric Relaxation |
MAR 1982 |
|
| Authors:
Kazuhiko Itagaki; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| The contribution of electrically charged dislocation motion to dielectric relaxation was studied theoretically. Experimentally obtained data on charge density, dislocation density, and segment length and distribution described in Part I of this series were used to calculate dielectric relaxation spectra. The results indicate that the charged dislocation process can produce the observed audio frequency dielectric relaxation as well as the distribution of spectra. (Author) |
|
| Overview of Models Used in Land Treatment of Wastewater |
MAR 1982 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
I. K. Iskandar; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| This report summarizes the state of the art of the modeling of wastewater renovation by land treatment. The models discussed are classified based on their use for planning, site selection and cost analysis, and for predicting water and salt transport in soils, nitrogen transport and transformations, phosphorus transport and transformations, virus movement in soils, and toxic metal and trace organic movement in soils. This report compares the different models as ... |
|
| The Second National Chinese Conference on Permafrost, Lanzhou, China, 12-18 October 1981 |
MAR 1982 |
|
| Authors:
Jerry Brown; Yin-Chao Yen; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| Approximately 100 papers were presented at the conference and 180 abstracts were published. The papers were presented during three sessions: Distribution, Characteristics, and Formation of Frozen Ground; Basic Physico- Mechanical Properties and Processes in Frozen Soils; and Engineering Design and Construction in Permafrost. Sixty-nine institutions conducting frozen ground research in China were represented. |
|
| Preliminary Assessment of the Nutrient Film Technique for Wastewater Treatment |
MAR 1982 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
John R. Bouzoun; Antonio J. Palazzo; COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB HANOVER NH
|
| An experiment was conducted to determine the feasibility of using a solar powered, self-regenerating plant growth system, called the nutrient film technique (NFI), to treat primary effluent (average temperature, 11.1 C). Primary effluent was pumped onto the elevated end of a sloping waterproof 2-x- 40-ft plywood tray and trickled through the root mat of reed canarygrass. The quantity of influent and effluent was measured as well as temperature, pH, total ... |
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