| Computational and fMRI Studies of Visualization |
31-Mar-2009 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Marcel A Just; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
 | The main goal of this research was to determine the role played by visual imagery and spatial thinking in high level cognition, such as in problem-solving and reasoning. In conjunction with the experimental work, the project developed a computational modeling system (4CAPS) as well as the development of 4CAPS models for particular tasks. The cognitive level of 4CAPS accounts for human errors and performance times in various tasks, whereas the ... |
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| Resolving the Paradox of the Active User: Stable Suboptimal Performance in Interactive Tasks |
2004 |
36 pages |
| Authors:
Wai-Tat Fu; Wayne D. Gray; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| This paper brings the intellectual tools of cognitive science to bear on resolving the paradox of the active user [Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human Computer Interaction, Cambridge, MIT Press, MA, USA] the persistent use of inefficient procedures in interactive tasks by experienced or even expert users when demonstrably more efficient procedures exist. The goal of this paper is to understand the roots of this paradox by finding regularities in ... |
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| Integrated Cognitive Computational and Biological Assessment of Workload in Decision Making |
AUG 2003 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
Marcel A. Just; Patricia A. Carpenter; Cleotilde Gonzalez; Javier Lerch; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| The project research is completed. Several manuscripts are still in the process of being prepared for publication. The project has developed paradigms to study high-level, high-demand cognitive tasks with fMRI. The project has discovered a surprising phenomenon regarding a mutual constraint on the total amount of cortical activation possible in a dual task situation. The project has determined the effects of input modality in dual tasking. The project has developed ... |
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| Instruction in Dynamic Tasks Based on a High-Fidelity Cognitive Architecture |
21 AUG 2002 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
John R. Anderson; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Initial research was performed on the Brute synthetic task for unmanned flight (based on the Predator system). This research indicated that spatial orientation was a major difficulty that people had in performing this task. Many participants made many errors in their directional judgments. A series of experiments were performed systematically investigating the difficulties people had in integrating a map view of a terrain with a camera view available from a ... |
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| Computational Models of Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity |
15 FEB 2002 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Lynne M. Reder; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| This project involved several inter-related goals. The first was to study how working memory affects performance of cognitive tasks. We then demonstrated that a formally specified, computer implemented model can account for performance at a fine level of detail including performance differences among individuals. Finally, we intended demonstrated that differences in working memory capacity are stable and predictive of performance across several qualitatively different tasks. Frank Lee and Glenn Gunzelmann ... |
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| Computational and fMRI Studies of Visualization |
NOV 2001 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Patricia A. Carpenter; Marcel A. Just; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| During the current grant, considerable progress was made in relating fMRI-measured activation during high-level spatial thinking to the properties of the cognitive architecture in three areas: (1) empirical studies of fMR-imaging during various types of spatial thinking, (2) developments of methodological tools for fMRI research, and (3) development of a theory and a computational modeling system to relate cognitive processing to the underlying large-scale cortical networks. |
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| Parallel Supercomputing in Cognitive Brain Imaging Other Massive 3-D dataspaces |
08 DEC 1999 |
4 pages |
| Authors:
Marcel A. Just; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| This instrumentation grant supported the purchase of a small supercomputer for cognitive brain imaging and other large 3D dataspaces. The machine that was purchased was an SGI (Silicon Graphics) Origin 2000 parallel supercomputer with 14 CPU's, 7 gigabytes of main memory, 750 gigabytes of disk storage, and 5 terabytes of fast tape storage. In addition, 6 SGI Unix workstations were purchased for graphics display and ... |
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| A Source Activation Account of Individual Differences in Working Memory Performance |
1999 |
70 pages |
| Authors:
Lynne M. Reder; Marsha C. Lovett; Larry Z. Daily; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Working memory resources are needed for processing and maintenance of information during cognitive tasks. Many models have been developed to capture the effects of limited working memory resources on performance. However, most of these models do not account for the finding that different individuals show different sensitivities to working memory demands, and none of the models predicts individual subjects' patterns of performance. We propose a ... |
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| Transfer of Skills Among Programming Languages |
JUN 95 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
John R. Anderson; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| The general picture that has emerged from this research is one in which programming skill is to be conceived as translation from one surface representation to another. While the successful student will have this surface representation annotated with rich representation of its functionality, the skill is still quite specific to the notational details of the representations involved. The initial context for this research was set by two things supported by ... |
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| Understanding Mechanical Systems Through Computer Animation and Kinematic Imagery |
30 APR 92 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Patricia A. Carpenter; Marcel A. Just; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| One purpose of the research is to develop models of cognitive processes in systems. A particular focus was on the processes in mentally animating the representation of a mechanical system, and the contribution of animation graphics in comprehension. Several studies, involving eye fixations, verbal protocols and process tracing, indicated that mental animation was difficult for individuals who were not knowledgeable about mechanics. Animation did help them determine the motion of ... |
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| Understanding Mechanical Systems through Computer Animation and Kinematic Imagery |
30 APR 92 |
|
| Authors:
Patricia A. Carpenter; Marcel A. Just; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
 | One purpose of the research is to develop models of cognitive processes in understanding mechanical systems. A particular focus was on the processes in mentally animating the representation of a mechanical system, and the contribution of animation graphics in comprehension. Several studies, involving eye fixations, verbal protocols and process tracing, indicated that mental animation was difficult for individuals who were not knowledgeable about mechanics. Animation did help them determine the ... |
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| Savings In Relearning Face-Name Associations as Evidence for Covert Recognition in Prosopagnosia |
JAN 92 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
Marcie A. Wallace; Martha J. Farah; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Prosopagnosic patients appear to be impaired at recognizing faces. However, recent evidence for 'covert recognition' in prosopagnosia has been taken to suggest that the impairment is not in face recognition per se, but rather in conscious access to face recognition. The most widely used test for covert recognition of faces in prosopagnosia is the face-name relearning task, in which some prosopagnosics have been found to learn correct names for previously ... |
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| 'What' and 'Where' in Visual Attention: Evidence from the Neglect Syndrome |
JAN 92 |
36 pages |
| Authors:
Martha J. Farah; Marcie A. Wallace; Shaun P. Vecera; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| From what types of visual representations does attention select stimuli for further processing? Two alternatives that have been investigated within cognitive psychology are: Array, or location-based representations, and object-based representations. We briefly review the literature on this issue in normal subjects, and then report two experiments on the same issue using parietal-damaged patients with visual neglect. The findings from neglect patients are then discussed with respect to: The clinical literature ... |
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| Dissociated Overt and Covert Recognition as an Emergent Property of Lesioned Attractor Networks |
JAN 92 |
68 pages |
| Authors:
Martha J. Fraah; Randall C. O'Reilly; Shaun P. Vecera; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Covert recognition of faces in prosopagnosia, in which patients who cannot consciously or overtly faces nevertheless manifest recognition when tested in certain indirect ways, has been interpreted as the functioning of an intact visual recognition system deprived of access to other brain systems necessary for consciousness. We propose an alternative hypothesis: That the visual recognition system is damaged but not obliterated in these patients, and that it is an intrinsic ... |
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| A Cognitive Approach to the Design of Information Graphics |
14 SEP 91 |
|
| Authors:
Stephen Casner; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| Graphical representations popularly thought to be useful for communicating and processing Information yield mixed results when tested with real users. Cognitive research suggests that current design methodologies fall to exploit the potentials of graphics for expediting human performance of information-processing tasks: (1) allowing users to substitute less effortful visual procedures in place of more demanding non-visual procedures; and (2) streamlining users' search for information by supporting visual search heuristics. BOZ ... |
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| Learning Physics Via Explanation-Based Learning of Correctness and Analogical Search Control |
SEP 91 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt VanLehn; Randolph M. Jones; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Cascade models humans learning college physics by studying examples and solving problems. It simulates the main qualitative phenomena visible in human protocols of learning, including several strategies for analogical and non-analogical problem solving, and two strategies for studying examples. It learns at the knowledge level by acquiring new physics rules, and it learns search control knowledge. Most importantly, it models a recently observed phenomemon, the self explanation effect, which correlates ... |
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| Modeling the Self-Explanation Effect with Cascade 3 |
SEP 91 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt VanLehn; Randolph M. Jones; Michelene T. Chi; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| Learn Probability Distributions with The Contrastive Hebbian Algorithm. The Artificial Intelligence and Psychology Project |
09 JUL 91 |
|
| Authors:
J. R. Movellan; J. L. McClelland; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| This paper presents a method for training connectional networks that adhere to the principles of graded, random, adaptive, and interactive propagation of information (GRAIN). While our analysis has bee motivated by our desire to find a learning algorithm that would work in this environment, we have succeeded in implementing a model that encompasses a large class of previous connectionist algorithms under the same theoretical principles and that expands the scope ... |
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| Novice Strategies for Comprehending Technical Texts |
JUN 91 |
106 pages |
| Authors:
Diana Dee-Lucas; Jill H. Larkin; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| This project investigated the comprehension of technical texts by novice readers (i.e., people not familiar with technical subject matter). It focused on two questions: (1) How do novice readers determine what is important in technical texts? and (2) How does the organization of information in technical domains domains influence novice text processing and learning? Our research on how novices assess importance found that they develop rules that define what categories ... |
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| Architectures for Intelligence: The Twenty-Second Carnegie Symposium on Cognition |
12 OCT 90 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt VanLehn; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| This proposal requests funds to partially support a symposium on Architectures for Intelligence. The major purposes of the symposium are: (1) To promote interaction among researchers who are pursuing the architectural question from divergent viewpoints. (2) To exhibit the common issues in architecture research that may have been obscured by the variety of approaches. (3) To see if there are a common set of good ideas that crop up in ... |
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| Behavior, Immunologic Response, and Upper Respiratory Infection |
01 SEP 90 |
|
| Authors:
Sheldon Cohen; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Our study involves predicting infection and symptomatology in humans from psychological status, health behaviors, and immunologic measures taken prior to a viral challenge (Rhinoviruses 2, or 9, or 14). Subjects in the viral challenge trials were 302 volunteers kept in isolation and monitored closely for viral shedding, and symptomatology over nine-day trial. We also collected cross- sectional data on psychological and behavioral characteristics and immune status from an additional 385 ... |
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| Explanation-Based Learning of Correctness: Towards a Model of the Self- Explanation Effect |
MAY 90 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt VanLehn; William Ball; Bernadette Kowalski; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| Two major techniques in machine learning, explanation-based learning and explanation completion, are both superficially plausible models for Chi's self-explanation effect, wherein the amount of explanation given to examples while studying them correlates with the amount of the subject learns from them. We attempted to simulate Chi's protocol data with the simpler of the two learning processes, explanation completion, in order to find out how much of the self-explanation effect it ... |
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| Two Pseudo-Students: Applications of Machine Learning to Formative Evaluation |
MAY 90 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt VanLehn; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| The goal of the research described here is to develop simulation programs that can be used for formative evaluation during the instructional design process. Such simulations are called pseudo-students, because they simulate human students learning from the given instruction. However, unlike human students, pseudo-students keep a detailed trace of the learning so that the designer can discover the causes of undesirable pedagogical outcomes. For instance, one pseudo-student, Sierra, helped demonstrate ... |
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| What One Intelligence Test Measures: A Theoretical Account of the Processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test |
03 APR 90 |
71 pages |
| Authors:
Patricia A. Carpenter; Marcel A. Just; Peter Shell; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| This paper analyzes the cognitive processes in a widely used, non- verbal test of analytic intelligence, the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (Raven, 1962). The analysis determines which processes distinguish between higher-scoring and lower-scoring subjects and which processes are common to all subjects and all items on the test. The analysis is based on detailed performance characteristics such as verbal protocols, eye fixation patterns and errors. The theory is expressed as ... |
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| Goal Reconstruction: How Teton Blends Situated Action and Planned Action |
03 NOV 89 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt VanLehn; William Ball; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| This chapter discusses an extra capability that few cognitive architectures have, even though it is both useful from a programming point of view and arguably a good approximation to a human capabilities. People can reconstruct goal structures and other aspects of their internal state that have been forgotten. For instance, suppose one is interrupted in the middle of solving a difficult problem by a long involved phone call. When the ... |
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| Towards the Knowledge Level in SOAR: The Role of the Architecture in the Use of Knowledge |
07 AUG 89 |
|
| Authors:
Paul S. Rosenbloom; Allen Newell; John E. Laird; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| Soar has been described as an architecture for a system that is to be capable of general intelligence. One way to specify what this might mean is to define general intelligence as the ability to approximate an ideal knowledge level system across a sufficiently broad set of goals and knowledge. In this chapter we use this definition as the basis for evaluating the degree to which Soar achieves general intelligence. ... |
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| Learning Events in the Acquisition of Three Skills |
21 JUL 89 |
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| Authors:
Kurt A. Vanlehn; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| According to current theories of cognitive skill acquisition, new problem solving rules are constructed by proceduralization, production compounding, chunking, syntactic generalization, and a variety of other mechanisms. All these mechanisms are assumed to run rather than quickly, so a rule's acquisition should be a matter of a few seconds at most. Such 'learning events' might be visible in protocol data. This paper discusses a method for locating the initial use ... |
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| Encoding Sequential Structure in Simple Recurrent Networks |
14 JUL 89 |
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| Authors:
David Servan-Schreiber; Axel Cleeremans; James L. McClelland; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| We explore a network architecture introduced by Elman (1988) for predicting successive elements of a sequence. The network uses the pattern of activation over a set of hidden units from time-step t-1, together with element t, to predict element t+1. When the network is trained with strings from a particular finite-state grammar, it can learn to be a perfect finite-state recognizer for the grammar. When the net has a minimal ... |
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| Stochastic Interactive Activation and the Effect of Context on Perception |
14 JUL 89 |
|
| Authors:
James L. McClelland; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| Classically, context exerts a biasing effect on perceptual identification responses given without time pressure. Such effects are well described by classical models formulated in terms of signal detection theory or Luce's theory of choice. The classical models do not describe the actual time course of processing, however; they simply produce characterizations of asymptotic response probabilities. In this article, mathematical analysis and computer simulation methods are used to show that interactive ... |
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| A Distributed, Developmental Model of Word Recognition and Naming |
14 JUL 89 |
|
| Authors:
Mark S. Seidenberg; James L. McClelland; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| A parallel distributed processing model of visual word recognition and pronunciation and of the acquisition of these skills is described. The model consists of a set of orthographic units used to code letter strings, a set of hidden units, and a set of phonemic units. Weights on connections between units were modified during a training phase using the back-propagation learning algorithm. The model takes letter strings as input and yields ... |
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| Rule Acquisition Events in the Discovery of Problem Solving Strategies |
JUL 89 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt A. Vanlehn; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| Although there are many machine learning programs that can acquire new problem solving strategies, we do not know exactly how their processes will manifest themselves in human behavior, if at all. In order to find out, a line- by-line protocol analysis was conducted of a subject discovering problem solving strategies. A model was developed that could explain 96% of the lines in the procol. On this analysis, the subject's learning ... |
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| Tower-Noticing Triggers Strategy-Change in the Tower of Hanoi: A Soar Model |
JUN 89 |
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| Authors:
Dirk Ruiz; Allen Newell; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| People who solve the Tower of Hanoi start out with a guided trial- and-error strategy and later acquire a recursive strategy, the generally most effective strategy. Protocol data shows that noticing and using subtowers in problem-solving differentiates two subjects who acquired the recursive strategy from one who did not. A working Soar model explains Tower of Hanoi strategy- acquisition by first assuming the basic ability to notice and use subtowers, ... |
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| Comprehension Processes in Mechanical Reasoning |
MAY 89 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Patricia A. Carpenter; Marcel A. Just; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Several lines of research investigated how people reason about mechanical devices. One avenue explored the use of diagrams in conjunction with texts to understand a particular machine. Another project investigated the psychological processes that distinguish people who score high or low in a psychometric test of mechanical ability. A third project examined the visual scanning and decision processes that are used to evaluate a kinematic display of a machine in ... |
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| Non-LIFO Execution of Cognitive Procedures |
13 APR 89 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt VanLehn; William Ball; Bernadette Kowalski; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| Many current theories of human problem solving and skill acquisition assume that people work only on the unsatisfied goal that was created most recently. That is, the architecture obeys a last-in-first-out (LIFO) constraint on the selection of goals. We argue that this restriction seems to be violated by some subjects on some tasks. In particular, we show that non-verbal protocols of 8 subjects in a sample of 26 can be ... |
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| Felicity Conditions for Cognitive Skill Acquisition: Tutorial Instruction Does Not Need Them. Revision |
07 APR 89 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt VanLehn; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Theoretical work suggests that when students learn a complex skill, they may face ambiguities in how to interpret the training material, and that there may be social conventions, called felicity conditions, about how the teacher will provide information that help the students resolve these ambiguities. One proposed felicity condition is for the teacher to guarantee that a separate lesson will be used for the introduction of new methods or concepts ... |
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| Felicity Conditions for Cognitive Skill Acquisition: Tutorial Instruction does not need them. Revision |
07 APR 89 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt VanLehn; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Theoretical work suggests that when students learn a complex skill, they may face ambiguities in how to interpret the training material, and that there may be social conventions, called felicity conditions, about how the teacher will provide information that help the students resolve these ambiguities. One proposed felicity condition is for the teacher to guarantee that a separate lesson will be used for the introduction of new methods or concepts ... |
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| A Workbench for Discovering Task-Specific Theories of Learning |
03 MAR 89 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt A. Vanlehn; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Very little of our cognitive behavior (as opposed to more peripheral behaviors) is determined by the fixed, unchangeable parts of our mind. Cognitive behaviors seem to be determined by our knowledge and the environment itself. Thus, recent work in A1 on developing models of the fixed part of the mind (the cognitive architecture) will not be of much use to educators who wish to perform a cognitive task analysis of ... |
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| Behavior, Immunologic Response, and Upper Respiratory Infection |
11 JAN 89 |
|
| Authors:
Sheldon Cohen; David Tyrrell; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Our study involves predicting infection and symptomatology in humans from psychological and immunologic measures taken prior to a viral challenge (Rhinoviruses 2, or 9, or 14, or Corrona virus 221E). Subjects are approximately 1,000 volunteers kept in isolation and monitored closely for viral shedding, and symptomatology over nine-day trials. ONR funds are primarily used to examine the usefulness of antibody titers to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) as an indirect ... |
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| Cirrus: Inducing Subject Models from Protocol Data |
16 AUG 88 |
|
| Authors:
Bernadette Kowalski; Kurt VanLehn; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Cirrus is a system for aiding the analysis of protocol data. It assumes that subjects are following a non-deterministic procedure or plan, which is specified for it by the user. It uses machine learning techniques to find a deterministic version of the given procedure that maximizes the fit between the procedure's actions and the subject's actions, as recorded in the protocol given to Cirrus for analysis. This paper describes the ... |
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| Contributions to Engineering Models of Human-Computer Interaction. Volume 1 |
06 MAY 88 |
|
| Authors:
Bonnie E. John; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
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| This dissertation presents two engineering models of behavior at the human-computer interface; a model of immediate behavior stimulus-response compatibility and a model of transcription typing. Formulated within the architecture of the Model Human Processor of Card, Moran and Newell, these models are able to make zero-parameter, quantitative predictions of human response time in their respective domains. They are also completely integrated, making good predictions about performance on a dual reaction-time/typing ... |
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| The Role of Working Memory in Language Comprehension |
FEB 88 |
|
| Authors:
Patricia A. Carpenter; Marcel A. Just; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| This chapter provides an account of the transient computational and storage demands that typically arise during comprehension, and of the information management policies that attempt to satisfy those demands. The chapter describes a number of recent studies that examine the trading relation between computation and storage in working memory during language comprehension. Comprehension processes tends to minimize storage requirements by minimize the number of partial products that have to be ... |
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| Problem Solving and Cognitive Skill Acquisition |
FEB 88 |
|
| Authors:
Kurt VanLehn; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| There has been a great deal of work in human problem solving since the landmark publication of Newell and Simon's Human Problem Solving in 1972. After reviewing the 1972 theory and the subsequent additions to it that model practice effects and expert-level problem solving, this tutorial presents 19 basic findings that seem to capture much of the recent experimental work in the field. Keywords: Problem solving; Knowledge-lean problem solving; Scehma-driven ... |
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| Induction of Partial Orders Beats Classification: Improvement to the Cirrus Protocol Analysis System |
14 JAN 88 |
|
| Authors:
Bernadette Kowalski; Kurt VanLehn; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| In this paper, we discuss Cirrus, a semi-automated data analysis and model formation system. Cirrus starts with a half-order model for a data set, and induces the remaining knowledge necessary to turn the model into one which can reproduce subjects' protocols. This knowledge takes the form of scheduling strategies for selecting tasks from an unordered agenda. The first implementation of the systems, Cirrus-I, used a standard concept formation approach, with ... |
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| Understanding Machines from Text and Diagrams |
DEC 87 |
|
| Authors:
Mary Hegarty; Marcel A. Just; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Instructional materials typically use both text and diagrams to explain how machines work. In this paper we give an account of what information is involved in understanding a mechanical device and the role that diagrams might play in communicating this information. We propose a model of how people read a text and inspect an accompanying diagram which states that people inspect diagrams for three reasons; (1) to form a representation ... |
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| Mental Models of Mechanical Systems: Individual Differences in Qualitative and Quantitative Reasoning |
DEC 87 |
|
| Authors:
Mary Hegarty; Marcel A. Just; Ian R. Morrison; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| People who understand mechanical systems can infer the principles of operation of an unfamiliar device from their knowledge of the device's components and their mechanical interactions. Individuals vary considerably in their ability to make this type of inference. This paper describes studies of performance in psychometric tests of mechanical ability. based on subjects' retrospective protocols and response patterns, it was possible to identify rules of mechanical reasoning that accounted for ... |
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| Novice Importance Rules: Definitions and Equations |
DEC 87 |
|
| Authors:
Diana Dee-Lucas; Jill H. Larkin; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| The study complements research indicating that content area novices judge importance in texts according to sentence type category (e.g., whether sentences are definitions, facts, equations, etc.). Subjects varying in expertise judged the importance of sentences in physics texts when they were presented in one of two forms: definitions or facts (Experiment 1), and equations or verbal formulae (Experiment 2). The two sentence versions were always identical in substantive content. Experts ... |
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| Text Organization and Comprehensibility in Technical Writing |
OCT 87 |
|
| Authors:
Diana Dee-Lucas; Jill H. Larkin; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Technical texts often introduce scientific principles by deriving the principle prior to stating it. This proof-first organization violates writing guidelines suggested by current text learning theories. The current research compares the effect on comprehension of this type of structure with its logical alternative a principle first structure. Results indicate that readers spend more time with information when it occurs first. Thus, the principle-first structure focuses attention on the principle, and ... |
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| The Processes of Scientific Discovery: The Strategy of Experimentation |
29 SEP 87 |
|
| Authors:
Deepak Kulkarni; Herbert A. Simon; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| This paper is part of program of research aimed at understanding the processes of scientific discovery by constructing computer programs that are capable of making discoveries and the simulate, at a grosser or finer level of approximation, the paths that have been followed by distinguished scientists on their roads to important discoveries. The present investigation is made possible by the existence of detailed historical study of a particular scientific discovery: ... |
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| Is Visual Imagery Really Visual? Overlooked Evidence from Neuropsychology |
07 AUG 87 |
|
| Authors:
Martha J. Farah; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| Does visual imagery engage some of the same representations used in visual perception? The evidence collected by cognitive psychologists in support of this claim has been challenged by three types of alternative explanation: Tacit knowledge, according to which subjects use nonvisual representations to simulate the use of visual representations during imagery tasks, guided by their tacit knowledge of their visual systems: experimenter expectancy, according to which the data implicating shared ... |
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| Visual and Spatial Mental Imagery: Dissociable Systems of Representation |
07 AUG 87 |
|
| Authors:
Martha J. Farah; Katherine H. Hammond; David N. Levine; Ronald Calvanio; CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA DEPT OF PSYCHOLOGY
|
| It is argued that the debate over whether mental images are visual or spatial representations is based on the false premise that they must be one or the other. In support of the hypothesis that mental imagery has distinct visual and spatial components of representation. The authors (1) point out a correspondence between the notions of visual appearance and spatial location representations in visual neurophysiology, on the one hand, and ... |
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