| Traditional Statistical Measures Comparing Weather Research and Forecast Model Output to Observations Centered Over Utah |
Jan 2011 |
336 pages |
| Authors:
John Raby; Jeff Passner; Robert Brown; Yasmina Raby; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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 | The Model Assessment Project automated legacy scripts produce model validation statistics using the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Model Evaluation Tools (MET) software. The project also accessed the Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System (MADIS) mesonet observation data to augment the legacy National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) PrepBUFR METAR observational data to provide a twenty-fold increase in the number of observations to compare with model forecasts. MET Point-Stat was ... |
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| An Examination of the Feasibility of Ultrasonic Communications Links |
Jun 2010 |
62 pages |
| Authors:
David Tofsted; Sean O'Brien; Sean D'Arcy; Edward Creegan; Scott Elliott; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| A study is performed to consider the feasibility of using the ultrasonic band just above the normal adult audio frequency range (20-25 kHz) for low data rate signaling. In this band several features of interest are explored and a potential application (Identification Friend-or-Foe [IFF]) is highlighted. A key finding is that the data transmission rate is restricted in the presence of multipathing effects. Data transmission rates in the 300-baud range ... |
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| Evaluation of the Weather Research and Forecast Model Over Dugway, Utah During 2009 |
Nov-2009 |
68 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffrey Passner; Robert Dumais; Barbara Sauter; Robert Flanigan; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) performed numerous case studies of the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at horizontal resolutions of 3 and 1 km to better understand weather output for military use. ARL's devised model sensitivity experiments of several WRF parameterizations including the vertical resolution of 40, 60, and 80 levels, model time steps of 9 and 3 seconds, three different explicit microphysics, ... |
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| Boundary Layer Turbulence (BLT) Water Vapor Measurement Test: Summary of Current Results, September 2009 |
Oct-2009 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
Sean O'Brien; David Tofsted; Jimmy Yarbrough; D S Elliott; David Quintis; Robert Brice; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The propagation of terahertz (THz) band radiation through the atmosphere is a topic of increasing interest as advanced passive and active imaging systems are developed that operate in this spectral region. Much of the impact of the boundary layer atmosphere in this band is due to water vapor absorption, which is very strong even in atmospheric window regions. Most of the effect of atmospheric water vapor is due to the ... |
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| Local-Rapid Evaluation of Atmospheric Conditions (L-REAC) System, Design and Development. Volume 1 (Proof-of-Concept) |
Sep-2009 |
48 pages |
| Authors:
Gail Vaucher; Lou Luces; Sean O'Brien; Robert Brice; Manny Bustillos; Sean D'Arcy; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been investigating various aspects of the urban environment, including the airflow and stability characterization around a single urban building. Experience and results from these studies have lead to a decision maker tool called the Local-Rapid Evaluation of Atmospheric Conditions (L-REAC) System. The ultimate goal for L-REAC is to improve soldier/civilian situational awareness of environmental hazards during potentially life-threatening events. L-REAC is composed of ... |
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| A Fuel Consumption Algorithm for Unmanned Aircraft Systems |
May-2009 |
39 pages |
| Authors:
Terry Jameson; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The Army Research Laboratory, Battlefield Environment Division has been developing an Aviation Weather Routing Tool (AWRT) to address the issue of weather impacts upon various Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) missions. The AWRT depicts regions of adverse weather impacts and then searches for alternate routes that minimize those impacts. A related factor that has yet to be included in AWRT involves UAS fuel consumption. Fuel consumption rates, remaining fuel quantity, and ... |
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| Using the Advanced Research Version of the Weather Research and Forecast Model in Support of ScanEagle Unmanned Aircraft System Test Flights |
Mar-2009 |
42 pages |
| Authors:
Robert Flanigan; Jeffrey E Passner; Robert E Jr; Dumais; Stephen Kirby; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) supported unmanned aircraft flights in a specified airspace domain at Yuma Proving Ground (YPG) in November and December 2007. The Battlefield Environment Division of the Computational and Information Sciences Directorate (CISD), Army Research Laboratory (ARL), was asked to provide real-time meteorological modeling support and weather products such as low-level wind and turbulence forecasts at YPG to help determine areas and ... |
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| An Army Illumination Model (AAIM) |
Nov-2008 |
42 pages |
| Authors:
Richard C Shirkey; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| An Army Illumination Model (AAIM), for use with Night Vision Goggles, has updated the Light Urban Model Effects (LUME) with new algorithms for cloud reflection; it also has been augmented with a population database for model input. In addition to providing illumination levels for cities, the model now includes values for lunar illumination under clear or (partially) cloudy skies at ground level. AAIM may be used in tactical decision aids ... |
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| White Sands Missile Range 2007 Urban Study: Data Processing - Volume DP-2 (Main Dataset) |
01-Sep-2008 |
62 pages |
| Authors:
Gail Vaucher; Sean D'Arcy; Robert Brice; Manuel Bustillos; Ron Cionco; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| This report (Volume DP-2) completes the initial series of White Sands Missile Range 2007 Urban Study (W07US) documentation. The term "data processing" can generate a wide variety of expectations across the many scientific disciplines. for W07US, data processing included all actions leading to the most informative quality data output relevant to the mission objectives. Thus, the data processing task began with the inception of the field study, continued through the ... |
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| Using the Advanced Research Version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-ARW) to Forecast Turbulence at Small Scales |
01-Sep-2008 |
30 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffrey E Passner; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
|
| The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has an interest in high spatial and temporal resolution weather output with an emphasis on products that assist warfighter decision aids and applications in battlefield environments. This model study was done in support of the short-range Army tactical analysis/nowcasting system called the Weather Running Estimate-Nowcast (WRE-N) as well as for longer-range forecasting support. The model utilized to investigate fine-scale weather processes, the Advanced Research ... |
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| Portable Weather Intelligence for the Soldier |
01-Jul-2008 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
David Sauter; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| Enhancements in computer hardware and software technology have allowed the development and porting of advanced environmental effects applications on highly portable lightweight computing devices. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory's (ARL) Battlefield Environment Division has developed a number of such products on a personal digital assistant (PDA) for use by individual Soldiers. This technology includes a mobile heat stress calculator, an Artillery meteorological messages application (fielded in fiscal year 2007 (FY07) ... |
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| Addendum to ARL-TR-4005 Adding Weather to Wargames |
MAY 2008 |
44 pages |
| Authors:
Sean G. O'Brien; Richard C. Shirkey; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| This addendum presents updated graphical representations of the selected Target Acquisition Weapons Software (TAWS) output and also the coefficients for the third order polynomial fits that originally appeared in appendices B and |
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| White Sands Missile Range 2007 Urban Study: Data Processing - Volume DP-3 (Airflow Qualitative Assessment) |
MAY 2008 |
84 pages |
| Authors:
Gail Vaucher; Manuel Bustillos; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
|
| Urban toxic chemical releases pose a threat to the military and civilians. The White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) Urban Studies address two critical elements in diagnosing airborne hazard releases, namely, airflow (chemical distribution) and stability (chemical concentration). This document provides a qualitative assessment of seven airflow features targeted by the WSMR 2007 Urban Study (W07US). The W07US stability assessment is published separately. The features identified for verification and characterization include ... |
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| Urban-Small Building Complex Environment: W07US Stability Analysis and Inter-Study Comparison, Volume AS-2 |
MAY 2008 |
54 pages |
| Authors:
Gail Vaucher; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| Urban atmospheric stability patterns impact military and civilian health, tools, operations, and planning. By identifying repeatable urban stability patterns, improvements to each of these impacted areas can be achieved. In this report, the White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) Urban Study research project is reviewed with a focus on stability characterization; specifically, the stable urban environment. Results from the WSMR 2007 Urban Study stability assessment are described and contrasted with the ... |
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| Acoustic and Seismic Sensor Placement (ASSP) Application Programming Interface (API) Version 1.0 |
APR 2008 |
44 pages |
| Authors:
David Marlin; Shane Thomas; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| In this report, an Acoustic and Seismic Sensor Placement (ASSP) application programming interface (API) for acoustic sensor placement is described. The API is implemented in both C++ and Java, with functionality for the later provided through the former via the Java Native Interface (JNI). This API is based on the Sensor Performance for Battlefield Environments (SPEBE) API, but the classes are not extensions of the SPEBE API. Instead, they include ... |
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| Sensor Performance Evaluation for Battlefield Environments (SPEBE) C++ Application Programming Interface (API) Version 1.0 |
01-Jan-2008 |
104 pages |
| Authors:
David Marlin; Shane Thomas; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| In this report, a C++ library based on a compiled version of the Matlab-based Sensor Performance Evaluator for Battlefield Environments (SPEBE) is described. The library encapsulates the details of the Matlab infrastructure, including m-files and mxArray manipulation functions, so that the programmer can concentrate on the use of SPEBE rather than the details of compiled Matlab code. The high-level architecture of SPEBE is duplicated in the C++ class hierarchy, providing ... |
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| Analysis of Boundary Layer Meteorological Data Collected at the White Sands Missile Range |
Dec 2007 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Sean O'Brien; David Tofsted; Jimmy Yarbrough; D S Elliott; David Quintis; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| During the late spring and summer of 2007, a series of near-surface measurements of winds, temperature, radiative fluxes and absolute humidity were collected at an observing site located on the White Sands Missile Range (WSMR). Our primary motivation for collecting these measurements is to refine the accuracy of outer and inner scale effects models for optical, thermal, and absolute humidity turbulence for the desert boundary layer. The sampling rate for ... |
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| Urban-Small Building Complex Environment: Comparing Stable Patterns from Two Similar Urban Field Studies, Volume AS-1 |
SEP 2007 |
36 pages |
| Authors:
Gail Vaucher; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The urban stability cycles are not clearly defined. This technical report investigates the urban stability cycle through the use of statistical and empirical observations. These observations are gleaned from two independent urban data sets acquired around a common building complex. The text includes the general features of the test site and a description of the two data sets: WSMR 2003 Urban Study (W03US) and WSMR 2005 Urban Study (W05US). Earlier ... |
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| A Networked Interactive Meteorological Modeling and Sensing System |
01-Jun-2007 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
James Cogan; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| SUMMARY * A combined multi-model and sensor system can provide essential information on the state of the atmosphere and short term predictions for operations, CBNRE defense, and natural or man-made emergencies. * The system can serve as an R&D test-bed, a means for rapid testing of sensor or model prototypes, or as a local meteorological center. * The modular design allows the flexibility to handle the addition, subtraction, or replacement/upgrade ... |
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| Weather Impacts on the Aerostar Unmanned Aircraft System Based on Climatology over the U.S./Mexico Border |
MAR 2007 |
60 pages |
| Authors:
Barbara Sauter; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) are becoming more prevalent performing both military and non-military functions. One potential function for a UAS is monitoring along the U.S./Mexico border. This report documents the percentage of time various weather parameters might be expected to degrade the performance of an Aerostar or similar UAS over the border regions based primarily on Advanced Climate Modeling and Environmental Simulations (ACMES) modeled climatology as well as other climatology ... |
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| Adding Weather to Wargames |
JAN 2007 |
84 pages |
| Authors:
Sean G. O'Brien; Richard C. Shirkey; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| Employing the capability of the Target Acquisition Weapons Software (TAWS) tactical decision aid, and the rules embodied in the Integrated Weather Effects Decision Aid (IWEDA) we developed techniques that allowed significant improvement in weather effects and impacts for wargames. TAWS was run for numerous and varied weather conditions; the resultant database was subsequently used to construct third-order polynomial curves to represent infrared sensors acquiring targets under those weather conditions. IWEDA ... |
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| A Model for Nighttime Urban Illumination |
Dec-2006 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
Richard C Shirkey; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The Army increasingly relies on night operations to accomplish its objectives. These night operations frequently require using Night Vision Goggles and other light-sensitive devices which are strongly affected by ambient lighting, a large component of which is urban. An urban illumination model is proposed for use in tactical decision aids and wargames which would allow for more accurate prediction of target acquisition ranges and increased realism in simulations. This model ... |
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| Impact Planning Aids for Major Storms (IPAMS): A Homeland Defense Weather Disaster Decision Aid |
Dec-2006 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Richard C Shirkey; Richard J Szymber; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has developed a red-amber-green mission planning aid for Army commanders to advise them when and where the environmental conditions currently exceed (or are forecast to exceed) levels of marginal or severe impact to their systems, operations, or personnel. This Integrated Weather Effects Decision Aid (IWEDA) is successfully deployed today with U.S. Army combat weather teams around the world for Command and Control (C2) Battle ... |
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| Modeling of Atmospheric Effects on Terahertz Imaging Systems |
Dec-2006 |
41 pages |
| Authors:
Sean G O'Brien; David H Tofsted; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The terahertz (THz) electromagnetic frequency band is a potentially useful domain for remote sensing in military and Homeland Security applications. Sensors operating in this band gain some of the material penetrating abilities of radio waves, some of the image resolving capabilities of infrared (IR) devices, and an enhanced chemical discrimination capacity inherent to the THz band itself. Both passive (thermal) and active (maser) THz sensor operating modes have been contemplated, ... |
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| Validating a Physical Model With Real Data. Part 1. Verifying Wind Tunnel Flow Features in Equivalent Real-Sized Data |
Dec-2006 |
17 pages |
| Authors:
Ronald Cionco; Gail Vaucher; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| How much realism is enough? Airflow around a single building was simulated in the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] Wind Tunnel by Snyder and Lawson, and their results were published in 1994. Other researchers have done subsequent simulations in the EPA Wind Tunnel; however, the Snyder and Lawson results were selected for calibration against real air flow measurements acquired around an equivalent single office building in New Mexico. This paper will ... |
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| Campbell Systems Sampling Mean Conditions in an Urban Environment at White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), NM |
SEP 2006 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Manuel D. Bustillos; Gail T. Vaucher; Sean D'Arcy; Cionco Ronald M.; Robert Dumais; Robert Brice; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| This report provides documentation on Campbell systems, which are used to sample mean atmospheric conditions in an urban environment. This report includes mean condition measurements used in an U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) Urban Study conducted at White Sands Missile Range, NM, in 2005. Secondly, the report summarizes the Army relevance for the WSMR 2003/2005 Urban Field Study. It describes an overview of the actual WSMR 2004/2005 Urban Study; the ... |
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| High Resolution Electro-Optical Aerosol Phase Function Database PFNDAT2006 |
AUG 2006 |
59 pages |
| Authors:
Richard C> SHirkey; David H. Tofsted; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The High Resolution Phase Function Database (PFNDAT) 2006 consists of a series of wavelength dependent phase functions, single scattering albedos, extinction coefficients, and asymmetry parameters for ten naturally occurring and four manmade aerosols along with brief descriptions of the scattering parameters, concentrations, and aerosol size distribution characteristics. The naturally occurring aerosols consist of maritime, urban, rural, tropospheric, fog, rain, snow, and dust aerosols; a wind-lofted desert aerosol; and the Navy ... |
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| Acoustic Energy Measured in Severe Storms during a Field Study in June 2003 |
FEB 2006 |
42 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffrey E. Passner; John M. Noble; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has developed a low-cost, mobile, rugged, non-line-of-sight acoustic sensor for surveillance, detection, identification, and locations of targets using unattended microphone sensors to measure infrasonic ( |
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| An Atmospheric Turbulence Profile Model for Use in Army Wargaming Applications I |
Feb-2006 |
61 pages |
| Authors:
David H Tofsted; Sean G O'Brien; Gail T Vaucher; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| Models for the vertical structure of the refractive index structure parameter, Cn2, appropriate for wargames are discussed. Legacy vertical profile models are reviewed and synthesized to produce a new vertical model that seamlessly spans various segments of the tropospheric atmosphere. The model integrates effects for the surface, boundary, and upper tropospheric layers. Legacy models are reviewed and synthesized to create the new profile model. In this effort the focus has ... |
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| Extending a Missions and Means Framework (MMF) Demonstration to Vulnerability/Lethality Data Production |
14-Dec-2005 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
Beth Ward; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| The Missions and Means Framework (MMF) allows direct application of warfighter tasks. Battlefield Operating Systems (BOS) have been mapped to platform subclasses, individual platforms in those classes, and associated tasks. The system of systems fault trees allow the program to show the effects of degraded capability states at both the platform and component level. This allows exploration of alternative courses of action. MMF helps to establish a closer communication between ... |
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| Missions and Means Framework (MMF) Demonstration: The Storyboard Model |
Dec-2005 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Richard S Sandmeyer; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
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| In the Missions and Means Framework (MMF), platform state is represented by its current capabilities, which can be compared to current task requirement(s), instead of by a weighted average of probability of having/not having functionality to perform randomly selected mission. Better representation of residual platform and (ultimately) unit capabilities throughout simulation should enable better representation of resource allocation/reallocation. The decomposition of missions into low-level tasks allows cleaner and simpler modeling ... |
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