| High Temperature Thermoelectric Materials for Waste Heat Regeneration |
Jan 2013 |
32 pages |
| Authors:
Horacio Nochetto; Patrick Taylor; Jay R Maddux; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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 | Motivated by non-renewable petroleum consumption and the perceived climate change due to carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases, effort has been focused on recuperating lost energy from hot exhaust gases. Automobiles using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are possible solutions due to the potential for high regenerative rates associated with the amount of waste heat and the corresponding high temperature. TEGs are solid-state heat engines that contain no moving parts, and ... |
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| Cognitive Nonlinear Radar |
Jan 2013 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Anthony Martone; David McNamara; Gregory Mazzaro; Abigail Hedden; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| In this report, a unique cognitive nonlinear radar (CNR) is introduced. Research and development efforts for the CNR are currently funded by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL). The CNR adapts to (1) an increasingly cluttered electromagnetic (EM) environment, a growing problem for ground-based and airborne radar systems; (2) multiple targets; and (3) other radar, communication, and electronic systems that must operate without interfering with each other. The CNR uses ... |
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| Determining the Presence of Ordering in Ternary Semiconductor Alloys Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy |
Jan 2013 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Wendy L Sarney; Stefan P Svensson; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Some ternary semiconductor alloys spontaneously order during growth. We observe this phenomenon in some alloys grown for infrared (IR) applications by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Ordering can affect not only the crystal structure, but also important optical and electronic properties that ultimately affect a material's suitability for IR device applications. It is important to be aware of the presence of ordering, which is not usually detectable by the standard (004) ... |
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| Interfacing a Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) Sensor Array for Traumatic Brain Injury Detection with a Microcontroller |
Oct 2012 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
Timothy C Lee; Luke J Currano; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) result from exposure to high accelerations and are a serious threat to Soldiers in close contact with improvised explosive devices as well as sports players who are frequently involved in collisions. To improve TBI detection, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has developed a sensor small enough to be mounted in the ear. The sensor consists of an array of 3-axis microelectromechanical system (MEMS) acceleration threshold ... |
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| Distributed Amplifier Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Design |
Oct 2012 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
John E Penn; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| A very broadband distributed amplifier was designed using a 0.13-micrometer gallium arsenide (GaAs) pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) process from TriQuint Semiconductor. The design and fabrication of this circuit was performed as part of the fall 2011 Johns Hopkins University Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) Design Course, taught by the author. The design approach is applicable to very broadband, low noise MMICs that could be used for a variety ... |
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| A Hybrid Multi-gate Model of a Gallium Nitride (GaN) High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) Device Incorporating GaN-substrate Thermal Boundary Resistance |
Oct 2012 |
42 pages |
| Authors:
Horacio C Nochetto; Nicholas R Jankowski; Brian Morgan; Avram Bar-Cohen; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| This report describes a pseudo-analytical thermal model of gallium nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), which combines analytical heat spreading models with spreading width boundary conditions derived from two-dimensional finite element thermal simulations. We successfully produced an accurate GaN HEMT hybrid model capable of evaluating the impact of thermally important device parameters on junction and individual layer temperatures. A parameter space investigation, covering GaN-substrate thermal boundary resistance (TBR), gate ... |
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| Investigating a Drop-on-Demand Microdispenser for Standardized Sample Preparation |
Sep 2012 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
Ellen L Holthoff; Mikella E Farrell; Paul M Pellegrino; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| The existing assortment of reference sample preparation methods presents a range of variability and reproducibility concerns, making it increasingly difficult to assess chemical detection technologies on a level playing field. We are investigating a drop-on-demand table-top printing platform which allows precise liquid sample deposition and is well suited for the preparation of uniform and reproducible reference materials. Current research focuses the development of a sample preparation protocol for explosive materials ... |
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| Development of Biologically Modified Anodes for Energy Harvesting Using Microbial Fuel Cells |
Sep 2012 |
12 pages |
| Authors:
James J Sumner; Rahul Ganguli; Brad Chmelka; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Biological fuel cells hold promise as an alternative energy source to batteries for unattended ground sensor applications due to the fact that they can be extremely long lived. This lifetime can be extended over batteries by scavenging fuel from the deployed environment. Microbial fuel cells (MFC) are one class of such sources that produce usable energy from small organic compounds (i.e. sugars, alcohols, organic acids, and biopolymers) which can be ... |
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| Plasmonic Paper as a Highly Efficient SERS Substrate |
Sep 2012 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Chang H Lee; Mikella E Hankus; Limei Tian; Paul M Pellegrino; Srikanth Singamaneni; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| We report a novel surface enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) substrate platform based on a common filter paper adsorbed with plasmonic nanostructures. Paper based SERS substrate overcomes many of the challenges associated with conventional SERS substrates based on rigid substrates such as silicon and glass. The paper-based design results in a substrate that combines all of the advantages of conventional rigid and planar SERS substrates in a dynamic flexible scaffolding format. ... |
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| Targeting Biological Sensing with Commercial SERS Substrates |
Sep 2012 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Mikella E Farrell; Srikanth Singamaneni; Paul M Pellegrino; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| There is an increasing need and challenge for early rapid and accurate detection, identification, and quantification of chemical, biological, and energetic hazards in many fields of interest (e.g., medical, environmental, industrial, and defense applications). Increasingly to meet these challenges, researchers are turning interdisciplinary approaches combining spectroscopy with nanoscale platforms to create technologies that offer viable and novel solutions for today's sensing needs. One technology that has gained increasing popularity to ... |
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| Detection of a Ferromagnetic Microwire |
Sep 2012 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
Frank J Crowne; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| This report, which supplements the material presented in the IEEE Transactions in Magnetics publication entitled Two-Frequency Excitation of a Ferromagnetic Microwire, describes a simple configuration of antenna beams, polarizations, and wire placement calculations, which are used in calculating the response of a magnetic wire to ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) excitation by an external magnetic field. |
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| MSM-Metal Semiconductor Metal Photo-detector Using Black Silicon Germanium (SiGe) for Extended Wavelength Near Infrared Detection |
Sep 2012 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Fred Semendy; Patrick Taylor; Gregory Meissner; Priyalal Wijewarnasuriya; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| We have investigated for the first time the electrical properties of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodectors fabricated using black silicon-germanium on silicon substrate (Si1-xGex/Si) for I-V, optical response, external quantum efficiency (EQE), internal quantum efficiency (IQE), and responsivity and reflectivity. Silicon-germanium (Si1-xGex)/Si with variations of Ge were blackened by metal enhanced chemical etching (MECE) using nanometer-scale gold particles as catalyst and HF:H2O2:CH3COOH solution as etchant. The etched surface was black, textured, and ... |
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| NAFDTD - A Near-field Finite Difference Time Domain Solver |
Sep 2012 |
62 pages |
| Authors:
Traian Dogaru; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| This report describes NAFDTD, a near-field finite difference time domain software package developed at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL). This program is based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and is related to the AFDTD software. Unlike AFDTD, which is designed for radar signature analysis in the far field, NAFDTD is an electromagnetic solver for near field geometries. The differences between the two configurations receive particular attention, ... |
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| Fabrication of Barium Strontium Titanate (Ba1-xSrxTiO3) Films Used for Bio-inspired Infrared Detector Arrays |
Sep 2012 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Kimberley A Olver; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Through a three-way collaboration between the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies (ICB) at the University of California, Santa Barbara; The Aerospace Corporation; and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, we investigated the use of a pyroelectric perovskite based material for a novel two-dimensional uncooled infrared focal plane array. Barium strontium titanate (BSTO) was chosen by the ICB as the perovskite material to be used due to its stable nanocrystals, which would allow ... |
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| Microfabricated Amorphous Silicon Nanopillars on an Ultrasmooth 500-nm-thick Titanium Adhesion Layer |
Sep 2012 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
Collin R Becker; Kenneth E Strawhecker; Jonathan P Ligda; Cynthia A Lundgren; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Amorphous silicon (Si) nanopillars are fabricated using electron beam lithography for a liftoff process. The nanopillars are fabricated on an ultrasmooth, 6.5-nm root mean square (RMS) roughness, 500-nm-thick titanium (Ti) layer using electron beam evaporation. Pillars ranging from 100‒1000 nm in diameter and approximately 200 nm in height are fabricated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, including those collected by focused ion beam (FIB) milling, are ... |
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| Two-dimensional Phase Unwrapping for Digital Holography |
Sep 2012 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Neal K Bambha; Justin R Bickford; Jr Klett Karl K; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| This work describes a method for eliminating the mathematical ambiguity in the phase map for digital holographic images. The technique uses a pre-processing step to smooth the amplitude data and reduce noise in the phase data. The unwrapping algorithm uses both phase gradient calculations and an amplitude measure to determine the reliability of a given data point, and uses a non-continuous path following approach. |
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| 0.15-micron Gallium Nitride (GaN) Microwave Integrated Circuit Designs Submitted to TriQuint Semiconductor for Fabrication |
Sep 2012 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
John Penn; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| High-speed electronic circuits are needed for Army systems in communications, wireless sensors, imaging, and other systems. Gallium nitride (GaN) technology offers the highest power densities for radio frequency (RF) and wireless integrated circuits. Several GaN broadband high power efficient power amplifier designs for high frequency operation, such as satellite communications (SATCOM), were recently designed and submitted for fabrication using a proprietary 0.15-micrometer GaN process under development at TriQuint Semiconductor. These ... |
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| Performance Metrics for Acoustic Classification of Weapons Fire |
Sep 2012 |
14 pages |
| Authors:
Geoffrey H Goldman; Ronald M Holben; Guy L Williams; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) personnel developed performance metrics for classifying acoustic signals from weapons fire. The metrics were written to differentiate between broad categories of events, rather than to identify specific weapon types. They were generated to discriminate between acoustic events that occurred at the point of origin (POO) versus acoustic events that occurred at the point of impact (POI), between direct- and indirect-fire weapons, and between small arms, ... |
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| Modeling and Design of Mixed-coherence Optical Stacks |
Sep 2012 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
William Beck; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| A Mathematica-based program for designing layered optical structures is described that can compute the optical properties at an arbitrary angle of incidence for stacks containing anisotropic and dispersive materials as well as stacks that contain a mixture of coherent and incoherent sections. The program can be used to calculate the properties of a fully specified optical stack or can be used to optimize some property of the stack by varying ... |
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| Thermal Battery Operating Gas Atmosphere Control and Heat Transfer Optimization |
Sep 2012 |
68 pages |
| Authors:
Frank C Krieger; Michael S Ding; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| The effects of gases and gas mixtures on global thermal conductivity values of porous thermal insulation packages of fully assembled Low Cost Competent Munition (LCCM) thermal batteries using transient and quasi-steady-state heat transfer techniques are reported. These results show that the volumetric energy densities of most presently fielded munitions thermal batteries can be increased by factors ranging from 1.5 to 3 if hydrogen gas can be removed. Zirconium (Zr) based ... |
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| Measurement of the Two-photon Absorption Coefficient of Gallium Phosphide (GaP) Using a Dispersion-minimized Sub-10 Femtosecond Z-scan Measurement System |
Sep 2012 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
Robert C Hoffman; Andrew G Mott; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| This report describes the measurement of the two-photon absorption coefficient of gallium phosphide (GaP) at 9.4 fsec as measured with a unique Z-scan measurement system designed to support the shortest possible laser pulses. The Z-scan system is designed to minimize dispersion of the ultrashort laser pulse as it propagates so that the shortest possible pulse reaches the sample, as well support the entire 220-nm bandwidth of the pulse. Using the ... |
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| Coulometric Study of Rates of Oxalic Acid Adsorption at a Polycrystalline Platinum Electrode |
Sep 2012 |
26 pages |
| Authors:
Sol Gilman; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Quantitative measurement of adsorption/desorption of oxalic acid on a platinum (Pt) electrode from a perchloric acid supporting electrolyte has been accomplished for the first time using a fast potential scan preceded by a sequence of potential steps. From a dilute solution of oxalic acid, adsorption of the anion is so rapid as to be diffusion-controlled over the range of potentials at which the surface is free of adsorbed oxygen; most ... |
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| Near-room-temperature Mid-infrared Photoconductor Signal and Noise Characterization |
Sep 2012 |
26 pages |
| Authors:
Justin R Bickford; Neal K Bambha; Wayne H Chang; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Uncooled mid-infrared photoconductors are used in situations where hot objects (such as fire, explosions, engines, etc.) need to be detected using compact, low-cost systems. We have experienced trouble obtaining reliable detector data from mid-infrared photoconductor vendors. The purpose of this report is to give a detailed discussion of how to characterize the signal and noise properties of photodetectors with an emphasis on avoiding the measurement pitfalls associated specifically with room ... |
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| Holography at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory: Development of Hologram Transform Equations using the Fresnel Approximation |
Sep 2012 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Jr Klett Karl K; Neal Bambha; Justin Bickford; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| This report describes the development and use of the Fresnel approximation, which is necessary to transform a digital hologram to an image. The result is that a Fourier transform, common to many image processing applications, may be used to produce the image. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory's (ARL) goal is to investigate applications of holographic interferometry and transform the holographic interference pattern to three-dimensional images. The mathematics described in this ... |
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| Fabrication and Testing of Tapered Electro-spray Nozzles |
Sep 2012 |
30 pages |
| Authors:
Brendan M Hanrahan; C M Waits; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| The U.S. Army is interested in compact fuel-to-electric power systems to provide portable power sources for Soldiers and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This work describes multiple methods aimed at creating microfabricated, tapered-tip, electro-spray (E-spray) nozzles for efficient fuel injection. It has been shown that E-spray scaling depends on a number of factors, including nozzle/emitter geometry. Use of the new tapered nozzle tip diameters of 18 m compared to a previous ... |
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| Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP)-specific Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Assay for Analyzing Competition and Emergence of the Military Hypersporulating Strains of Bacillus Atrophaeous var. Globigii |
Sep 2012 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
Doncho V Zhelev; Christopher Dupuis; Suelynn Ren; Anna Le; Mia Hunt; Henry Gibbons; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| The utility of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for detecting phenotype-specific subpopulations is increasing with the increased understanding of the role of SNPs in adaptation. Based on the recently identification of the Spo0FH101R mutation as phenotype-defining for the hypersporulating military strains of B. atrophaeus, we are developing an assay to detect and quantify hypersporulating military strains of Bacillus atrophaeus var globigii (BG) from mixed cultures with ancestral low spore yield Bacillus ... |
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| Isolation and Characterization of Anti-SEB Peptides Using Magnetic Sorting and Bacterial Peptide Display Library Technology |
Sep 2012 |
12 pages |
| Authors:
Joseph M Pennington; Joshua M Kogot; Deborah A Sarkes; Paul M Pellegrino; Dimitra N Stratis-Cullum; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Peptide display libraries offer an alternative method to existing antibody development methods enabling rapid isolation of highly stable reagents for detection of new and emerging biological threats. Bacterial display libraries are used to isolate new peptide reagents within 1 week, which is simpler and timelier than using competing display library technology based on phage or yeast. Using magnetic sorting methods, we have isolated peptide reagents with high affinity and specificity ... |
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| Adsorptive Desulfurization of JP-8 Fuel Using Ag+/Silica Based Adsorbents at Room Temperature |
Sep 2012 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Dat T Tran; Zachary W Dunbar; Deryn Chu; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| We report an adsorptive desulfurization of Army JP-8 fuel using silver ions (Ag+) tethered to porous silica at ambient conditions. Mesoporous silica-both one- and two-dimensional MCM-41 and MSUH, respectively-were studied as adsorbent support materials for the desulfurization of liquid phase JP-8 fuel. In this work, silver loadings up to 33 wt.% on silica support materials were prepared and evaluated for the adsorptive desulfurization of JP-8 jet fuel. These adsorbents were ... |
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| Perturbation Theory For The Landau-Lifshits-Gilbert Equation |
Sep 2012 |
50 pages |
| Authors:
Frank Crowne; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| This report supplements the material presented in the IEEE Transactions in Magnetics publication entitled Two-Frequency Excitation of a Magnetic Microwire and contains ancillary calculations for the response of a magnetic system to an external magnetic field, using the Landau-Lifshits-Gilbert (LLG) equation and a perturbation expansion in powers of the external field. |
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| Multi-Functional Materials for Defense DoD Perspective on Sensing |
Aug 2012 |
25 pages |
| Authors:
William Nothwang; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| DoD Perspective on Sensing. Issues in the Background. Data to Decision vs. Big Data. Mission Scope. Budget. What Does This Mean for Sensing Research? We Need to Rethink How We Do Sensors. Long term research goals: Implement sensor integration logic modeled after efficient biolical systems for revolutionary, optimized |
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| Integrated Micro-scale Power Conversion |
Aug 2012 |
39 pages |
| Authors:
Sarah Bedair; Brian Morgan; Christopher Meyer; Iain Kierzewski; Jeffrey Pulskamp; Ronald Polcawich; Xue Lin; Chris Dougherty; David Arnold; Rizwan Bashirullah; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Time-dependent Modeling of Brillouin Scattering in Passive Optical Fibers Pumped by a Chirped Diode Laser |
Aug 2012 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffrey O White; Steven D Rogers; Carl E Mungan; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| The coupled partial differential equations describing stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a fiber are solved numerically. The SBS builds up from random thermal phonons when a laser beam of sufficient power is incident upon the fiber. We show that the SBS can be suppressed by linearly ramping the laser frequency at a rate of up to 1016 Hz/s. High chirp rates lead to an increased Brillouin spectral bandwidth and decreased ... |
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| Power Considerations for Micro-Autonomous Systems |
30 Jul 2012 |
32 pages |
| Authors:
Brian C Morgan; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Health Assessment and Fault Classification of Roller Element Bearings |
Jul 2012 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
Andrew J Bayba; David N Siegel; Kwok Tom; Derwin Washington; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Feature extraction, health assessment, and fault classification algorithms were evaluated for ball bearings with three different fault types and multiple levels of damage. Data was analyzed for five healthy bearings, and seeded fault bearings with five levels of damage for each fault type (ball fault, inner race fault, and outer race fault). A variety of fault analysis techniques were used to calculate properties (features) of the data sets, which were ... |
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| Foundation of a Heterogeneous Electronics Integration Platform |
May 2012 |
26 pages |
| Authors:
Scott Trocchia; Christopher D Meyer; Sarah Bedair; Tony Ivanov; William Benard; Alma Wickenden; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Due to increasing complexity, multi-material incompatibilities, and size constraints of electronics, no single monolithic technology can adequately realize the full spectrum of Army-relevant applications. The integration of a wide range of devices, each fabricated in different technologies and performing a well-defined task, would enable the construction of high performance systems. We use a custom microfabrication process flow to align dies within a silicon template wafer to obtain a common planar ... |
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| Recommendation of Sensors for Vehicle Transmission Diagnostics |
May 2012 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Kwok F Tom; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| The U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) had entered into a Technical Program Agreement (TPA) with the U.S. Army Tank and Automotive Research and Development Center (TARDEC) for research on Prognostics for Ground Vehicles. One of the tasks under this agreement was to survey/investigate sensors for diagnostics related to ground vehicles as related to transmissions. |
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| Low-cost, High Performance Avalanche Photodiodes for Enabling High Sensitivity Bio-fluorescence Detection |
Apr 2012 |
26 pages |
| Authors:
Anand V Sampath; Michael Wraback; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| A III-Nitride/silicon carbide (SiC) separate absorption and multiplication avalanche photodiode (SAM-APD) offers a novel approach for fabricating high gain photodetectors with tunable absorption over a wide spectrum from the visible to deep ultraviolet. However, unlike conventional heterojunction SAM-APDs, the formation of a polarization-induced charge at the heterointerface arising from spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization can dramatically affect the performance of this detector. In this report, we discuss the role of this ... |
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| Improved Sensitivity, Low-cost Uncooled Infrared (IR) Detector Focal-plane Arrays-Year 3, Quarter 1 |
Apr 2012 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
Wendy L Sarney; Kimberley A Olver; John W Little; Frank E Livingston; Krisztian Niesz; Daniel E Morse; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| In this report, our attention is focused on the fabrication, laser processing, and electrical testing of integrated prototype infrared (IR)-device heterostructures. The program goals correspond to the continued expansion of our barium titanate (BaTiO3) and barium strontium titanate (Ba1 xSrxTiO3) nanomaterial synthesis capabilities and deposition methods; laser-induced pyroelectric phase conversion studies and nanoscale characterization of the pyroelectric activation process; and fabrication and electrical testing of standardized IR heterostructures. |
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| Effect of Cold Temperature on the Dielectric Constant of Soil |
Apr 2012 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
Gregory J Mazzaro; Gregory D Smith; Getachew Kirose; Kelly D Sherbondy; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| The effect of cold temperature on the dielectric constant of moist soil is studied. Three soil samples are measured at three moisture levels, at temperatures between 30 and +30 C, and at seven frequencies relevant to ground-penetrating radar. It is found that for dry soil, cold temperatures have little effect on the dielectric constant. Further, for soils with medium-to-high moisture content, there is a downward trend in both the real ... |
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| Survey of Thermoelectric and Solar Technologies as Alternative Energy Solutions |
Feb 2012 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Kendall Bianchi; Jay R Maddux; Kimberly Sablon-Ramsey; Patrick J Taylor; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Thermoelectric and solar power generation are two promising alternative energy solutions for the military. Power generation devices based on these two technologies aid the military by lightening Soldiers? loads and allowing them to carry fewer batteries and more equipment. Since these technologies use renewable energy sources, Soldiers are also spared the nuisance of having to constantly resupply. Thermoelectric power generates electricity from any adventitious source of heat, while solar cells ... |
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| Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion for Personal Power Sources |
Feb 2012 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
C M Waits; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
|
| Advancements in photovoltaic, thermal emission, and compact liquid fueled combustion sources enable thermophotovoltaic energy conversion to compete with battery and fuel technology for compact power applications. This report highlights all components of the thermal-to-electric energy conversion (TEC) system including the balance-of-plant and provides a review of the state of the art. Evaluation of each component s performance determined that a 10% efficient thermophotovoltaic power source could be realizable by integrating ... |
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| Development Of Nanoenergetic Micro-fluidic Jet Injectors |
Jan 2012 |
20 pages |
| Authors:
Clay S Staley; Christopher J Morris; Luke J Currano; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| We present the fabrication, assembly, and packaging of first generation nanoenergetic fluidic jet generators. The generators consist of an energetic material chamber, elastic piston, vaccine reservoir, and convergent nozzle cap all tightly bonded in a self-contained device using micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) processing techniques. Maximum deformation lengths of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes are characterized as a function of PDMS diameter, PDMS thickness, energetic material composition, and energetic material mass using high-speed ... |
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| Altering Plasmonic Nanoparticle Size Through Thermal Annealing for Improved Photovoltaic Devices |
Jan 2012 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Rukshan Fernando; Fred Semendy; Priyalal Wijewarnasuriya; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
|
| We created gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles by e-beam deposition on an n-type silicon substrate followed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) under nitrogen gas. Thermal annealing was performed in two ways: first by varying temperature for a constant time and second by varying time at a constant temperature. RTA under the right eutectic temperature, which varies metal to metal, should create nano-metal particles on the substrate. These nanoparticles were ... |
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| Temperature Behavior of Thin Film Varactor |
Jan 2012 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
Richard X Fu; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
|
| The low loss varactor (voltage tunable capacitor) would revolutionize the wireless communication, sensing, and detecting industries. Temperature behavior plays a critical role in barium strontium titanate (BST) thin-film varactors. In this report, the behaviors of resonant frequency as a function of test time were investigated and discussed. The temperature behaviors of both metal organic deposition (MOD) and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) thin-film varactors were studied from -30 to 80 deg ... |
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| Gallium Nitride (GaN) High Power Electronics (FY11) |
Jan 2012 |
36 pages |
| Authors:
Kenneth A Jones; Randy P Tompkins; Michael A Derenge; Kevin W Kirchner; Iskander G Batyrev; Shuai Zhou; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| This report covers work done for the Director's Research Initiative (DSI) on Gallium Nitride (GaN) High Power Electronics (HPE) in which GaN devices are assessed in comparison to those fabricated from silicon carbide (SiC). We show that for low power applications (less than 1500 V) GaN diodes should have a lower on-resistance, and therefore less loss, than their SiC counterparts because the critical breakdown field and electron mobility are larger. ... |
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| Analysis of a UHF Log-periodic Antenna |
Jan 2012 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
Christopher Kenyon; Christian Fazi; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| This investigation uses the method of moments (MoM) approach to model a 2:1 bandwidth UHF log-periodic antenna (LPA) with the emphasis on designing the best possible front-to-back (F/B) ratio, rather than maximum forward gain. The use of non-resonant parasitic elements embedded in the log periodic structure was investigated to determine its effect on broadband matching and the F/B ratio. |
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| Characterization Techniques for a MEMS Electric-Field Sensor in Vacuum |
Jan 2012 |
13 pages |
| Authors:
Simon Ghionea; David Hull; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| An accurate calibration of an electric-field sensor is difficult to carry out due to challenges involved in generating a uniform electric field over the sensor volume. Additionally, capacitive coupling between the field source and the sensors and related instrumentation tends to distort the measured field further. Sensor characterization includes not only calibration, but also determination of the frequency response (both magnitude and phase), noise power spectral density, dynamic range, and ... |
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| A Semiparametric Model for Hyperspectral Anomaly Detection |
Jan 2012 |
31 pages |
| Authors:
Dalton Rosario; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| Using hyperspectral (HS) technology, this paper introduces an autonomous scene anomaly detection approach based on the asymptotic behavior of a semiparametric model under a multisample testing and minimum-order statistic scheme. Scene anomaly detection has a wide range of use in remote sensing applications, requiring no specific material signatures. Uniqueness of the approach includes the following: (i) only a small fraction of the HS cube is required to characterize the unknown ... |
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| Modeling, Fabrication, and Electrical Testing of Metal-Insulator-Metal Diode |
Dec 2011 |
26 pages |
| Authors:
Terrance O'Regan; Matthew Chin; Cheng Tan; Anthony Birdwell; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| We fabricated, tested, and modeled metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diodes for application into a nanorectenna energy-harvesting system. The MIM diodes were constructed of a niobium (Nb) bottom metal, niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) dielectric, and varying top metals (copper, silver, and gold). Modeling and electrical testing were used to extract the dielectric constant of Nb2O5 as well as the metal-insulator barrier heights. The modeling also gave insight into the so-called rectification reversal, where the ... |
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| Progress In Materials Synthesis And Processing Of Barium Titanium Oxide (BaTiO3) and Barium Strontium Titanium Oxide (BaTiSrO3) Films For Uncooled Infrared (IR) Detector Applications |
Dec 2011 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
Wendy L Sarney; Kimberley A Olver; John W Little; Frank E Livingston; Krisztian Niesz; Daniel E Morse; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ADELPHI MD SENSORS AND ELECTRON DEVICES DIRECTORATE
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| This report describes the highlights and summary of the year 2, quarter four (Y2Q4) progress for the 6.2 project Improved Sensitivity Low-Cost Uncooled IR Detector Focal-Plane Arrays. This work occurred during the January 2010 May 2010 time period. The program goals for Y2Q4 corresponded to the continued expansion of our barium titanium oxide (BaTiO3) nanomaterial synthesis capabilities and deposition methods; laser-induced pyroelectric phase conversion studies and nanoscale characterization of the ... |
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