Earth Sciences: Geodesy - Storming Media

Local Geoid and Gravity Anomaly Predictions Using Point Masses.

22 MAY 1979

Authors: Georges Blaha; George Hadgigeorge; AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LAB HANSCOM AFB MA

The full text of this report is not available and therefore is not for sale. This information is provided for reference purposes only.

The point mass technique, which supplements a spherical harmonic expansion of the potential, allows short wavelength detail to be added to previously computed long wavelength geoidal features without distorting the latter. Recently, the AFGL short-arc approach to satellite altimetry has been modified to allow point mass adjustments. GEOS-3 altimeter residuals in the North Atlantic region were obtained from a first adjustment in terms of spherical harmonics and state vector parameters. ...

Anomalous Behavior of Internal Gravity Waves Near Bermuda

13 MAR 1979

Authors: Charles L. Johnson; Thomas B. Sanford; WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION MA

Geodetic Applications of Inertial Navigational Systems.

MAR 1979

Authors: Erik W. Grafarend; FAF UNIV AT MUNICH (GERMANY F R) INST OF ASTRONOMICAL AND PHYSICAL GEODESY

A gradiometer-aided inertial navigation system is theoretically and statistically analysed to estimate its abilities to monitore geocentric cartesian coordinates. Having discussed the inertial instrumental units used on the moving platform and several reference coordinate frames applicable in all navigation systems, studies on the severe problem of the separability of the gravity gradients from the inertial disturbances are carried out. Simulation I presents how well the aided navigation system can produce ...

A Covariance Approximation Procedure.

MAR 1979

Authors: Hans Suenkel; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

The steadily increasing stream of geodetic data primarily provided by automatized measurement techniques calls for a data processing method which is both simple and fast. The simplicity of least-squares collocation can hardly be surpassed, however, the processing speed, which depends on covariance calculation procedure and matrix inversion algorithms used, can be improved considerably by the feaster covariance computation procedure presented in this report. The method is basically a differentiation - ...

Five Algorithms for the Earth Tide Terms in the Force Model of NSWC Computer Programs for Satellite Geodesy.

FEB 1979

Authors: Walter Groeger; NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER DAHLGREN LAB VA

The most recent versions of five computer algorithms which jointly specify the gravitational action by which the tidal dislocation of the earth's masses perturbs satellite motion are presented. The first computer routine formulates the perturbing acceleration which the semidiurnal lunar component of the atmospheric tide bulge exerts on the orbit of an aritificial earth satellite. The second routine augments the first by spelling out the combined effect of solar heating ...

Improved Determinations of the Earth's Gravity Field,

31 JAN 1979

Authors: Georges Blaha; NOVA UNIV OCEAN SCIENCE CENTER DANIA FL

Partial contents: An Accurate Non-iterative Algorithm for Computing the Length of a position Vector to a Subsatellite Point; Feasibility of the Short Arc Adjustment Model in SEASAT-a Altimetry Reductions -- Mathematical Outline of the Short Arc Orbital Investigation, and Realistic GEOS-3 and SEASAT-A analysis; Accuracy Improvement in Adjusting Gravity Anomalies; Geopotential Model Containing Spherical Harmonics and Point Masses; Refinement of the Gravity Anomaly Model -- Gravity Anomaly Mathematical Model, Gravity ...

Study to Develop Gradiometer Techniques,

JAN 1979

Authors: D. B. DeBra; J. V. Breakwell; M. Kurosaki; STANFORD UNIV CALIF GUIDANCE AND CONTROL LAB

This report is concerned with the problem of real-time filtering of gravity-gradiometer readings onboard a uniformly horizontally moving vehicle to produce estimates of the gravity deflection and gravity anomaly at the vehicle's position. (Author)

Applications of a Dedicated Gravitational Satellite Mission.

1979

Authors: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WASHINGTON DC PANEL ON GRAVITY FIELD AND SEA LEVEL

In the late 1960's, it became clear that satellite-determined gravity field data contained a large amount of geophysical and geodetic information. Today, it appears that satellite technology may be capable of resolving the short- and intermediate-wavelength components (100-1000 km) in the earth's gravity field, thereby contributing even more significantly to the solution of geophysical and geodetic problems and opening up important oceanic applications. A previous NRC report recommended a dedicated ...

Studies of the Earth's Gravity for Geodetic Purposes.

DEC 1978

Authors: Urho A. Uotila; Richard H. Rapp; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

This report summarizes the work carried out from 1 July 1975 to September 1978 on an AFGL project directed towards the study of the earth's gravity field. Each report is described and put in context with the total research effort. The main areas described in the report relate to the theory and application of least squares collocation; the theory and development of covariance functions; the theory and results from using ...

Studies in Gravimetric Geodesy.

DEC 1978

Authors: Urho A. Uotila; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

This is a final report on research done under the contract. Brief mention is made of the two scientific reports submitted under the contract: 'Recent Development in the Geodetic Boundary Value Problem' and 'Non-Stationary Estimation in Gravity Prediction Problems'. The rest of the report concentrates on two technical subjects: Selection of preferred locations of new absolute gravity measurements in gravity basestation networks and analyses on the location of absolute gravity ...

Maximal Geoidal Elevations due to Simulated Seamounts.

NOV 1978

Authors: Bernd Zondek; NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER DAHLGREN LAB VA

Satellite altimetry yields data about the topography of the sea surface. Seamounts beneath the surface affect its shape. In this report a seamount model, suggested by T. M. Davis (NAVOCEANO), is used to calculate the maximal geoidal elevation as a function of ocean depth, peak depth and slope.

The Influence of Distant Zones on Stokes' Equation Considering the Removal of Lower-Degree Harmonics from S(Psi) or Delta.

NOV 1978

Authors: Patrick J. Fell; NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER DAHLGREN LAB VA

The expected error in the computation of geoid undulations using Stokes' equation due to neglected distant zones is analyzed considering the removal of lower-degree harmonics from limited gravity anomaly data and from Stokes' kernel. Evaluation of the derived error equations assuming Kaula's rule for anomaly degree variances indicates that if the lower-degree components of geoid undulation are assumed known, removal of an equivalent number of such harmonics from the anomaly ...

The Gravity Field of the Earth.

NOV 1978

Authors: D. G. King-Hele; ROYAL AIRCRAFT ESTABLISHMENT FARNBOROUGH (ENGLAND)

In recent years the Earth's gravitational field has been determined with continually improving accuracy, using hundreds of thousands of observations of Earth satellites, chiefly optical, laser and Doppler, together with surface gravimetry and, most recently, altimeter measurements from the Geos 3 satellite. The geopotential is usually expressed as a double series of tesseral harmonics, and several hundred of the harmonic coefficients are evaluated. Progress in this work during the 1970s ...

Studies of the Dynamics of the High Latitude Ionosphere.

26 OCT 1978

Authors: W. J. Raitt; UTAH STATE UNIV LOGAN CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC AND SPACE SCIENCES

The report surveys theoretical and experimental studies of ionospheric dynamics made during the contract period. Two major aspects of this topic were studied; the outflow of He (+) from the earth's ionosphere, and the effect of magnetospheric convection on the high latitude ionosphere. Model programs were written to study the general characteristics of the outflow of He(+) and also to make quantitative estimates of the escape flux of this ion. ...

The Operational Approach to Physical Geodesy.

OCT 1978

Authors: Helmut Moritz; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

The operational approach to physical geodesy starts from the measurements and asks how they can be used in the best way to determine the earth's figure and gravitational field. All measurements can be represented as nonlinear functionals of the potential and of systematic parameters such as station coordinates. After linearization we obtain an improperly posed problem, to which three standard methods of solving such problems are applied: a change in ...

Investigation of the Long-Wavelength Gravity Field of the Oceans,

OCT 1978

Authors: Micheline C. Roufosse; SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY CAMBRIDGE MASS

The correlation between the short wavelength features contained in the gravity and topographic height fields have been studied statistically. It is found that the slope of linear regression between the two fields varies with the age of the basement rocks. This observation is in qualitative agreement with the variations of P-wave velocity anomalies with tectonic classes. These results have been compared with a thermal model for the continental lithosphere. As ...

The Relationship between Marine Gravity and Bathymetry. Part I. Theory.

27 SEP 1978

Authors: Sean C. Solomon; MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE DEPT OF EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES

The theoretical basis is outlined for a quantitative relationship between two-dimensional bathymetry and free air gravity in stable ocean basins. The relationship, suitable for use as an algorithm to predict gravity in areas where only bathymetry is known, is based on flexure theory for thin elastic plates and on the expected evolution with seafloor age of the isostatic response of oceanic lithosphere. (Author)

An Investigation of Two Models for the Degree Variances of Global Covariance Functions.

SEP 1978

Authors: Christopher Jekeli; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

Degree variances of the covariance function for gravity anomalies are represented according to the two-component model suggested by Moritz in an attempt to arrive at a low horizontal gradient variance (200 E squared). The parameters of the model are determined through a least squares adjustment to data consisting of GEM 9 anomaly degree variances, as well as empirical point and mean anomaly variances. Results show that this model can accommodate ...

Potential Coefficient Determinations from 10 deg Terrestrial Gravity Data by Means of Collocation.

SEP 1978

Authors: Lars Sjoeberg; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

The method of least squares collocation is used to estimate geopotential coefficients from 416 10 deg mean anomalies. The result is compared to the solutions by pure integration. For low degrees (n < or = 12) the differences between the two types of solutions are generally within 6%; for higher degrees the differences increase. The coefficients obtained by collocation do not change more than 4% when elevation information is included ...

Improved Procedures for the Recovery of 5 degrees Mean Gravity Anomalies from ATS-6/GEOS-3 Satellite to Satellite Range-Rate Observations Using Least Squares Collocation,

SEP 1978

Authors: D. P. Hajela; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

The prediction of 5 deg mean gravity anomalies is considered by collocation from ATS-6/GEOS-3 satellite to satellite range-rate observations. The auto and cross-covariances of the residual line of sight accelerations R-double dot from GEOS-3 to ATS-6 are computed rigorously in the anomalous potential field. The raw residual range-rate R-dot values are filtered and smoothed by approximating them in a least squares sense by a cubic spline function, and the residual ...

A Global 1 deg x 1 deg Anomaly Field Combining Satellite, Geos-3 Altimeter and Terrestrial Anomaly Data.

SEP 1978

Authors: Richard H. Rapp; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

This report describes a method for combining satellite derived potential coefficients, mean 1 deg x 1 deg anomalies derived from The GEOS-3 altimeter data, and mean 1 deg x 1 deg anomalies estimated from terrestrial gravity data. The combination procedure is designed to obtain an adjusted set of potential coefficients and an adjusted set of 64800 1 deg x 1 deg mean anomalies. The adjusted anomalies can be developed into ...

Spherical Geodetic Transformations. Volume 1. Spectral Theory and Optimal Template Design

SEP 78

Authors: William M. Robertson; CHARLES STARK DRAPER LAB INC CAMBRIDGE MA

A general theory and method is developed by which more accurate and efficient summation approximations can be derived fro any of the integral transformations of geodesy. The theory and method are applied to the well-known Stokes' and Vening-Meinesz' Integrals and improved summations are determined which have lower rms discretization errors than the approximations presently in use, even though only rudimentary optimization algorithms are employed. Thus the validity of the theory ...

Spherical Geodetic Transformations. Volume 2. Catalog of Explicit Representations in the Spatial and Frequency Domains

SEP 78

Authors: William M. Robertson; CHARLES STARK DRAPER LAB INC CAMBRIDGE MA

This volume is a catalog of the spatial and frequency domain representations of approximately 100 spherical integral transformations, of which about 85 have an explicitly geodetic interpretation. The following information is provided (when known) for each transformation: The input and output quantities of the transformation stated in geodetic nomenclature; An explicit analytic double-integral expression for the transformation written in the generally accepted geodetic symbolism; An explicit expression for the spectrum ...

Azimuth Monitoring System.

08 AUG 1978

Authors: Theodore E. Wirtanen; DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE WASHINGTON D C

This patent describes a system for monitoring changes in azimuth due to shifts in geological features of the earth's surface, using a collimated laser beam which is split and reflected from a plane mirror and a prismatic mirror to target area showing translational and rotational changes in the mirrors location. The beam is directed to a second pair of mirrors at an angle to the beam which will verify the ...

Determination of Plate Tectonic Motion from Doppler Observations of Navy Navigation Satellites.

AUG 1978

Authors: R. J. Anderle; NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER DAHLGREN LAB VA

Doppler observations of Navy Navigation Satellites have yielded precisions in the determination of rates of change of station position of 2 cm/yr, based on data sampled over a 14-yr period, and 3 cm/yr for nearly continuous data over a 6-yr period. The accuracy of the determination is better than 10 cm/yr in horizontal position and 15 cm/yr in height for either data span. A number of changes in data acquisition ...

Drafting, Surveying and Mapping Task Analysis.

AUG 1978

Authors: MARINE CORPS WASHINGTON DC

You have been selected to participate in a study on the basis of your current job assignment. The information you furnish will be of great value to the Marine Corps in future decisions on: (1) occupational field structure, (2) training, (3) classification, and (4) assignment policy. This questionnaire was constructed from on-the-job observations and interviews with marines performing duties and tasks similar to those you perform. It is designed to ...

Low-Altitude Expansions of Geodetic Kernels.

JUL 1978

Authors: John V. Shebalin; NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER DAHLGREN LAB VA

The three important kernels of Physical Geodesy (Stokes', Poisson's, and the Coating kernel) are first considered in their traditional forms (closed-form analytic and Legendre polynomial expansion) and then given in new forms (expansions in powers of the altitude divided by the earth's radius). Useful results concerning these expansions are then given and their domain of applicability is determined. Finally, the accuracy and implementation of these low-altitude expansions is discussed. (Author) ...

Determining Coordinates of the Rotational Pole Using Satellite Data from Four Sites,

JUL 1978

Authors: V. L. Pisacane; S. C. Dillon; JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV LAUREL MD APPLIED PHYSICS LAB

This study investigates how precisely the terrestrial coordinates of the rotational pole can be determined from satellite data from four sites in the U.S. The five satellites used are those of the Navy Navigation Satellite System (TRANSIT). Tracking data for these satellites are Doppler observations from sites in Maine, Minnesota, California, and Hawaii. The data used in the study are intermediate data products of the near-real-time orbit determination procedure, which ...

A Comparison of Bjerhammar's Methods and Collocation in Physical Geodesy.

JUL 1978

Authors: Lars Sjoeberg; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

In 1963 A. Bjerhammar solved the geodetic boundary value problem by applying Poisson's integral equation for a finite set of observed free-air gravity anomalies. Due to the relation between the number of observations (m) and the number of chosen unknowns (N) different solutions are obtained: non-singular (m = N), least squares (m > N) and minimum norm solutions (m < N). In the special case N approaches infinity, it is ...

Artificial Earth Satellites Designed and Fabricated by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Revised.

JUL 1978

Authors: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV LAUREL MD APPLIED PHYSICS LAB

Satellites designed and fabricated by the Applied Physics Laboratory of The Johns Hopkins University since the inception of the space program at APL in 1957 are described. The descriptions, including artist's concepts and other illustrations, are arranged in chronological order according to primary mission category. Satellite categories include navigation satellites (Transit, TRIAD, TIP, TRANSAT, etc.), geodetic research satellites (ANNA, GEOS, LIDOS, etc.), orbital environment and dynamics research satellites (TRAAC, 5E-series, ...

Spatial Geodetic Triangulation,

21 JUN 1978

Authors: Georgi Zlatanov; FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIV WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO

The Equation of a Geodesic Line on the Surface of an Oblate Ellipsoid of Revolution,

15 JUN 1978

Authors: Jan Panasiuk; FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIV WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO

Statistical Foundations of Collocation,

JUN 1978

Authors: Helmut Moritz; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

The paper deals with mathematical models suitable as a basis for the statistical treatment of collection. As a preparation, stochastic processes on the circle are discussed first; such processes are simple to understand and exhibit already essential features of the problem. Then the paper treats stochastic processes on the sphere, which may be suitable as statistical models for collocation. Lauritzen's theorem on the nonexistence of ergodic Gaussian stochastic process models ...

A Unified Approach to Mapping, Charting, and Geodesy (MC and G) Data Base Structure Design.

31 MAY 1978

Authors: William K. Sharpley; John F. Leiserson; Allan H. Schmidt; ANALYTIC SCIENCES CORP READING MA

This is the final report for an investigation of a possible unified approach to Mapping, Charting and Geodesy (MC and G) data base structure design. The purposes of this investigation were to analyze the implications of various image archive structures in support of MC and G production and to demonstrate the potential value of recent results in Topological Data Base structures in MC and G applications. This report presents the ...

Application of Satellite Gradiometry Measurements to Local Geoid Determination,

26 MAY 1978

Authors: Jan Krynski; Klaus Peter Schwarz; FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIV WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO

Determination of the Real Deviation of the Plumb Vertical in Mountainous Areas,

25 MAY 1978

Authors: Marcin Barlik; FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY DIV WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OHIO

A Preliminary Analysis of Surface Displacement by Tides of the Solid Earth.

MAY 1978

Authors: Walter J. Groeger; NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER DAHLGREN LAB VA

A computer routine is specified for the dislocation of points on land by the tides of the solid earth. The action of the moon as well as that of the sun are accounted for. Included are a discussion of the theoretical background and some trial data. The data suggest that typical displacements of a surface station are on the order of several ten centimeters, in the radial direction. (Author)

Absolute Gravity Measurements in the United States of America.

MAY 1978

Authors: Iginio Marson; Franco Alasia; ISTITUTO DI METROLOGIA GUSTAVO COLONNETTI TURIN (ITALY)

The measurements of gravity acceleration described in the report were performed in 1977 within a grant program sponsored by the US Air Force. The introductory part of the report illustrates the transportable absolute gravimeter and ancillary instrumentation used in measurements, and describes the measurement method applied; uncertainty and errors are analysed as well. Measurements of gravity acceleration made in Europe prior to the USA program are also briefly considered before ...

Approximation of Covariance Functions by Non-Positive Definite Functions.

MAY 1978

Authors: Hans Suenkel; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

In some applications of collocation we face two serious drawbacks, frequent calculations of linear functionals operating on the covariance function, and the inversion of a large matrix, both causing much computer time. The frame of this work is an investigation how to avoid calculations of the exact covariance function and to replace it by some approximations. Three different kinds of approximating functions are studied, all of them being finite elements: ...

GEO-SPIN (Trademark) Precision Inertial Survey.

01 APR 1978

Authors: Richard H. Roller Jr; HONEYWELL INC ST PETERSBURG FL AVIONICS DIV

A surveying feasibility system was assembled using a modified Honeywell GEANS Airborne Navigation System utilizing Electrostatically suspended gyros. The system utilized a conventional mini-computer and was mounted in a truck. The unit was then used to survey at St. Petersburg, Florida and at White Sands, New Mexico. This test program showed performance of one meter with the identification of several error source in the software area, which when incorporated should ...

Fourier Physical Geodesy.

01 MAR 1978

Authors: Stanley K. Jordan; ANALYTIC SCIENCES CORP READING MASS

Fourier transforms are efficient and convenient for analyzing local gravity data, but the accuracy of Fourier methods is restricted by the flat-earth approximation. In this paper, the theory of matched asymptotic (inner and outer) expansions is used to develop improved flat-earth approximations, determine regions of convergence, and match global (round-earth) and local (flat-earth) gravity models. Accurate solutions in the terms of Fourier transforms are given for the integrals of Poisson, ...

Geometrical and Geodynamical Studies in Europe with Two Frequency Doppler Measurements from Satellites.

MAR 1978

Authors: Erik Tengstrom; UPPSALA UNIV (SWEDEN) GEODETIC INST

The Geodetic Institute, Uppsala University, took part in the second European Doppler Observation Campaign (EDOC). A comparison between 887km chord obtained by Doppler and the distance calculated from the Finnish geodimeter and steller triangulation observations along the transverse, gave a discrepancy of only 0.7ppm. A number of Doppler observations are in progress in Scandinavia including those in conjunction with the US VLBI-Doppler campaign. (Author)

Map Coordinate Conversion.

MAR 1978

Authors: H. O. Eberhart; POTOMAC RESEARCH INC ALEXANDRIA VA

This set of twelve FORTRAN subroutes will convert the coordinates of a point given in geographic, military, state planar, or Universal Transverse Mercator form to coordinates represented in a second form chosen from the four coordinate types. (Author)

Evaluation of 14th-Order Harmonics in the Geopotential.

01 FEB 1978

Authors: D. G. King-Hele; Doreen M. C. Walker; R. H. Gooding; ROYAL AIRCRAFT ESTABLISHMENT FARNBOROUGH (ENGLAND)

The Earth's gravitational potential is now usually expressed in terms of a double series of tesseral harmonics with several hundred terms, up to order and degree at least 20. The harmonics of order 14 can be evaluated by analysing changes in satellite orbits which experience 14th-order resonance, when the track over the Earth repeats after 14 revolutions. This report describes the first evaluation of individual 14th-order coefficients in the geopotential ...

LANDSAT MSS Coordinate Transformations,

FEB 1978

Authors: Berthold K. P. Horn; Robert J. Woodham; MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB

A number of image analysis tasks require the registration of a surface model with an image. In the case of satellite images, the surface model may be a map or digital terrain model in the form of surface elevations on a grid of points. An affine transformation is developed between coordinates of Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) images produced by the LANDSAT satellites, and coordinates of a system lying in a plane ...

Application of Inversion Theory to New Satellite Systems for Determination of the Gravity Field.

31 JAN 1978

Authors: W. M. Kaula; G. Cherubini; N. Burkhard; D. D. Jackson; CALIFORNIA UNIV LOS ANGELES DEPT OF EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES

Inversion theory is applied to artificial satellite systems to determine variations in the gravity field and sea level. The resolution matrix is the principal new tool used to indicate discrimination of parameters. The main conclusion is that features of the gravity field resolvable by satellite-to-satellite tracking will not have a horizontal extent much less than the satellite attitude. (Author)

Short Arc Reduction of Radar Altimetry Computer Program.

JAN 1978

Authors: George Hadgigeorge; Jerry Trotter; AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LAB HANSCOM AFB MASS

The Air Force Geophysics Laboratory computer program SARRA(Short Arc Reduction of Radar Altimetry) has been used for geoid determination with altimetric observations from the GEOS-3 satellite. An important feature of SARRA is the simultaneous recovery of the orbit parameters and the surface coefficients as defined by covariance function weights. Orbits good to approximately 20 meters are adequate for precise geoid determinations by virture of the orbital adjustment in the reductions. ...

Geodesy: Trends and Prospects.

1978

Authors: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WASHINGTON DC COMMITTEE ON GEODESY

The body of this report consists of five chapters: Chapter 2, on what geodesy is; Chapter 3, on whom geodesy serves; and three chapters on how geodesy is done; Chapter 4, on standard methodology; Chapter 5, on current and potential instrumental developments; and Chapter 6, on the people and organizations of geodesy, both governmental and nongovernmental. In addition to reviewing the present state of these topics, these chapters include recommendations ...

Geofisica Internacional, Volume 17, Number 4, 1977-1978,

1978

Authors: R. Alvarez; C. Flores Luna; S. K. Singh; J. Urrutia; UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE MEXICO MEXICO CITY INST DE GEOFISICA

Recent Developments in the Geodetic Boundary Value Problem,

DEC 1977

Authors: Helmut Moritz; OHIO STATE UNIV COLUMBUS DEPT OF GEODETIC SCIENCE

The report reviews progress in the mathematical formulation and treatment of the geodetic boundary-value problem, in particular, the existence and uniqueness theorems of L. Hormander and the gravity space approach due to F. Sanso. The method of Hormander uses a very advanced inverse function theorem of nonlinear functional analysis. Sanso has transformed Molodensky's free boundary-value problem into a fixed boundary-value problem in gravity space, thereby essentially reducing the mathematical complexity. ...