| The Impact of AMSU-A Radiance Assimilation in the U.S. Navy's Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) |
04 FEB 2005 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Nancy L. Baker; T. F. Hogan; W. F. Campbell; R. L. Pauley; S. D. Swadley; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB MONTEREY CA MARINE METEOROLOGY DIV
|
 | The Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) is the U.S. Department of Defense's high-resolution global weather prediction system, which is used for operational mesoscale and oceanographic models and numerical weather prediction (NWP) research. The analysis for NOGAPS is produced by the NRL Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System (NAVDAS). On June 9, 2004, NAVDAS began operational assimilation of ASMU-A radiances from the Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) sensor suite ... |
|
| Large-Scale Military Humanitarian Assistance |
01 FEB 2005 |
35 pages |
| Authors:
A. M. Lidy; James Kunder; COMBATANT COMMAND SUPPORT PROGRAM CARLISLE PA
|
| In the fall of 1998, two unusually severe hurricanes, Georges and Mitch struck the Western Hemisphere within a month causing extensive damage in nations within U.S. Southern Command's (SOUTHCOM's) area of responsibility (AOR). U.S. military forces mounted large-scale responses to these disasters in conjunction with the affected countries civilian relief agencies of the United States government foreign governments the UN non- governmental organizations (NGOs) private businesses and individuals. The Commander- ... |
|
| Steady Flow of a Particulate Target Medium Over a Projectile: Experiments and Modeling |
FEB 2005 |
99 pages |
| Authors:
Oana Cazacu; Nicolaie D. Cristescu; FLORIDA UNIV SHALIMAR GRADUATE ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTER
|
| Report developed under contract No. F08630-01-1-0007. This report presents the results of an experiment study on the deformation and strength properties of several particulate systems under quasi-static compression for a variety of loading histories and strain rate conditions. To gain better understanding of the role of particle size distribution, initial porosity and loading history on compaction, triaxial compression data were obtained on selected cohesive systems: 1. Spherical silica particles (silicon ... |
|
| Constitutive Model for a Thawing, Frost-Susceptible Sand |
FEB 2005 |
73 pages |
| Authors:
Sally Shoop; Rosa Affleck; Vincent Janoo; Robert Haehnel; Benjamin Barrett; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| A material model for soft, wet soil was generated to simulate the deformation behavior of thawing soil under vehicle loading on paved and unpaved roads. Freeze-thaw action produces a loose, wet soil that undergoes large deformation when subjected to vehicle loads. The soil modeled is a frost-susceptible fine sand, which was used in full-scale tests of paved and unpaved road sections in CRREL's Frost Effects Research Facility (FERF). The soil ... |
|
| Addition of Vertical Velocity to a One-Dimensional Aerosol and Trace Gas Model |
12 JAN 2005 |
41 pages |
| Authors:
William A. Hoppel; Peter Caffrey; Glendon M. Frick; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
|
| This report describes the method used to include large-scale vertical motions, such as subsidence and lifting in the 1-D (dimensional) NRL aerosol model (MARBLES), in which all aerosol sources, sinks, and transformation processes take place within the horizontal layers defined as cells. The large- scale convergences and divergences'in the wind field responsible for the vertical motion must be generated externally, such as by the Navy's 3-D mesoscale model COAMPS (Coupled ... |
|
| Operational Utilization of High Resolution Ocean Surface Wind Vectors (25km or better) in the Marine Forecasting Environment |
01-Jan-2005 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Paul S Chang; Joseph Sienkiewicz; Richard Knabb; Peter W Gaiser; David G Long; Mark Freeberg; NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION CAMP SPRINGS MD WORLD WEATHER PROGRAM OFFICE
|
| The work proposed here seeks to exploit currently and soon to be available satellite ocean surface vector wind data in the operational weather forecasting environment. This work will build upon an ongoing effort to quantify the impacts of QuikSCAT ocean vector wind data in the operational short-term warnings and forecasts issued by the NWS Ocean Prediction Center (OPC), and extends the effort to include the NWS Tropical Prediction Center and ... |
|
| Multi-Sensor Improved Sea Surface Temperature (MISST) for GODAE |
01-Jan-2005 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
James Cummings; Eric Bayler; Chelle L Gentemann; Gary A Wick; REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS SANTA ROSA CA
|
| The Multi-sensor Improved Sea Surface Temperatures (MISST) for the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) project intends to produce an improved, high-resolution, global, near-real-time (NRT), sea surface temperature analysis through the combination of satellite observations from complementary infrared (IR) and microwave (MW) sensors and to then demonstrate the impact of these improved sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on operational ocean models, numerical weather prediction, and tropical cyclone intensity forecasting. SST is ... |
|
| A Case Study of the Persistence of Weather Forecast Model Errors |
JAN 2005 |
48 pages |
| Authors:
Barbara Sauter; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM
|
| Decision makers could frequently benefit from information about the amount of uncertainty associated with a specific weather forecast. Automated numerical weather prediction models provide deterministic weather forecast values with no estimate of the likely error. This case study examines the day- to-day persistence of forecast errors of basic surface weather parameters for four sites in northern Utah. Although exceptionally low or high forecast errors on one day are more likely ... |
|
| Environmental Factors for Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription |
JAN 2005 |
25 pages |
| Authors:
S. N. Cheuvront; M. N. Sawka; K. B. Pandolf; ARMY RESEARCH INST OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE NATICK MA THERMAL AND MOUNTAIN MEDICINE DIVISION
|
| The clinical use of exercise testing to evaluate an individual's cardiorespiratory reserve and to enable the appropriate prescription of aerobic activity has attained wide medical acceptance. The physiologic stress from the metabolic intensity imposed by exercise, however, is only one consideration in testing and prescription. An equally important stress is that imposed by the environment (heat, cold, altitude, and air quality). Both exercise and environment alter the physiologic responses of ... |
|
| NAVO MSRC Navigator. Fall 2005 |
Jan-2005 |
37 pages |
| Authors:
NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS MAJOR SHARED RESOURCE CENTER
|
| The NAVO MSRC provides Department of Defense (DoD) scientists and engineers with high performance computing (HPC) resources, including leading edge computational systems, large-scale data storage and archiving, scientific visualization resources and training, and expertise in specific computational technology areas (CTAs). These CTAs include Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Climate/Weather/Ocean Modeling and Simulation (CWO), Environmental Quality Modeling and Simulation (EQM), Computational Electromagnetic and Acoustics (CEA), and Signal/ Image Processing (SIP). |
|
| NAVO MSRC Navigator. Spring 2005 |
Jan-2005 |
33 pages |
| Authors:
NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS MAJOR SHARED RESOURCE CENTER
|
| The NAVO MSRC provides Department of Defense (DoD) scientists and engineers with high performance computing (HPC) resources, including leading edge computational systems, large-scale data storage and archiving, scientific visualization resources and training, and expertise in specific computational technology areas (CTAs). These CTAs include Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Climate/Weather/Ocean Modeling and Simulation (CWO), Environmental Quality Modeling and Simulation (EQM), Computational Electromagnetic and Acoustics (CEA), and Signal/Image Processing (SIP). |
|
| Blocking, Descent and Gravity Waves: Observations and Modelling of a MAP Northerly Fohn Event |
Jan-2005 |
|
| Authors:
James D Doyle; Qingfang Jiang; Ronald B Smith; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB MONTEREY CA
|
 | A northerly foehn event observed during the special observational period of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme is investigated based on observational analysis and numerical modelling. The focus of this study includes three dynamical processes associated with mountain perturbations and their interactions, namely, windward flow blocking, descent and warming on the lee side, and mountain waves. Observations indicate the presence of a deep weak-flow layer underneath a stable layer, associated with Alpine-scale ... |
|
| Wave Breaking Induced Surface Wakes and Jets Observed during a Bora Event |
Jan 2005 |
6 pages |
| Authors:
Qingfang Jiang; James D Doyle; UNIVERSITY CORP FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH MONTEREY CA
|
| An observational and modeling study of a bora event that occurred during the field phase of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme is presented. Research aircraft in-situ measurements and airborne remote-sensing observations indicate the presence of strong low-level wave breaking and alternating surface wakes and jets along the Croatian coastline over the Adriatic Sea. The observed features are well captured by a high-resolution COAMPS simulation. Analysis of the observations and modeling results ... |
|
| Safety Climate on Hospital Units: A New Measure |
2005 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
|
| The purpose of this project was to create a measure of safety climate for hospital inpatient care units and to determine the psychometric properties of the measure. Methods: The first version of the measure was derived from published literature. Two rounds of expert review refined that measure. The measure was then pilot tested with 213 RN staff nurses working on 19 units in two hospitals, and administered a second time ... |
|
| On-Line Patient Safety Climate Survey: Tool Development and Lessons Learned |
2005 |
15 pages |
| Authors:
|
| A key tenet of patient safety programs is the elimination of the "culture of blame." The On-line Patient Safety Climate Survey was developed to evaluate the corporate safety climate of the U.S. Army Medical Department (AMEDD). The survey tool was designed to measure willingness to report errors, problem-solving processes, and perceptions of the leadership's concern for patient safety. The survey included two demographic questions, 19 items using a 4-point Likert ... |
|
| Rainfall, Streamflow, and Water-Quality Data During Stormwater Monitoring, Halawa Stream Drainage Basin, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2004 to June 30, 2005 |
2005 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
Stacie T. Young; Marcael T. Ball; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESTON VA
|
| Storm runoff water-quality samples were collected as part of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Stormwater Monitoring Program. This program is designed to assess the effects of highway runoff and urban runoff on Halawa Stream. For this program, rainfall data were collected at two stations, continuous streamflow data at two stations and water-quality data at five stations, which include the two continuous streamflow stations. This report summarizes rainfall, streamflow, ... |
|
| Analysis of Mercury Wet-Deposition Data Collected With a Newly Designed Sampler, Boston, Massachusetts Metropolitan Area, 2002-04 |
2005 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Ann Chalmers; Mark A. Nilles; David P. Krabbenhoft; Eric Prestbo; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESTON VA
|
| Atmospheric mercury wet-deposition rates were determined by the use of a newly designed wet-deposition sampler at four sites around the Boston, Mass. metropolitan area. The new sampler design was evaluated to determine reliability and capture efficiency. Capture efficiency was lowest during cold and (or) windy winter storms when accumulated ice and (or) snow either overflowed or blew out of the funnel. High capture efficiency (median values of 0.95 and 1.01) ... |
|
| A Potential Remote-Sensing Technique for Thermospheric Temperature with Ground-Based Resonant Atomic Oxygen Raman Lidar |
2005 |
10 pages |
| Authors:
Ramesh D. Sharma; Phan D. Dao; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB HANSCOM AFB MA SPACE VEHICLES DIRECTORATE
|
| We propose a remote-sensing technique to measure temperature in the lower thermosphere with a resonant Raman lidar. A ground-based pulsed laser operating at 630.0304 (636.3776) nm excites [exp-3] P [sub-2] ([exp-3] P [sub-1]) multiplet level of the ground electronic state of atomic oxygen in the atmosphere to the electronically excited [exp-1] D [sub-2] state and the back-scattered photons at 636.3776 (630.0304) nm, while the atom transitions to [exp-3] P [sub-1] ... |
|
| Surface Fluxes and Wind-Wave Interactions in Weak Wind Conditions |
2005 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Jielun Sun; NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH BOULDER CO MESOSCALE AND MICROSCALE METEOROLOGY DIV
|
| We will investigate air-sea transfer of momentum, heat, and moisture under weak wind conditions. We will focus on effects of swell on turbulence transfer since swell phase speeds can be much faster than weak wind and swell can have significant impacts on air-sea interactions. Improved understanding of wave effects on marine atmospheric turbulent fluxes under weak wind conditions will be used to modify the existing bulk aerodynamic formula for numerical ... |
|
| Multifrequency Retrieval of Cloud Ice Particle Size Distributions |
2005 |
87 pages |
| Authors:
Brian D. Griffith; COLORADO STATE UNIV FORT COLLINS DEPT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
|
| There are many sources of uncertainty in remote sensing retrievals. This is particularly true where complex parameters such as liquid or ice hydrometeors must be retrieved. Many of the uncertainties are the direct result of assumptions made in the retrieval process to address the ill-posed nature of the inverse problem namely that there are more variables than measurements. In this paper, an optimal estimation retrieval technique is applied to a ... |
|
| Temporal and Spatial Variation of the Drag Coefficient of a Developing Sea Under Steady Wind-Forcing |
2005 |
7 pages |
| Authors:
Paul A. Hwang; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV
|
| Field data indicate convincingly that the drag coefficient of the ocean surface is sea-state dependent. As a result, under steady forcing by a constant wind velocity the wind stress on the ocean surface varies with time. It also varies with space if the wave development is limited by fetch. A quantitative estimation of the temporal and spatial variation of the wind stress produced by a constant wind velocity is presented. ... |
|
| Altimeter Measurements of Wind and Wave Modulation by the Kuroshio in the Yellow and East China Seas |
2005 |
8 pages |
| Authors:
Paul A. Hwang; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV
|
| The Kuroshio is the major ocean current conveying heat and water mass in the Pacific Ocean. The impact of the Kuroshio on regional wind and wave distributions has been studied with spaceborne-altimeter measurements in the Yellow and East China Seas. In this region the Kuroshio trajectory is relatively stationary and the monsoon patterns dominate, making it an ideal natural laboratory for large scale air-sea-current interaction research. Major findings from this ... |
|
| Evaluation of Decision Trees for Cloud Detection from AVHRR Data |
2005 |
5 pages |
| Authors:
Smadar Shiffman; Ramakrishna Nemani; NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION MOFFETT FIELD CA AMES RESEARCH CENTER
|
| Automated cloud detection and tracking is an important step in assessing changes in radiation budgets associated with global climate change via remote sensing. Data products based on satellite imagery are available to the scientific community for studying trends in the Earth's atmosphere. The data products include pixel-based cloud masks that assign cloud-cover classifications to pixels. Many cloud-mask algorithms have the form of decision trees. The decision trees employ sequential tests ... |
|
| Multispectral Remote Sensing and COAMPS Model Analysis Methods for Marine Cloud Structure, Entrainment Processes and Refractivity Effects |
21 DEC 2004 |
19 pages |
| Authors:
Melanie A. Wetzel; Steven K. Chai; Darko R. Koracin; NEVADA UNIV RENO DESERT RESEARCH INST
|
| The primary goal of this research is advancement in the utilization of satellite remote sensing methods with mesoscale simulation models for improved prediction of marine stratus and boundary layer structure. Related goals include the study of marine stratus evolution and analysis of microwave refractivity at the interface of the cloudy marine layer and the free troposphere. High accuracy for short-term prediction of cloud and inversion structure in marine environments is ... |
|
| Experimental Measurement to Determine Fine Dry-Bulb and Wet-Bulb Thermocouple Response Times |
20 DEC 2004 |
38 pages |
| Authors:
Jonathan W. Kaufman; Kambiz Farahmand; Katherine Stuble; Coleen Chin; NAVAL AIR WARFARE CENTER AIRCRAFT DIV PATUXENT RIVER MD
|
| An experimental apparatus was built and used to measure the response time of very fine wet-bulb thermocouples in air. Rapid response solenoid valves (15 m/sec response time) were used to control airflow, through tubing into which wet-bulb thermocouples were placed. Thermocouple wire (type T, 0.005 cm diameter) was used to fabricate thermocouples for testing. The thermocouple tip (bead) was covered with a wick (cotton fiber) to build a wet-bulb. The ... |
|
| Longitudinal Variability of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Observed by DMSP and ROCSAT-1 |
04 DEC 2004 |
17 pages |
| Authors:
W. J. Burke; L. C. Gentile; C. Y. Huang; C. E. Valladares; S. Y. Su; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB HANSCOM AFB MA
|
| We compare observations of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) by polar- orbiting satellites of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) with plasma density measurements from the Republic of China Satellite (ROCSAT-1) in a low-inclination orbit. DMSP data were acquired in the evening sector at low magnetic latitudes between 1989 and 2002. ROCSAT-1 plasma densities were measured in March and April of 2000 and 2002. Observations of individual EPBs detected by both ... |
|
| An Analysis of a Dust Storm Impacting Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, 25-27 March 2003 |
DEC 2004 |
123 pages |
| Authors:
John W. Anderson; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| On day five of combat operations during Operation IRAQI FREEDOM, advances by coalition forces were nearly halted by a dust storm, which was initiated by the passage of a synoptically driven cold front. This storm impacted ground and air operations across the entire Area of Responsibility, and delayed an impending ground attack on the Iraqi capital. Military meteorologists were able to assist military planners in mitigating at least some of ... |
|
| Development and Evaluation of a Shortwave Full-Spectrum Correlated K- Distribution Radiative Transfer Algorithm for Numerical Weather Prediction |
DEC 2004 |
|
| Authors:
Daniel T. Pawlak; PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV UNIVERSITY PARK
|
| The Full Spectrum Correlated k-distribution (FSCK) method, originally developed for applications in combustion systems, is adapted for use in shortwave atmospheric radiative transfer. By weighting k-distributions by the solar source function, the FSCK method eliminates the requirement that the Planck function be constant over a spectral interval. Consequently, integration may be carried out across the full spectrum as long as the assumption of correlation from one atmospheric level to the ... |
|
| Trials of a New Relative Humidity Sensor |
DEC 2004 |
|
| Authors:
Richard E. Payne; WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION MA
|
| A new relative humidity and air temperature sensor, the Sensirion Model SHT1, has been thoroughly tested by the Upper Ocean Processes (UOP) group at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. One-minute averages from two of the sensors, as well as a Vaisala HMP45A, were recorded for over a year. A third Sensirion sensor was kept in the laboratory and calibrated at monthly intervals with the other three sensors. The standard deviation ... |
|
| OS-02: The Impact of Climate and Extreme Weather Events on Military Operations |
DEC 2004 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
J. W. Weatherly; D. R. Hill; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The range of climate and extreme weather events, including high and low temperatures, drought and floods, high and damaging winds, and heavy or blowing snow have significant impacts on military operations. These impacts include increased risk to life and safety, injury, and a degrading effect on mission performance. The effects of snow are felt across a range of tasks from intelligence gathering by sensors to mobility of vehicles and personnel. ... |
|
| Starting Errors in Numerical Approximations to an Equilibrium Dusty Gas Model |
DEC 2004 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
Stephen F. Davis; ARMY RESEARCH LAB RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK NC
|
| Discontinuous initial data can generate spurious waves in the numerical solution of some systems of hyperbolic partial differential equations. In this paper we study a particular model of a dusty gas that appears to be especially susceptible to this type of starting error. Using a combination of analysis and numerical computation, we identify the source of the error and propose remedies. The method of analysis should be applicable to other ... |
|
| Reproducing a Section of the Earth's Atmospheric Surface Layer in Small Wind Tunnels for Studies on the Environmental Fate of Chemical Warfare Agents |
DEC 2004 |
3 pages |
| Authors:
D. J. Weber; M. K. Scudder; S. H. Hong; K. B. Sumpter; W. J. Shuely; R. G. Nickol; J. J. Pence; J. W. Molnar; EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD
|
| Vapor and contact hazard tracking with computer models is critical to the commander after a Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) attack. The Agent Fate Program is providing the database of measurements for developing these hazard prediction models. Wind speed is one of the environmental variables controlling CWA volatilization. therefore. an accurate flow field over the CWA droplets or droplet wetted area had to be designed into small laboratory wind tunnels. The ... |
|
| High Resolution Results and Scalability of Numerical Modeling of Wind Flow at White Sands Missile Range |
DEC 2004 |
9 pages |
| Authors:
Patrick A. Haines; David J. Grove; Wen-Yih Sun; Wu- Ron Hsu; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM
|
| The NTU/ Purdue nonhydrostatic numerical model has been developed over the last 6 years to predict atmospheric motions and conditions for both the mesoscale (200 m to 200 km) and large scale turbulence scale (20 m to 200 m). It is a fully explicit, compressible three-dimensional code and has compared quite to a wide variety of known analytical solution or observed situations including the Boulder Wind Storm, nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic ... |
|
| Evaluation of a Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverage on Performance During Marine Corps Hot Weather Training Exercises |
DEC 2004 |
23 pages |
| Authors:
John Schrot; NAVAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTER SILVER SPRING MD RADIATION AND COMBAT INJURY
|
| In response to a request from the Marine Corps System Command (MARCORSYSCOM), Quantico, VA we conducted a proof of concept investigation into the efficacy of a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) beverage as a prophylactic against heat stress. The study was conducted to determine if the consumption of a CHO-E drink, as a supplement to water consumption, would sustain the leadership and decision making abilities of junior officers and senior NCOs during field ... |
|
| Observations and Numerical Simulations of Inertia-Gravity Waves and Shearing Instabilities in the Vicinity of a Jet Stream |
15 Nov 2004 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Todd P Lane; James D Doyle; Riwal Plougonven; Melvyn A Shapiro; Robert D Sharman; NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH BOULDER CO
|
| The characteristics and dynamics of inertia-gravity waves generated in the vicinity of an intense jet stream/ upper-level frontal system on 18 February 2001 are investigated using observations from the NOAA Gulfstream-IV research aircraft and numerical simulations. Aircraft dropsonde observations and numerical simulations elucidate the detailed mesoscale structure of this system, including its associated inertia-gravity waves and clear air turbulence. Results from a multiply nested numerical model show inertia-gravity wave development ... |
|
| Evaluations of Global Wind Prediction at Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center: from the Perspective of a Wave Modeler |
10 NOV 2004 |
18 pages |
| Authors:
W. E. Rogers; David Wang; Larry Hsu; Paul Wittmann; Michael Clancy; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV
|
| This study describes the validation of winds fields used in a companion study ("Evaluation of global wave prediction at Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center," submitted for review). During this validation, it is found that conventional methods of estimating the distribution of bias across wind speeds can produce widely misleading conclusions. This is demonstrated, and a simple solution (histogram comparisons without geographic interpolation) is presented. |
|
| Cloud Optical Depth Retrieval from Cloud Radar and Microwave Radiometer Measurements |
05 NOV 2004 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Paul R. Desrochers; AIR FORCE RESEARCH LAB HANSCOM AFB MA SPACE VEHICLES DIRECTORATE
|
| Radar and microwave radiometer measurements of clouds were taken along the California Coast at Vandenberg AFB on 10 Sept. and 18 Oct 2003 in conjunction with Minuteman III and Titan II rocket launches. The purpose was to characterize the clouds to derive an estimate of the optical depth at the time of the launches. These measurements support the Signature Exploitation Program development effort at AFRL to detect rocket emissions through ... |
|
| Different Initialization Data and the Performance by the BFM |
NOV 2004 |
36 pages |
| Authors:
Jeffrey E. Passner; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
|
| The U.S. Army Research Laboratory supports the forecaster by producing weather forecasts on the Integrated Meteorological System (IMETS). On IMETS, a mesoscale model known as the Battlescale Forecast Model (BFM) outputs many weather parameters, including temperature, pressure, dew point, relative humidity, and wind speed. Additionally, many other elements, such as icing, turbulence, clouds, and visibility, are produced in the post-processor. This report investigates how these model outputs are influenced by ... |
|
| Reformatting Meteorological Data for use in the Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability |
NOV 2004 |
|
| Authors:
Alexander Hill; Peter Sanders; Ralph Gailis; DEFENCE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANISATION VICTORIA (AUSTRALIA) PLATFORM SCIENCES LAB
|
| The Hazard Prediction and Assessment Capability (HPAC) is a hazard modelling tool that predicts the effects of the release of toxic materials to the atmosphere. Detailed meteorological data is required to obtain reliable modelling results, including surface observations, upper-air profiles and gridded forecast data. HPAC is a US developed model and cannot interpret locally available meteorological data. This report describes the DSTO-built computer program AWSMSTR which retrieves the relevant data ... |
|
| Model Evaluation Tool |
NOV 2004 |
32 pages |
| Authors:
Stephen F. Kirby; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
|
| A Web-based Model Evaluation Tool (MET) has been developed that allows a user to gather initialization data, and run and statistically analyze output from these mesoscale models: Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5) and the Weather Research and Forecasting model. The models may be run as single entities or as an ensemble. An example of an ensemble would be a multi-analysis ensemble: running MM5 using the Aviation, Eta, Medium-Range Forecasting (MRF), ... |
|
| Manual for the GAW Precipitation Chemistry Programme: Guidelines, Data Quality Objectives and Standard Operating Procedures |
NOV 2004 |
183 pages |
| Authors:
Mary A. Allan; WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GENEVA (SWITZERLAND)
|
| This is a manual for the Global Atmosphere Watch Precipitation Chemistry (GAW-PC) Programme. Where possible, it describes standard operating procedures and otherwise provides guidance on methods and procedures. The objectives of the GAW Precipitation Chemistry Programme are as follows: (1) to assure the harmonization of measurements conducted globally by various regional and national programmes; (2) to enable quantification of patterns and trends in the composition of atmospheric precipitation at global ... |
|
| The WindSat Spaceborne Polarimetric Microwave Radiometer: Sensor Description and Early Orbit Performance |
NOV 2004 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
Peter W. Gaiser; Karen M. St.Germain; Elizabeth M. Twarog; Gene A. Poe; William Purdy; Donald Richardson; Walter Grossman; W. L. Jones; David Spencer; Gerald Golba; Jeffrey Cleveland; Larry Choy; Richard M. Bevilacqua; Paul S. Chang; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB WASHINGTON DC
|
| Abstract The global ocean surface wind vector is a key parameter for short-term weather forecasting, the issuing of timely weather warnings, and the gathering of general climatological data. In addition, it affects a broad range of naval missions, including strategic ship movement and positioning, aircraft carrier operations, aircraft deployment, effective weapons use, underway replenishment, and littoral operations. WindSat is a satellite-based multifrequency polarimetric microwave radiometer developed by the Naval Research ... |
|
| A New Mixing-Length Formulation for the Parameterization of Dry Convection: Implementation and Evaluation in a Mesoscale Model |
Nov-2004 |
|
| Authors:
J Teixeira; J P Ferreira; P M Miranda; T Haack; J Doyle; A P Siebsema; R Salgado; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB MONTEREY CA
|
| A realistic representation of the evolution of the dry convective boundary layer in mesoscale and large-scale atmospheric models has been an elusive goal for many years. In this paper the performance of a new mixing length formulation for the dry convective boundary layer is evaluated in the context of the Coupled Ocean- Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS). In this new formulation, the mixing length is proportional to a time scale ... |
|
| Effects of Roughness and Thermal Inhomogeneities on Urban Flows |
27 OCT 2004 |
39 pages |
| Authors:
H. J. S. Fernando; D. L. Boyer; ARIZONA STATE UNIV TEMPE
|
| The Environmental Fluid Dynamics group at Arizona State University has been involved in research related to the studies of urban airsheds from the standpoint of multi-scale flow transport and analysis from regional to personal scales. The project described herein was supported by the Army Research Office in support of those efforts, especially to study the effects of topographic and thermal inhomogeneities on urban-scale flows. The emphasis was on the dispersion ... |
|
| Stability-Dependent Exchange Coefficients for Air-Sea Fluxes |
27 OCT 2004 |
16 pages |
| Authors:
A. B. Kara; Harley E. Hurlburt; Alan J. Wallcraft; NAVAL RESEARCH LAB STENNIS SPACE CENTER MS OCEANOGRAPHY DIV
|
| This study introduces exchange coefficients for wind stress (C(sub D)), latent heat flux (C(sub L), and sensible heat flux (C(sub S)) over the global ocean. They are obtained from the state-of-the-art Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) bulk algorithm (version 3.0). Using the exchange coefficients from this bulk scheme, C(sub D), C(sub L), and C(sub s) are then expressed as simple polynomial functions of air-sea temperature difference (T(sub a)-T(sub s)) where ... |
|
| Horizontal Variability of Ocean Skin Temperature from Airborne Infrared Imagery |
25 OCT 2004 |
|
| Authors:
Christopher J. Zaapa; James B. Edson; WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION MA DEPT OF APPLIED OCEAN PHYSICS AND ENGINEERING
|
| The first objective is to use an airborne infrared imager to produce both overview maps and high-resolution time series of thermal variability over the CBLAST study area. The second objective is to combine these data with measurements by other investigators to determine the extent to which horizontal variability in surface temperature is related to atmospheric and sub-surface phenomena. |
|
| Integration of Infrasound Propagation Models and Near-Real-Time Atmospheric Characterizations |
06 OCT 2004 |
11 pages |
| Authors:
Robert G. Gibson; David E. Norris; BBN TECHNOLOGIES CAMBRIDGE MA
|
| Numerical modeling of infrasound propagation directly supports infrasound source location and phase identification. Predicting the details of infrasound propagation relies on characterization of the propagation medium, namely the global atmosphere from the ground to altitudes above 100 km and the accuracy of propagation modeling depends on the fidelity of the atmospheric characterization. The analysis tool kit InfraMAP (Infrasound Modeling of Atmospheric Propagation) has been upgraded to offer new options for ... |
|
| An Analysis Method to Nowcast Three-Dimensional Meteorological Data for the U.S. Army IMETS |
OCT 2004 |
45 pages |
| Authors:
Teizi Henmi; Robert Dumais; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS NM COMPUTATIONAL AND INFORMATION SCIENCE DIRECTORATE
|
| An analysis method for creating three-dimensional meteorological data was developed for the U.S. Army Integrated Meteorological System (IMETS) for the purpose of nowcasting. The method uses data regularly obtained from the U.S. Air Force Weather Agency, which includes numerical forecast data generated by the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model Version 5, along with routine surface and upper-air observations. The method is described in detail and, for ... |
|
| Severe Winter Weather in the Continental U.S. and Global Climate Cycles |
OCT 2004 |
88 pages |
| Authors:
Steven F. Daly; Julie E. Friddell; Kathleen F. Jones; Carrie M. Vuyovich; ENGINEER RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER HANOVER NH COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LAB
|
| The relationship between severe winter weather in the United States and global climate indices is investigated using data from 1950 to 2002. Winter severity is characterized by accumulated freezing degree-days (AFDDO and damaging freezing rain storms. The first eigenvector of the AFDD anomaly, based on data from 2282 weather stations, shows a pattern in which the entire country tends to be either warmer or colder than average, while the second ... |
|
| Average Forecast Errors Using MM5 and WRF Over Complex Terrain: Utah, July/August 2003 and January/February 2004 |
OCT 2004 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
Barbara Sauter; Teizi Henmi; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM
|
| This report documents average weather forecast errors associated with two mesoscale models run over northern Utah during two months in the summer (2003) and two months in the winter (2004). The models used were the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5) and the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model, version 1.3. The forecast values of surface temperature, dew-point temperature, wind speed, and wind direction ... |
|
Meteorology
