The Biological Interactions of Nanomaterials project focuses on biological characterization of nanomaterials of particular interest to the Air Force. This report describes the basic mechanism of biological interactions of engineered nanomaterials, and explains potential toxicities arising from physicochemical properties uniquely associated with nano-scale structures, including size, shape, surface charge, surface composition, and in some cases surface structure. This research acquired the fundamental knowledge needed to improve understanding of nano-bio interaction ...