Dense, nonaqueous-phase liquid contaminants are a challenge to characterize and remediate at many sites where such contaminants have entered the aquifer due to past use of disposal practices. Chlorinated solvents are common DNPL contaminates at sites where operations, such as aircraft maintenance, dry cleaning, and metal finishing have historically occurred. In the past, because of the difficulty in identifying the DNAPL source zone, most remediation efforts focused on controlling the ...