John R. Vig - Storming Media

Quartz Crystal Resonators and Oscillators. For Frequency Control and Timing Applications. A Tutorial. Revision

SEP 97

289 pages

Authors: John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The full text of this report is available for sale.

Subjects covered include: applications of frequency standards; types of oscillators (quartz and atomic); quartz resonator properties; quartz growing, sweeping, and material characteristics; Q and its significance; resonator and oscillator stability, including aging, short-term instability, frequency vs. temperature characteristics, oscillator circuit caused instabilities, frequency vs. drive level effects, acceleration effects, the effect of shock, and radiation effects; emerging technologies; atomic frequency standards; comparison of the major oscillator types; oscillator specifications and ...

Military Applications of High-Accuracy Frequency Standards and Clocks

AUG 93

Authors: John R. Vig; ARMY RESEARCH LAB FORT MONMOUTH NJ

The full text of this report is not available and therefore is not for sale. This information is provided for reference purposes only.

Frequency control and timing devices are essential components in modern military electronics systems. Reviewed in this paper are the applications of these devices, and the manner in which the stability and accuracy of these devices impact the performance of military communication, navigation, surveillance, electronic warfare, missile guidance, and identification-friend- or-foe systems. Crystal oscillator, Oscillator, Clock, Frequency standard, Atomic clock, Applications, Timing, Spread spectrum, Communication, Navigation, Electronic warfare, Jamming, Surveillance, Radar, ...

Low-Noise Oscillators for Airborne Radar Applications. Revision 1

AUG 93

20 pages

Authors: Raymond L. Filler; John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

Vibration-induced phase noise can change the probability of detection of moving-target indicator (MTI) radar from near-100 percent to zero. Oscillators that are capable of meeting the requirements of MTI radar systems in a quiet environment are readily available. In the vibrating environments of airborne platforms, however, the phase noise of oscillators degrades very significantly. For example, a 10-MHz crystal oscillator may have a phase noise of -140 dBc/Hz, 100 Hz ...

Quartz Crystal Resonators and Oscillators for Frequency Control and Timing Applications: A Tutorial (Revision 6.1)

MAY 93

272 pages

Authors: John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

Ultraviolet-Ozone Cleaning of Semiconductor Surfaces. Revision 1

OCT 92

48 pages

Authors: John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The ultraviolet (UV)/ozone surface-cleaning method, which is reviewed in this report, is an effective method of removing a variety of contaminants from silicon (as well as many other) surfaces. It is a simple-to-use dry process which is inexpensive to set up and operate. It can rapidly produce clean surfaces, in air or in a vacuum system, at ambient temperatures. In combination with a dry method for removing inorganic contamination, the ...

Introduction to Quartz Frequency Standards. Revision

OCT 92

56 pages

Authors: John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The fundamentals of quartz frequency standards are reviewed. The subjects discussed include: crystal resonators and oscillators, oscillator types, and the characteristics and limitations of temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXO) and oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO). The oscillator instabilities discussed include: aging, noise, frequency vs. temperature, warmup, acceleration effects, magnetic field effects, atmospheric pressure effects, radiation effects, and interactions among the various effects. Guidelines are provided for oscillator comparison and selection. Discussions of ...

Quartz Crystal Resonators and Oscillators for Frequency Control and Timing Applications - A Tutorial. Revision 5.2

JUL 92

272 pages

Authors: John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The Effects of Acceleration on Precision Frequency Sources

JUL 92

64 pages

Authors: John R. Vig; Claude Audoin; Leonard S. Cutler; Michael M. Driscoll; Errol P. EerNisse; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The effects of acceleration on quartz and atomic frequency sources are reviewed. Guidelines are provided for the specification and testing of oscillator acceleration sensitivities. The discussion includes: steady-state acceleration effects, gravity change effects, shock effects, and vibration effects. The vibration effects section includes: sinusoidal vibration, random vibration, acoustic noise, the effects on short term stability, and spectral responses at other than the vibration frequency.

Introduction to Quartz Frequency Standards

MAR 92

56 pages

Authors: John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The fundamentals of quartz frequency standards are reviewed. The subjects discussed include: crystal resonators and oscillators, oscillator types, and the characteristics arid limitations of temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXO) and oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO). The oscillator instabilities discussed include: aging, noise, frequency vs. temperature, warmup, acceleration effects, magnetic field effects, atmospheric pressure effects, radiation effects, and interactions among the various effects. Guidelines are provided for oscillator comparison and selection. Discussions of ...

Ultraviolet-Ozone Cleaning of Semiconductor Surfaces

JAN 92

44 pages

Authors: John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The ultraviolet (UV)/ozone surface-cleaning method, which is reviewed in this report, is an effective method of removing a variety of contaminants from silicon (as well as many other) surfaces. It is a simple-to-use dry process which is inexpensive to set up and operate. It can rapidly produce clean surfaces, in air or in vacuum system, at ambient temperatures. In combination with a dry method for removing inorganic contamination, the method ...

Frequency Standards for Communications. Revision 1

OCT 91

75 pages

Authors: Samuel R. Stein; John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The fundamentals of quartz and atomic frequency standards are reviewed. The subjects discussed include: crystal resonators and oscillators, atomic oscillators, oscillator types, and the characteristic and limitations of temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXO), oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO), rubidium frequency standards, cesium beam frequency standards and hydrogen masers. The oscillator instabilities discussed include: aging, noise, frequency vs. temperature, warmup, acceleration effects, magnetic field effects, atmospheric pressure effects, radiation effects, and interactions among ...

Frequency Standards for Communications

JAN 91

71 pages

Authors: Samuel R. Stein; John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The fundamentals of quartz and atomic frequency standards are reviewed. The subjects discussed include: crystal resonators and oscillators, atomic oscillators, oscillator types, and the characteristics and limitations of temperature-compensated crystal oscillators (TCXO), oven-controlled crystals oscillators (OCXO), rubidium frequency standards, cesium beam frequency standards and hydrogen masers. The oscillator instabilities discussed include: aging, noise, frequency vs. temperature, warmup acceleration effects, magnetic field effects, atmospheric pressure effects, radiation effects, and interactions among ...

frequency fluctuations in thickness shear resonators induced by adsorption and desorption of surface molecules

Authors: y. k. yong; John R. Vig

this paper examines the magnitude and spectral characteristics of frequency fluctuations caused by a contaminant gas of different species of molecules in a simple adsorption-desorption process. the molecules are assumed to adsorb and desorb nondissociatively on the surface electrodes. the adsorbed molecules are also assumed not to exert lateral effects on neighboring adsorbed molecules, nor do they diffuse along the surface. (author/ntiac).

Method and Apparatus for Growing High Perfection Quartz.

16 JUL 1987

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

This invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for the growth of high perfection quartz. Hydrothermal growth or culturing of quartz has been practiced for many years and has presently been refined to a point where virtually all quartz used for frequency control applications today is cultured quartz. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a simple, inexpensive method and apparatus for the mass production of ...

Method of Precisely Adjusting the Frequency of a Piezoelectric Resonator.

06 MAY 1987

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

The frequency of a piezoelectric resonator is precisely adjusted using monomolecular layer(s) of a thermally stable, low stable, low stress, uniform insulating film deposited on the active area of the resonator. The method is particularly suitable for precisely adjusting the frequencies of high frequency (i.e., very thin) resonators, and the frequencies of lateral field resonators, without degrading stability.

The Effects of Surface Contamination on the Noise and Drive-Level Sensitivity of Piezoelectric Resonators

MAY 87

Authors: John R. Vig; ARMY LAB COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The effects of surface contamination on the short term instabilities and drive level sensitivities of piezoelectric resonators are explored. A plausibility argument is presented to show that the adsorption and desorption of surface contamination may be a significant contributor to short term instabilities. Although high drive levels produce high velocities and accelerations at resonator surfaces, the extra kinetic energy imparted directly to contaminant molecules by the high drive levels is ...

UV/Ozone Cleaning of Surfaces

MAY 86

50 pages

Authors: John R. Vig; ARMY LABORATORY COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB

The UV/ozone methods, which is reviewed in this report, is an effective method of removing a variety of contaminants from surfaces. It is a simple-to-use dry process which is inexpensive to set up and operate. It can rapidly produce clean surfaces, in air or in a vacuum system, at ambient temperatures. Placing properly precleaned surface within a few millimeters of an ozone-producing UV source can produce clean surfaces in less ...

Method of Making a Resonator Having a Desired Frequency from a Quartz Crystal Resonator Plate.

17 JAN 1986

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE WASHINGTON DC

The general object of this invention is to provide a method of making a resonator from a quartz crystal resonator plate. A more particular object of the invention is to provide such a method in which the resonator will have a desired frequency. A further object of the invention is to provide such a method of making a high frequency fundamental mode resonator in which the resonator will have a ...

Method of Making a High Stability Quartz Crystal Oscillator.

18 APR 1983

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE WASHINGTON DC

A high stability quartz crystal oscillator is made from a quartz crystal plate by first cutting the quartz crystal plate at the angles that results in a resonator having a turnover temperature below the lowest operating temperature of the equipment in which the oscillator is to be used. A resonator is made from the quartz plate; the resonator then connected into a high stability oscillator circuit, and the oscillator-circuit/resonator combination ...

Method of Fabricating Acceleration Resistant Crystal Resonators and Acceleration Resistant Crystal Resonators so Formed.

29 SEP 1982

Authors: Arthur Ballato; John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

An acceleration-resistant crystal resonator is made from a single quartz plate that is optically twinned into a left-handed (LH) quartz portion and a right-handed (RH) quartz portion. According to the method, the optically twinned single quartz plate is formed into a resonator plate wherein the effective thickness of the (LH) portion is substantially the same as the effective thickness of te (RH) portion. The resonator plate is then mounted and ...

Method of Chemically Polishing Both Sides of an SC-Cut Quartz Crystal Plate.

25 MAR 1982

Authors: John R. Vig; Ronald J. Brandmayr; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

Both sides of an SC-cut quartz crystal plate whose theta angle is between about -33 degrees and -36 degrees and whose phi angles is between about 20 degrees and 26 degrees are chemically polished by lapping the quartz plate with an abrasive and etching the lapped quartz plate in a 25 to 30 percent solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in water, the etching being carried out until surface roughnesses of ...

Method and Apparatus for Correcting the Angles of Cut of Quartz Plates.

18 MAR 1982

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

An improvement in the technique of correcting the angles of cut of quartz resonator plates is disclosed. Photolytic etching the crystal blanks comprises the preferred method. Flat pack or pill-box type holders include masking members which mask the appropriate portion of the blank. Teflon and Kalrez comprise preferred materials for fabricating the masking elements since such materials are resistant to the etching material utilized. Mesas are formed during etching and ...

SC-Cut Resonators for Temperature Compensated Oscillators,

1982

Authors: John R. Vig; Raymond L. Filler; John A. Kosinski; ARMY ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB FORT MONMOUTH NJ

The frequency - temperature vs. angle-of-cut characteristics have been determined for SC-cut TCXO resonators. The theta-values were such that the lower turnover temperatures ranged from +100 degrees C to -70 degrees C. From the frequency vs. temperature (f vs T) characteristics of these resonators, the optimum angles of cut, minimum frequency deviations and maximum f vs. T slopes have been determined for various temperature ranges (i.e., -40 degrees C to ...

The Effect of Blank Geometry on the Acceleration Sensitivity of AT & SC-Cut Quartz Resonators,

1982

Authors: Raymond L. Filler; John A. Kosinski; John R. Vig; ARMY ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB FORT MONMOUTH NJ

The acceleration-sensitivity of AT-cut resonators has a marked dependence on blank curvature. As the plate contour becomes flatter, the acceleration sensitivity coefficient decreases approximately linearly with diopter value. Four types of AT-cut resonators were studied: 5 MHz fundamental mode, 5 MHz third-overtone, 10 MHz third-overtone, and 20 MHz fundamental mode. Biconvex units of given contour have been found not to have a substantially lower acceleration sensitivity than plano-convex units of ...

Method of Measuring the Thermal Properties of a Resonator.

28 OCT 1981

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

The thermal properties of a crystal resonator are rapidly and inexpensively measured by first immersing the resonator into an ice water bath at 0 C and monitoring the frequency of the resonator until the frequency of the resonator is no longer changing; then rapidly immersing the resonator into a boiling water bath at 100 C and monitoring the frequency versus time characteristics of the resonator at least until the frequency ...

Further Investigation of Etchants for Chemically Polishing SC-Cut Quartz Crystals

SEP 1981

Authors: Ronald J. Brandmayr; John R. Vig; ARMY ELECTRONICS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH NJ ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY/DEVICES LAB

A series of solutions were investigated for chemically polishing SC- cut quartz crystals. Solutions of concentrations were prepared. It was determined that some of these solutions can chemically polish SC-cut crystals in less time than solutions previously reported. Shorter etching time minimizes the problem of water evaporation from the etching bath. Also, the new solutions are easier to prepare than those employing NH subscript 4 F. (Author)

Method of Angle Correcting Doubly Rotated Crystal Resonators.

27 FEB 1981

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

Doubly rotated quartz crystal blanks such as the SC, IT and FC cuts have their apparent angles of cut and hence their frequency vs. temperature characteristics modified by changing the contours of one or both of the convex sides thereof, or by changing the electrode areas thereof; or a combination of these two changes. (Author)

Hermetically Sealed Container and Method for Forming Such a Container.

29 AUG 1980

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

An improved hermetically sealed container is disclosed having a receptacle with at least one opening for mounting a desired element in the opening, a closure element covering each opening, a metallized seal between the closure element and the receptacle with the metallized seal peripherally surrounding the opening and hermetically sealing the closure element to the receptacle, and a sealing deposit electrolytically applied to the outer surface of the metallized seal. ...

Method of Sweeping Quartz.

09 MAY 1980

Authors: Arthur Ballato; John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

This invention relates to an external source of electromagnetic energy which is applied to quartz in addition to the conventional heating and DC bias electric field. The source can be either coherent or incoherent. The wavelengths can range from the infrared through the visible into the ultraviolet. (Author)

Method of Chemically Polishing a Doubly Rotated Quartz Plate.

08 MAY 1980

Authors: John R. Vig; Ronald J. Brandmayr; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

The general object of this invention is to provide a method of chemically polishing a doubly rotated quartz plate. A more particular object of the invention is to provide such a method that will chemically polish a doubly rotated quartz plate whose theta angle is between about 33 deg and 36 deg and whose phi angle is between about 10 deg and 26 deg. A particular object of the invention ...

Acceleration Resistant Crystal Combination.

19 OCT 1979

Authors: John R. Vig; Arthur Ballato; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an acceleration resistant crystal configuration which is acceleration resistant along all directions. It is another object of the present invention to provide an acceleration resistant crystal configuration which is rugged and is highly resistant to breakage. In brief, these and other objects of the invention are achieved by having two crystals which are electrically coupled or mechanically coupled, or ...

Fast Warm-Up Oven Controlled Oscillator.

25 MAY 1979

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

A process and apparatus are disclosed for heating a piezoelectric crystal resonator by infrared radiation. The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor. (Author)

Method of Making A Quartz Resonator.

18 MAY 1979

Authors: John R. Vig; Raymond L. Filler; R. Donald Peters; James M. Frank; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

The general object of this invention is to provide a method of making a quartz resonator that can consistently survive very high shock levels. A further object of the invention is to provide such a method in which the quartz resonator will withstand exposure to high temperatures, thus permitting the use of the high temperature processes commonly employed in the fabrication of high precision resonators. It has now been found ...

Nozzle Beam Type Metal Vapor Source.

14 NOV 1978

Authors: John R. Vig; Erich Hafner; Ronald P. Andres; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC

The patent concerns a novel, high-flux source for the use in the vapor deposition of electrode materials, such as gold, during the fabrication of precision quartz-crystal resonators, or the like. The design is based on the theory and technology of nozzle beams. The nozzle beam type source disclosed herein is conceived: (1) to permit large deposition rates with minimum wastage of electrode material; (2) to operate in high vacuum; (3) ...

Method of Adjusting the Frequency of Piezoelectric Resonators.

15 AUG 1978

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON D C

The resonant frequencies of a piezoelectric resonator are adjusted either before sealing the resonator into an enclosure or after sealing the resonator into an enclosure or both before and after sealing the resonator into an enclosure. The method makes use of radiation to polymerize a polymerizable gas that has been introduced into the enclosure that houses the resonator. The resulting polymer that deposits on the resonator adjusts the resonant frequencies ...

Precision X-Ray Diffraction System Incorporating a Laser Aligner.

27 DEC 1977

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON D C

This report describes an X-ray diffraction system for crystal analysis employing laser alignment to reduce errors inherent in the mechanical operation of the goniometer apparatus. (Author)

Method of Treating Optical Waveguide Fibers.

07 JUN 1977

Authors: Sam Di Vita; John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON D C

Optical waveguide fibers are cleaned by a dry method involving irradiating the fibers in an oxygen-containing environment with shortwave ultraviolet light. (Author)

Method of Cleaning Surfaces by Irradiation with Ultraviolet Light.

07 JUN 1977

Authors: John R. Vig; John W. LeBus; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON D C

Contaminants are rapidly removed from surfaces by precleaning the surfaces in air, and then irradiating the surfaces with shortwave ultraviolet light in the presence of oxygen. (Author)

Method of Treating Quartz Crystal Resonators.

21 SEP 1976

Authors: John R. Vig; DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON D C

The aging and thermal hysteresis of quartz crystal resonators are reduced by hermetically sealing the quartz crystal resonator in a housing including a material transparent to radiation capable of polymerizing contaminants, and irradiating the resonator with radiation capable of polymerizing contaminants. (Author)

The Effect of Bonding on the Frequency versus. Temperature Characteristics of AT-Cut Resonators.

SEP 1976

Authors: Raymond L. Filler; John R. Vig; ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH N J

Although the frequency vs. temperature (f vs. t) characteristics of quartz resonators depend primarily on the angle of cut of the quartz plate with respect to the natural crystallographic axes, processing variables such as the stresses due to the mounting clips, bonding agents, and electrodes can also have important effects. For thin resonator plates, in particular, it has been found that the bonding technique employed can produce large rotations in ...

UV/Ozone Cleaning of Surfaces.

APR 1976

Authors: John R. Vig; John W. LeBus; ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH N J

The UV/ozone cleaning procedure is shown to be an effective method of rapidly removing a variety of contaminants from surfaces. It is a simple-to-use dry process which is inexpensive to set up and operate. It can produce clean surfaces in air, at ambient temperatures. The experiments were performed on quartz and metal surfaces. The contaminants which were successfully removed include oils and greases (including silicones), fluxes, skin oils, and contamination ...

UV/Ozone Cleaning of Surfaces,

15 MAR 1976

Authors: John R. Vig; John W. Le Bus; ARMY ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES LAB FORT MONMOUTH N J

Gunhardened Crystal Oscillators for Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System,

1976

Authors: Erich Hafner; Stanley S. Schodowski; John R. Vig; Henry Mazurczyk; OFFICE OF THE PROJECT MANAGER FIREFINDER/REMBASS FORT MONMOUTH NJ

Since the concept of using sensors to detect enemy movements was first employed in Southeast Asia, the Department of Defense has been actively interested in advancing sensor technology. Each service made use of various sensor systems for either tactical or fixed installation missions.

Packaging Precision Quartz Crystal Resonators.

JUL 1973

Authors: John R. Vig; Erich Hafner; ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH N J

RESONATORS ARE REVIEWED WITH EMPHASIS ON THOSE ASPECTS WHICH CAN BE INFLUENCED BY THE RESONATOR'S PACKAGING. A microcircuit compatible ceramic package design is proposed which is aimed toward optimizing the performance of quartz resonators. The package consists of a frame with a top and a bottom lid. The crystals are mounted in metal clips which are initially highly flexible. After mounting, the clips are strengthened as necessary by electroplating. The ...

A Superconductive Tunable Filter with Broad Tuning Range.

AUG 1972

Authors: John R. Vig; Emanual Gikow; ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH N J

The near zero resistance of superconductors makes it possible to construct resonant circuits with very low losses. Such high Q tunable circuits can provide low noise, narrow band, wide dynamic range tuners for communications equipments. The tuner discussed is a superconductive, tunable, parallel L-C resonant circuit. The inductance and capacitance are varied simultaneously. A tuning range of 17:1 in frequency has been achieved within a single band - from 1.3 ...