Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed our clinical approach to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Despite substantial advances in the management of HIV infection, concerns about transmitted drug resistance, ART-related toxic effects, and the consequences of chronic inflammation persist, emphasizing the need for ongoing research into alternate therapeutic targets and strategies to modulate the chronic immune activation/inflammation observed in this disease [1?3]. Strategies that block key interactions between the host and ...