| Battle Command Teams' Workload, Situational Understanding, and Shared Mental Models at Unit of Employment, Unit of Action, and Combined Arms Battalion Levels |
APR 2005 |
28 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; Cheryl A. Burns; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD HUMAN RESEARCH AND ENGINEERINGDIRECTORATE
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 | This experiment assessed mental model congruence, workload, and situational understanding (SU) for command teams at three levels during an experiment that examined battle command of future forces at the Unit of Action Maneuver Battle Lab at Fort Know, Kentucky. Compared to more subjective measures of workload and SU, objective measures of mental model consequence were low and did not improve as the experiment evolved. This suggests discrepancies between objective and ... |
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| Situational Understanding, Workload, and Congruence with the Commander's Mental Model |
FEB 2005 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; Chuck H. Perala; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD HUMAN RESEARCH AND ENGINEERINGDIRECTORATE
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| For the U.S. Army future force, it will be particularly important to see first, understand first, and act first. to do this, collaborative planning and execution are necessary. These are enabled, in part, by a shared mental model of the situation. Using a technique established by Entin and Entin (2001), the authors examined the relationship between subjects' discrepancies with the commander's mental model and their ratings of their own frustration, ... |
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| A Human Factors Assessment of the Maneuver Command and Control (MC2) Interface at Company Level and Below |
NOV 2004 |
50 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; Cheryl A. Burns; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD HUMAN RESEARCH AND ENGINEERINGDIRECTORATE
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| Research for the November 2003 Unit of Action Developmental Experiment 1, which was conducted by the Human Research and Engineering Directorate of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, had three objectives. The first was to assess the level of functionality of the maneuver command and control (MC2) system as a C2 interface at company level and below. The second was to determine operator situational awareness (SA) and workload levels. The third ... |
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| A Comparison of the Capabilities of Four Command and Control Systems at the Platoon Level and Below |
JUN 2004 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; Cheryl A. Burns; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD HUMAN RESEARCH AND ENGINEERINGDIRECTORATE
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| This report examines the capabilities of four command and control (C2) systems, as perceived by users of these systems at platoon level and below. All four systems were used in a virtual and constructive simulation run at the unit of action maneuver battle lab (UAMBL). Each system was assessed on ability to perform certain critical functions (e.g., view the common operational picture, understand the situation, war game plans, control fires); ... |
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| Skills Required for Platoon Leaders in the Objective Force Unit of Action |
MAY 2004 |
24 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; Cheryl A. Burns; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD HUMAN RESEARCH AND ENGINEERINGDIRECTORATE
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| The objective of this research was to identify and measure skills required by platoon leaders in the objective force unit of action (UA). The research was embedded in a UA experiment conducted in simulation in the Unit of Action Maneuver Battle Lab. The authors used the Job Assessment Survey Software to examine types and levels of skill clusters and individual skills needed by platoon leaders. Results showed that for both ... |
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| An Analysis of the Abilities Required by Future RSTA Vehicle Commanders and Drivers |
JUL 2003 |
21 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; Cheryl A. Burns; ARMY RESEARCH LAB ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND MD HUMAN RESEARCH AND ENGINEERINGDIRECTORATE
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| Abilities needed by future commanders and drivers of reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) vehicles were examined in a soldier- in-the-loop simulation of a Future Combat System unit of action. We used the Job Assessment Software System to administer the abilities taxonomy developed by Fleishman and Quaintance (2000). We found that in the simulation used, (a) vehicle drivers needed a higher level of overall abilities than the vehicle commanders; (b) ... |
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| Prototype Automated Measures of Command and Staff Performance |
NOV 2001 |
98 pages |
| Authors:
Wiliam T. Holden Jr.; Mary H. Throne; Bruce S. Sterling; HUMAN RESOURCES RESEARCH ORGANIZATION ALEXANDRIA VA
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| This research and development effort continues the work by the U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (AM), Armored Forces Research Unit, Future Battlefield Conditions Team. It focuses on the design and development of automated training and performance evaluation techniques. A primary context for these efforts is digital brigade and below training requirements and environments. For this project, AM's objective was to design, develop, and demonstrate 20 ... |
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| A Review and Annotated Bibliography of the Literature Pertaining to Teamand Small Group Performance (1989 to 1999) |
DEC 1999 |
89 pages |
| Authors:
Andrew S. LaJoie; Bruce S. Sterling; ARMY RESEARCH INST FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES FORT KNOX NY ARMORED FORCES RESEARCH UNIT
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| The military, along with private industry, is relying more on small teams of specialized individuals who work together to achieve a common goal. Examples of these teams include emergency medical teams, aircrews, decision- making teams, industrial project teams, Special Forces teams, weapon system crews and everyday work teams. Training and military doctrine has been evolving to reflect this emphasis on teamwork. The purpose of this ... |
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| Prototype Staff Training and Evaluation Methods for Future Forces |
SEP 1999 |
139 pages |
| Authors:
May H. Throne; Charlotte H. Campbell; Bruce S. Sterling; Richard C. Deatz; William T. Holden Jr.; HUMAN RESOURCES RESEARCH ORGANIZATION ALEXANDRIA VA
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| The purpose of this report is to document the design, development, and demonstration of a prototype training package to improve staff performance and a prototype performance evaluation package for staffs using advanced command, control, communications, computer, and intelligence (C4I) systems. These prototypes were implemented in a simulation-based experiment to examine the impact of digital systems on future Battle Command at the battalion and brigade level. This report first presents a ... |
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| Assessing Battle Command Information Requirements and the Military Decision Making Process in a Concept Experimentation Program |
DEC 1998 |
78 pages |
| Authors:
Carl W. Lickteig; Bruce S. Sterling; Gary S. Elliott; Joe E. Burns; Joe E. Langenderfer; ARMY RESEARCH INST FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ALEXANDRIA VA
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| This report describes a concept experimentation assessment of battle command information requirements and military decision making in the 2010-2015 timeframe. This research was the first in a series of concept experimentation programs (CEPs) planned by the Mounted Battlespace Battle Lab (MBBL) at Fort Knox, KY, to re-engineer command and staff operations. This report focuses on research methods, exploratory results, and recommendations on method improvements for assessing battle command information requirements ... |
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| Review of Battle Staff Training Research at Brigade and Battalion Levels |
DEC 1998 |
82 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; Kathleen A. Quinkert; ARMY RESEARCH INST FIELD UNIT FORT KNOXKY
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| This report provides a foundation for future research and development on battle staff training by providing examples of structured training programs for the battle staff. Critical deficiencies in battle staff training were highlighted for both individual and collective skills. Reviews were performed for: (1) military articles on how to improve battle staff performance, centering on use of simulations in a structured training program, and (2) research and development programs to ... |
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| Relationship Between Platoon Gunnery Training and Live-Fire Performance |
SEP 96 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; ARMY RESEARCH INST FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ALEXANDRIA VA
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| Reduced training resources require the military to increasingly depend on simulators for routine training. Regardless of how inexpensive a simulator may be, however, the simulator is useless if it does not enhance performance on the actual equipment. This research demonstrates a relationship between training on platoon gunnery simulators and live-fire gunnery performance for U.S. Army tank and Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) platoons. Because these data replicated previous findings for both ... |
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| The Relationship between Company Leadership Climate and Objective Measures of Personnel Readiness |
18 JUN 1982 |
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| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; ARMY RESEARCH INST FIELD UNIT FORT BENJAMIN HARRISON IN
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 | The purpose of the present research is to examine the relationship between perceptions of company leadership climate (by both leaders and lower enlisted) and objective measures of personnel readiness. However, before such a relationship can be explored, an instrument for examining overall company leadership climate must be constructed. Therefore, a secondary purpose of the research was to construct a valid measure of company leadership climate for both leaders and lower ... |
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| Factor Stability of Primary Scales of the General Organization Questionnaire |
OCT 1980 |
52 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; John R. Mietus; ARMY RESEARCH INST FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ALEXANDRIA VA
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| The factor structure of the General Organization Questionnaire (GOQ) was studied. The GOQ is the primary paper-and-pencil diagnostic organization climate survey instrument in the U.S. Army's Organizational Effectiveness program. Two large samples of personnel within U.S. Army, Europe (USAREUR) were surveyed. Responses to 69 of the 84 items in the GOQ were factor analyzed; these items measure primary organizational processes. Five- and four- factor solutions were generated for each sample. ... |
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| Perceptions of Leadership in a USAREUR Brigade |
JUN 1980 |
167 pages |
| Authors:
Bruce S. Sterling; Dwight Carnes; ARMY RESEARCH INST FOR THE BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ALEXANDRIA VA
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| A model of leadership, with accompanying surveys, was developed through interviews with leaders and troops in a USAREUR battalion. The developed surveys (one for leaders and one for troops) were administered to 513 troops and 237 leaders (team to platoon leaders) selected from 15 companies. Responses on the five-point scales were grouped according to whether they were less than the midpoint (i.e., 3), on the midpoint, or greater than the ... |
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