Marine propellers usually operate either in the non-uniform wake of a submarine or skewed flow under the stern of a surface ship. Therefore, the flow upstream of marine propeller blades is characterized by irregular patterns which are caused by various mean flow distortions due to the boundary layer growth on the hull of the ship, turbulent viscous wakes of upstream bodies (e.g., Hyun and Patel (1991)) or obstacles (e.g., Groves ...
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