We investigated the effects of the cyclic nitramine energetic material CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,1 2-hexanitro-2,4,6,8, 10,12- hexaazaisowurtzitane) on Ceriodaphnia dubia (water flea), Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), and Selenastrum capricornutum (green single celled algae). We designed experiments to include two types of exposure: (1) direct amendments of CL-20 to test media, and (2) aquatic elutriates from Sassafras Sandy Loam (SSL) soil amended with various concentrations of CL-20. Selected exposure routes that we simulated ...
In this report, the toxicity of polynitramine energetic material, hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), to the soil invertebrate species, Enchytraeus crypticus, was investigated using the Enchytraeid Reproduction Test. The study was designed to develop eco-toxicological benchmark values for the ecological risk assessment of the potential impacts of the accidental release of this compound into the environment. Tests were conducted in Sassafras Sandy Loam soil, which supports the relatively high bio-availability of CL-20. Weathering ...
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) for the ecological risk assessment of contaminants at Superfund sites. Insufficient information for TNT to generate Eco-SSL for soil invertebrates has necessitated standardized toxicity testing to fill the data gap. In these studies, the Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (ISO/16387:2001) was adapted for use with Enchytraeus crypticus. Tests were conducted in Sassafras sandy loam soil, which supports relatively high bioavailability ...
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing Ecological Soil Screening Levels (Eco-SSLs) for ecological risk assessment of soil contaminants at Superfund sites. Insufficient information existed to generate Eco-SSLs for explosives and related materials in soil. The earthworm (Eisenia fetida) reproduction test was conducted in Sassafras sandy loam soil amended with hexahydro-1,3 ,5-trinitro-1,3 5-triazine (RDX), octahydro-1 3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3 ,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) to fill the data gaps. ...
In 1996, public laws 104-208, 105-261, and 106-79 established and expanded the Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (ACWA) Program. To address public concerns over the safe destruction of the U.S. chemical weapon stockpile; the ACWA program was tasked to identify two or more viable alternative technologies to the baseline destruction method of incineration. Neutralization followed by biodegradation was one technology identified as having potential. Guelta and DeFrank conducted preliminary laboratory studies ...
The toxicity of nickel coated graphite was examined using daphnia magna, the water flea (48 hr assay) and cyprinodon variegatus, the sheepshead minnow (96 hr assay). daphnia were the most sensitive test organism having a 48 hr ec50 of 1.0 mg/l soluble nickel. the sheepshead minnow showed no toxic signs up to 1000 mg/l nickel fibers. fate studies (21 days) were conducted using various water hardness and salt water media. ...
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