This paper develops a macroscopic polarization switching model which characterizes the ferroelastic switching mechanisms inherent to lead zirconate-titanate (PZT) in a manner suitable for subsequent transducer and control design. We construct Helmholtz and Gibbs energy relations at the lattice level which quantify the internal and electrostatic energy associated with 90 degrees and 180 degrees dipole orientations. Equilibrium relations appropriate for homogeneous materials in the absence or presence of thermal relaxation ...
This paper addresses the development of homogenized energy models which characterize the ferroelastic switching mechanisms inherent to ferroelectric materials in a manner suitable for subsequent transducer and control design. In the first step of the development, we construct Helmholtz and Gibbs energy relations which quantify the potential and electrostatic energy associated with 90 degrees and 180 degrees dipole orientations. Equilibrium relations appropriate for homogeneous materials in the absence or presence ...
The one-dimensional free energy model for ferroelectric materials developed by Smith et al. is generalized to two dimensions. The two-dimensional free energy potential proposed in this paper consists of four energy wells that correspond to four variants of the material. The wells are separated by four saddle points, representing the barriers for 90-degree switching processes, and a local maximum, across which 180-degree switching processes take place. The free energy potential ...
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