A combination of cartesian-grid methods and volume-of-fluid methods is used to simulate breaking waves around ships and the resulting hydrodynamics forces. A surface panelization of a ship hull is used as input to automatically generate an immersed-boundary representation of the geometry on a cartesian grid. No additional gridding beyond what is already used in potential-flow methods and hydrostatics calculations is required. the volume-of-fluid portion of the numerical algorithm is used ...