| SuperMariah: A Similarity-Based Method for Determining Wind, Temperature, and Humidity Profile Structure in the Surface Boundary Layer |
JUN 94 |
41 pages |
| Authors:
Henry Rachele; Frank V. Hansen; Arnold Tunick; Lisa Manguso; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM
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 | Supermariah is new methodology for estimating the surface layer similarity scaling constants for wind, temperature, and specific humidity, using data from tower-borne sensors. It is conceptually based on the Dynamic Similarity of Flows Theory. We discuss the origin and logic of the Mariah approach (the predecessor of SuperMariah) and then present the extension of Mariah resulting in SuperMariah. This report reviews the complete set of model equations and presents several ... |
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| Determination of the Similarity Theory Scaling Parameters from the Vertical Gradients |
JUN 94 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; Henry Rachele; Arnold Tunick; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM
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| Dynamic similarity of flows theory as applied to the surface boundary layer of the atmosphere must be treated as an interwoven quardrapartite function of trivariant orthoginal turbulent motion, the thermal structure and associated vertical gradients, evaporation at the interface, and vertical transport of water vapor with respect to the specific humidity as a function of height. Physical studies of the surface layer are typically conducted with respect to the buoyant ... |
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| Evaporation and the Soil Moisture Availability Coefficient |
MAR 94 |
22 pages |
| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM
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| Evaporative processes at the air-earth interface are examined in terms of a moisture availability coefficient. A postulate is formed for developing the availability coefficient utilizing the ratio of potential evaporation to actual evaporation. Experimental data is used to evaluate this approach and results indicate that the moisture availability coefficient appears to be independent of climate, season of the year or latitude and soil type. A preliminary study of the effects ... |
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| Surface Roughness Lengths |
AUG 93 |
34 pages |
| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM
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| The surface roughness length is the meteorological equivalent of an aerodynamic drag coefficient. The surface morphology and terrain relief contribute to the roughness, have a large effect upon surface drag, and influence the analysis of wind, temperature, and specific humidity profiles in the surface boundary layer, as well as the examination of the surface energy balance. Roughness lengths effectively determine the vertical wind shear just above the surface with atmospheric ... |
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| Albedos |
JUL 93 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ARMY RESEARCH LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM
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| The albedo of the earth's surface varies dramatically from values of about 3 to 4 percent for calm bodies of water up to about 55 percent for gypsum sands. This rather broad range of reflected incoming solar radiation presents difficulties when attempting to define an average albedo for terrain over a large region from locally determined values. The patchwork, or checkerboard, appearance of the earth's surface as viewed from above ... |
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| A Method for Estimating Similarity Scaling and Obukhov Lengths from Discrete Vertical Profile Data |
DEC 91 |
29 pages |
| Authors:
Henry Rachele; Arnold Tunick; Frank V. Hansen; ARMY LAB COMMAND WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE NM ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB
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| Many schemes have been developed to transform discrete meteorological vertical profile data into continuous forms. However, problems with fitting highly nonlinear equations such as similarity formulations to discrete values of wind, temperature, and specific humidity in the surface boundary layer still exist, since the data deviates from the smooth theoretical profiles due to natural fluctuations and instrument errors. The authors have compared the results of the tried-and-true method with the ... |
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| Deliberate Air Pollution: The Art of Smoke Screening, |
JUN 1980 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; Ricardo Pena; Robert K. Umstead; ARMY ELECTRONICS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND WSMR NM ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB
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 | Smoke screening as a battlefield countermeasure is highly dependent upon a number of atmospheric parameters, not a function of munition expenditures alone. Consideration must be given to ambient atmospheric conditions, forecasts, and the aptly named 'fog of war' and its affects upon the optical characteristics of the atmosphere. Determination of the optimum smoke density to render the atmosphere opaque to energy from the visible through the far infrared band of ... |
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| KWIK: An Algorithm for Calculating Munition Expenditures for Smoke Screening/Obscuration in Tactical Situations. |
APR 1979 |
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| Authors:
Robert K. Umstead; Ricardo Pena; Frank V. Hansen; ARMY ELECTRONICS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND WSMR NM ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB
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| KWIK, an algorithm for calculating munition expenditures for smoke screening/obscuration in tactical situations, is described. Nine basic meteorological inputs plus fundamental definitions of meteorological optics and Gaussian diffusion theory are utilized in the approach. A flowchart of the algorithm is also given with the software program listing in FORTRAN, BASIC, and HPL programming languages. (Author) |
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| The Growth and Prediction of Nocturnal Inversions. |
MAY 1978 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ARMY ELECTRONICS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND WSMR NM ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB
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| The growth of nocturnal inversions is investigated with respect to experimental data extracted from the literature. Generally, it was found that the growth of nocturnal inversion with time is in the form Z sub I = 2 sq rt((K sub m)(t)) where K sub m is the eddy viscosity and t is time in minutes, after inversion onset. This investigative effort is applicable to the dispersion and transport of smoke ... |
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| The Critical Richardson Number. |
SEP 1977 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH N J
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| The Obukhov dynamic similarity of flows hypothesis for the surface boundary layer of the atmosphere has been reevaluated with respect to an arbitrary variable rather than a constant in the diabatic influence function. A literature search revealed that estimates of the so-called constant beta ranged from 0.6 < beta < 17, suggesting that beta was indeed a variable. Analysis of 103 wind and temperature profiles extracted from the literature led ... |
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| The Depth of the Surface Boundary Layer, |
JUN 1976 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH N J
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| The depth of the surface boundary layer of the atmosphere can be related to a characteristic dimension defined by Obukhov as the scaling length L. By using the form of the diabatic wind and temperature profiles, the depth of the surface layer is demonstrated to be proportional to and a function of the slope of the wind profile and the Obukhov length. The methodology was verified using experimental data extracted ... |
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| An Examination of the Exponential Power Law in the Surface Boundary Layer. |
SEP 1970 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| The exponential power law is examined in relation to the diabatic and log plus linear profile formulae of similarity theory. The dependence of the exponent of the power law on height, surface roughness, wind speed and season of the year is pointed out. It is concluded that the exponential power law is a marginal method for prediction of the wind profile in the surface boundary layer. (Author) |
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| A Technique for Determining Verticle Gardients of Wind and Temperature in the Surface Boundary Layer. |
AUG 1970 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| For many scientific and engineering applications it is desirable to have estimates of wind and temperature profiles and associated flow parameters. Based upon the premise that similarity theory represents mean flow conditions in the surface boundary layer, a procedure is outlined whereby paired wind and temperature measurements together with the conjugate laws of the profiles can be used for determining actual gradients and turbulent characteristics. (Author) |
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| TURBULENCE DATA DERIVED FROM MEASUREMENTS ON THE 32-METER TOWER FACILITY: WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE, NEW MEXICO. |
JUL 1970 |
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| Authors:
Gaylon S. Campbell; Frank V. Hansen; Raymond A. Dise; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| Bivane wind measurements and fast-response thermocouple temperature measurements made at heights of 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 meters over a nonuniform desert surface at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, were used as the basis for calculating turbulence parameters at those levels. The data were recorded at a rate of one scan per second and were processed in 30-minute blocks to yield mean wind velocity, mean temperature, standard deviations ... |
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| NUMERICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE WIND, TEMPERATURE AND SPECIFIC HUMIDITY PROFILES FOR THE SURFACE BOUNDARY LAYER OF THE ATMOSPHERE. |
JUN 1970 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; Juana Serna; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| The dynamic similarity hypothesis for the shape of the wind, temperature, and specific humidity profiles is discussed for stationary, homogeneous conditions. The similarity arguments are presented a priori in terms of the semi-empirical diabatic influence functions which are numerically integrated to provide these and the related universal functions used as profile correction factors. The results of the numerical interpretation are given in tabular and graphical format. (Author) |
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| A DIMENSIONLESS SOLUTION FOR THE WIND AND TEMPERATURE PROFILES IN THE SURFACE BOUNDARY LAYER, |
SEP 1969 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; Juana Serna; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| The shape of the wind and temperature profiles in the surface boundary layer of the atmosphere for thermally stratified flow is presented as dimensionless parameters. The development of the hypothesis follows dynamic similarity as applied to the atmosphere near the earth's surface. The approach used for thermally stratified unstable flow assumes the scaling ratio, z/L, is numerically equivalent to the gradient Richardson number, Ri. In stable air, z/L is taken ... |
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| A STUDY OF WIND AND TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY AT WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE, NEW MEXICO, |
SEP 1968 |
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| Authors:
Laurence J. Rider; Manuel Armendariz; Frank V. Hansen; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES RESEARCH OFFICE WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| Four cases of variation of wind and temperature over periods of approximately 12 hours in the first 152 meters of the planetary boundary layer are examined in some detail. An effort is made to explain some observed marked changes in wind and temperature which may not be apparent on the usual synoptic chart because of their mesoscale or microscale characteristic. (Author) |
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| A DIABATIC SURFACE BOUNDARY LAYER MODEL. |
JUL 1967 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| A diabatic surface boundary layer model valid for stationary, homogeneous conditions in stable and unstable air is developed from dynamic similarity of flows concept as applied to the lower portion of the atmosphere. The model is a development of the basic similarity theory of Monin and Obukhov and utilizes concepts advocated by McVehil, Panofsky and Pandolfo. It was found that a critical value of the gradient Richardson number exists at ... |
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| SPACIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GRADIENT RICHARDSON NUMBER IN THE SURFACE AND PLANETARY LAYERS, |
MAY 1967 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| The Richardson number (Ri) as a function of height, time and stability classification method has been investigated by the use of wind and temperature profiles observed in the surface and planetary boundary layers. It was found that a reference height of three to six meters above the surface provides the best estimate of the Richardson number in respect to the energy balance of the air-earth interface. Further investigation revealed that ... |
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| A TABULAR PRESENTATION OF THE SURFACE BOUNDARY LAYER MODELS OF WEBB, BUSINGER, AND PANOFSKY. |
JAN 1967 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| Three hypotheses for a diabatic surface boundary layer were examined (as a function of the gradient Richardson number) by numerical integration methods. The models are presented in tabular form in terms of diabatic wind influence function, the gradient stability ratio and a universal function that corrects for thermal stratification in unstable air. (Author) |
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| THE LATERAL INTENSITY OF TURBULENCE AS A FUNCTION OF STABILITY, |
NOV 1966 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| The lateral intensity of turbulence with respect to stability was examined. It was found that the intensity of turbulence over an extremely rough nonuniform terrain was greater than over a uniform terrain but that the heterogeneous surface had no other effect on the magnitude of the fluctuations. The stability of the atmosphere was found to have the greatest effect on the lateral component of turbulence with the standard deviation of ... |
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| WIND AND TEMPERATURE DATA FOR THE FIRST 62 METERS OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER AT WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE. |
SEP 1966 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| Twenty-minute wind and temperature profiles observed in the first 62 meters of the boundary layer at White Sands Missile Range are presented. The 147 profiles were selected because these research quality data are considered representative of conditions over an extremely rough nonhomogeneous surface in a semi-arid region. (Author). |
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| COMPARISON OF NINE PROFILE MODELS FOR THE DIABATIC BOUNDARY LAYER. |
JUN 1966 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| Nine diabatic models used to describe the shape of the wind and temperature profiles in the surface boundary layer have been compared using factors common to all, such as the gradient Richardson number, the diabatic influence function, and the function psi(z/L'). Numerical integration of the models was accomplished using high-speed digital computer techniques. Experimental data used to evaluate the models were collected at locales of known surface roughness. All models ... |
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| MONTHLY WIND AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIRST 62 METERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE FOR WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE, NEW MEXICO, |
FEB 1964 |
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| Authors:
Frank V. Hansen; Van Dyke Neill; ARMY ELECTRONICS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE N MEX
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| Wind and temperature data based on observations taken over a two-year period at the United States Army Electronics Research and Development Activity Meteorological Tower are presented. The data have been analyzed and tabulated at eleven cumulative percentage frequency levels for nine tower observational levels to a height of 62 meters above the surface. (Author) |
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