| Coastal Ocean Processes: A Science Prospectus |
APR 92 |
|
| Authors:
K. H. Brink; J. M. Bane; T. M. Church; C. W. Fairall; G. L. Geernaert; WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION MA
|
 | CoOP (Coastal Ocean Processes) is an organization meant to study major interdisciplinary scientific problems in the coastal ocean. Its goal is to obtain a new level of quantitative understanding of the processes that dominate the transformations, transports and fates of biologically, chemically and geologically important matter on the continental margin. Central to obtaining this understanding will be advances in observing and modeling the cross-shelf component of transport. More specific objectives ... |
|
| The Measurement of Air-Sea Fluxes |
09 OCT 90 |
82 pages |
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; George S. Young; PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV UNIVERSITY PARK DEPT OF METEOROLOGY
|
 | This project involves the investigation of an indirect method of inferring surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat over the ocean. The work includes participation in the Humidity Exchange Over the Sea (HEXOS) program, a multinational project involving a series of field measurements and theoretical development. The air-sea fluxes are important physical processes which must be parameterized in climate, synoptic, mesoscale, and boundary layer and oceanic numerical models. ... |
|
| Atmospheric Turbulence Measurements in Support of Adaptive Optics Technology |
MAR 89 |
342 pages |
| Authors:
R. M. Markson; B. W. Anderson; C. W. Fairall; D. W. Thomson; A. B. White; AIRBORNE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES WESTON MA
|
| This report is concerned with the relation of meteorological conditions to parameters and processes that influence the optical propagation properties of the turbulent atmosphere. The approach is centered around the use of aircraft and surface based remote sensors to investigate the relationship of the refractive index structure function parameter, Cn-sq, to various meteorological variables and to generally evaluate the accuracy of measurements of Cn-sq by in situ and remote means. ... |
|
| Long Term Studies of the Refractive Index Structure Parameter in the Troposphere and Stratosphere |
88 |
75 pages |
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; D. W. Thomson; W. J. Syrett; PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV UNIVERSITY PARK DEPT OF METEOROLOGY
|
| This project studied the relation of meteorological conditions to parameters and processes that influence the optical propagation properties establishment of a climatology of refractive index structure function parameter as measured with a network of doppler radars. The relation of the atmospheric turbulence profile to the synoptic context and physical models to predict the profile using standard meteorological profile data was also being investigated. The study features two modes of data ... |
|
| California Coastal Offshore Transport and Diffusion Experiments - Meteorological Conditions and Data |
06 DEC 1982 |
|
| Authors:
G. E. Schacher; D. E. Spiel; C. W. Fairall; Kenneth L. Davidson; C. A. Leonard; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| Four series of tracer experiments have been performed to parameterize an overwater-coastal transport and diffusion model. The experiment were carried out in the winter and summer near Ventura, CA and Pismo beach, CA. The tracer gas SF6 was released from the research ship RV/Acania, which also collected and extensive amount of overwater meteorological data. This report contains descriptions of all experiments, the overwater meteorological data, and calculated meteorological parameters that ... |
|
| An Analysis of the Wyngaard-LeMone Model of Refractive Index and Micrometeorological Structure Functions at the Top of a Turbulent Mixed Layer |
OCT 1982 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; BDM CORP MONTEREY CA
|
| This report is a theoretical and experimental analysis of a model used to calculate the refractive index structure function parameter, C sub n squared, at the interfacial region at the top of an entraining, turbulent mixed layer. C sub n squared is related to the micrometeorological structure functions for temperature, humidity, and T-Q covariance. The mixed layer interfacial region is important for EM propagation because C sub n squared is ... |
|
| Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer Modeling for Tactical Use |
SEP 1982 |
|
| Authors:
Kenneth L. Davidson; G. E. Schacher; C. W. Fairall; Patricia Jones Boyle; D. A. Brower; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| The properties of the lower atmosphere are very important in the operation of many systems. Of particular importance is the effect on electromagnetic propagation for the full range from optical to radio wavelengths. Small scale fluctuations and aerosols severely affect optical propagation, Large scale changes in the index of refraction cause bending of rf and microwaves, leading to ducting, fading, and a host of other phenomena. Experimental assessment of atmospheric ... |
|
| Generation Rate of Marine Aerosols as Determined from a Boundary Layer Model |
MAY 1982 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; Kenneth L. Davidson; G. E. Schacher; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| The rate of generation of aerosols by bubbles bursting at the sea surface is not well known. Unfortunately, the rate is a very difficult parameter to measure. The rate can be inferred from a boundary layer model that includes determining evolutions of aerosol spectra from parameterizations of generation, transport, and removal processes. Using this technique, data from CEWCOM-78 have been analyzed to produce the aerosol surface flux volume spectrum from ... |
|
| Factors Relating Surface Visibility to the Total Optical Depth in the Marine Regime |
MAY 1982 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; BDM CORP MONTEREY CA
|
| This report describes same preliminary results of an effort to relate total aerosol optical depth at visible wavelengths to the visibility in the marine boundary layer (MBL). We present an atmospheric model which explains the observed height dependence of the aerosol extinction, examine aircraft and ship data from the MAGAT experiment, illustrate the influence of synoptic scale weather patterns on aerosol structure and present a simple model to relate alpha ... |
|
| Mixed Layer Modeling of Aerosols in the Marine Boundary Layer |
MAR 1982 |
|
| Authors:
K. L. Davidson; C. W. Fairall; G. E. Schacher; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| A mixed layer dynamic model for the structure and evolution of aerosols in the marine regime is presented. The ambient aerosol spectrum is divided into the continental and sea salt components and transformed to a reference saturation ratio, S = 0.8 (80% relative humidity). The temporal evolution of the aerosol spectrum is predicted from rate equations which require a specification of the surface production rate, the entrainment rate, (W(e)) and ... |
|
| Prediction of Optical Image Quality Near the Sea Surface from Meteorological Measurements |
25 JAN 1982 |
|
| Authors:
F. S. Replogle Jr.; C. W. Fairall; NAVAL UNDERWATER SYSTEMS CENTER NEW LONDON CT NEW LONDON LAB
|
| This report presents a mechanism for calculation of the optical index structure constant from bulk meteorological measurements (air and water temperatures, wind speed, air humidity) made over the ocean. From this and a formulation of the near field optical propagation from an incoherent point source, the expected line spread function for near the sea surface lines of sight is calculated. Finally, three series of photographic line width observations, made during ... |
|
| Comparison of Overwater Stability Classification Schemes with Measured Wind Direction Variability |
1982 |
|
| Authors:
G. E. Schacher; D. E. Spiel; K. L. Davidson; C. W. Fairall; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| Schemes for assessing atmospheric stability are described and a modification to the Pasquill scheme to parameterize it for the overwater regime is developed. The various schemes are compared to measured values of the wind direction standard deviation. The results are location specific, applying only to the California channel islands area. (Author) |
|
| A Review and Evaluation of Integrated Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Models for Maritime Applications |
NOV 1981 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; K. L. Davidson; G. E. Schacher; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| This work is an examination of the state-of-the-art of the two layer, integrated type atmospheric mixed-layer models with emphasis on applications to the marine regime. A linear synoptic scale mixed-layer microphysical scale model structure is suggested for short term (24 hour) forecasts of atmospheric variables with naval applications. Several potential deficiencies in the present knowledge are identified for physical parameterizations (particularly the entrainment rate) and the synoptic scale forcing requirements. ... |
|
| Environmental Measurements for MAGAT, BLM, and STREX. Instrumentation and Data Acquisition Programs. |
12 FEB 1981 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; D. E. Spiel; BDM CORP MONTEREY CA
|
| Instrumentation and calibration of certain systems used on aircraft and ships for atmospheric research at NPS are described. Computer programs for acquisition and analysis of aerosol and micrometeorological data are included. (Author) |
|
| An Analysis of Surface Production of Sea-Salt Aerosols. |
11 FEB 1981 |
27 pages |
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; BDM CORP MONTEREY CA
|
| The rate of production of sea water droplets by bubble bursting at the ocean surface is virtually impossible to measure directly. Laboratory simulations are also difficult. However, the surface flux can be inferred from measurements of the rate of change of aerosol densities and changes in the height of the marine boundary mixed layer. Data from CEWCOM-78 has been analyzed to produce the aerosol surface flux volume spectrum from 0.5 ... |
|
| Offshore Transport and Diffusion in the Los Angeles Bight-II. NPS Data Summary. |
1981 |
|
| Authors:
G. E. Schacher; K. L. Davidson; C. A. Leonard; D. E. Spiel; C. W. Fairall; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| The second in a series of tracer measurements of overwater transport and diffusion has been completed. This report includes the meteorological data obtained aboard the RV/Acania. Analyses of radiosonde data to yield mixed layer parameters for mixed layer assessment is also included. (Author) |
|
| Meteorological Models for Optical Properties in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer. |
1981 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; K. L. Davidson; G. E. Schacher; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| Observational experiments on turbulent intensities and aerosol distributions in the marine boundary layer (MBL) have been performed over several years. Observations have been made with ship-mounted and airplane-mounted sensors. Objectives have been to relate optical properties to meteorological descriptions which utilize scaling laws for the MBL. The approach has been to incorporate in the descriptions the surface fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture, the processes at the inversion and the ... |
|
| Atmospheric Optical Propagation Comparisons during MAGAT-80. |
NOV 1980 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; G. E. Schacher; K. L. Davidson; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| There are three atmospheric processes responsible for the degradation of the transmission of optical images and electro-optical energy: aerosol extinction, molecular absorption, and turbulent distortion, (scintillation and beam wander). As a part of the Marine Aerosol Generation and Transport experiment (MAGAT-80), light transmission characteristics (refractive-index structure function parameter, C sub N squared, and total extinction coefficient, alpha) were measured optically on a 13.3 km path across Monterey Bay. C sub ... |
|
| Atmospheric Optical Propagation Comparisons during MAGAT-80. |
19 SEP 1980 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; BDM CORP MONTEREY CA
|
| There are three atmospheric processes responsible for the degradation of the transmission of optical images and electro-optical energy: aerosol extinction, molecular absorption, and turbulent distortion (scintillation and beam wander). As a part of the Monterey Aerosol Generation and Transport experiment (MAGAT-80), light transmission characteristics (refractive-index) structure function parameter, C squared sub N, and total extinction coefficient were measured optically on a 13.3 km path across Monterey Bay. C squared sub ... |
|
| Verification of the Bulk Model for Calculations of the Overwater Index of Refraction Structure Function, CN2. |
JUL 1980 |
|
| Authors:
K. L. Davidson; G. E. Schacher; C. W. Fairall; D. E. Spiel; E. C. Crittenden; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| Overwater measurements of mean and fluctuating meteorological parameters have been made coincident with optical scintillation measurements. These data have been used to verify the NPS bulk aerodynamics model for calculating the index of retraction structure function, (C sub N)-squared. The average disagreement between calculated and measured values was 33% verifying the validity of the model. IR measured sea surface temperatures cannot be used in the model and this is discussed. ... |
|
| Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer Mixing Rates in the California Coastal Region. |
MAY 1980 |
|
| Authors:
G. E. Schacher; C. W. Fairall; K. L. Davidson; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| The Naval Postgraduate School has conducted five research cruises in California coastal waters for which sufficient data was obtained to allow boundary layer mixing rates to be determined. These data have been processed to determine the mixing rates. The rates have been correlated with meterorlogical conditions and geographical location and average values for use in air pollution models have been determined. A simplified method for calculating the mixing rate from ... |
|
| Optical Aerosol Spectrometers Factors Affecting Optical Extinction Predictions. |
19 APR 1980 |
|
| Authors:
G. E. Schacher; K. L. Davidson; C. W. Fairall; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| Optical aerosol counters are used to measure aerosol spectra and thence to calculate the aerosol contribution of optical extinction. This report contains the results of field experiments and laboratory investigations of the performance of the NPS spectrometers. Areas of concern in the use of these spectrometers and the subsequent calculations are identified and discussed. In general the spectrometer performance is adequate for use in predicting the performance of overocean optical ... |
|
| An Aircraft Study of Turbulence Dissipation and Temperature Structure Function in the Unstable Marine Atmospheric Surface Layer, |
17 MAR 1980 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; BDM CORP MONTEREY CA
|
| The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, sigma, and the temperature structure function parameter, C sub T squared, were measured over water from the near surface (Z = 3m) to the top of the boundary layer. The near surface values of sigma and C sub T squared were used to calculate the velocity and temperature Monin-Obukhov scaling parameters. The unstable data were used to evaluate the feasibility of extrapolating the ... |
|
| Offshore Transport and Diffusion in the Los Angeles Bight - I, NPS Data Summary. |
1980 |
|
| Authors:
G. E. Schacher; K. L. Davidson; C. A. Leonard; D. E. Spiel; C. W. Fairall; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
|
| Meteorological measurements have been made in support of offshore transport and diffusion experiments in the Los Angeles Bight area. This report presents the meteorological data, reduced to values which can be used in assessing current transport models. Contents are: Ship Operation Scenario; Shipboard Equipment; Tracer Release Data; Wind Histories; Radiosonde Results; Acoustic Sounder Inversion Height, and Meteorological Data. |
|
| 1978 Marine Boundary Layer Study (MABLES-WC). |
16 DEC 1978 |
|
| Authors:
G. E. Schacher; E. Garner; T. Usher; C. W. Fairall; K. L. Davidson; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CALIF
|
| During August of 1978 meteorological data was collected at sea off the central coast of California. This report describes the plan of the ships operations and the type of measurements made. The data obtained has been corrected for instrument calibration and is also presented. (Author) |
|
| Observations of the Temperature Structure Function Parameter, CT2, Over the Ocean. |
SEP 1978 |
|
| Authors:
K. L. Davidson; T. M. Houlihan; C. W. Fairall; G. E. Schacher; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CALIF
|
| Observational results from shipboard measurements of temperature fluctuations, and mean wind, temperature, and humidity, are compared with existing expressions for the surface flux and height dependence of (C sub T) squared. Surface flux estimates are obtained from bulk aerodynamic formulae. Temperature fluctuation data are selected to minimize a salt-contamination effect which causes increases in temperature variance. Predictions for (C sub T) squared based on surface flux scaling agree within 20%, ... |
|
| Atmospheric Marine Boundary Layer Measurements in the Vicinity of San Nicolas Island During CEWCOM-78. |
SEP 1978 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; G. E. Schacher; K. L. Davidson; T. M. Houlihan; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CALIF
|
| This is a report on the boundary layer aspects of the NPS participation in CEWCOM-78. The primary purpose of the experiment was to determine how representative San Nicolas Island is of an open ocean marine boundary layer and to examine the validity of boundary layer measurements at the NRL tower on the NW tip of the island. Under favorable wind conditions (NW) the turbulence and profile structure of the boundary ... |
|
| Evaporation Duct Height Measurements in the Mid-Atlantic. |
15 AUG 1978 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; K. L. Davidson; G. E. Schacher; T. M. Houlihan; Jeff Haltiner; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CALIF
|
| This is a report on atmospheric boundary layer measurements made aboard the USNS Kane in February and March of 1978. The data has been analyzed to obtain Monin-Obukhov similarity parameters and EM propagation properties using bulk, profile and turbulence data. The evaporation duct height, Z*, was found to vary from 1.0 meters to 25 meters with a typical value of 16 meters. A comparison with profile and turbulence methods showed ... |
|
| Evaporation Duct Height Measurements in the Mid-Atlantic, |
AUG 1978 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; K. L. Davidson; G. E. Schacher; T. M. Houlihan; NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE NSTL STATION MS
|
| Atmospheric boundary layer measurements were made in the Mid-Atlantic aboard USNS KANE during February and March 1978. The results were analyzed to obtain Monin-Obukhov similarity parameters and EM wave train propagation characteristics within the evaporation ducts that overlay the sea surface. Evaporation duct heights (Z*) varied between 2 and 25 meters during the cruise; the mean Z* value was 15 meters. In one instance, Z* changed from 3 meters to ... |
|
| Experimental Investigation of the Marine Boundary Layer in Support in Air Pollution Studies in the Los Angeles Air Basin. |
FEB 1978 |
|
| Authors:
G. E. Schacher; C. W. Fairall; K. L. Davidson; T. M. Houlihan; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CALIF
|
| A four level shipboard system has been used to obtain profiles of mean wind, temperature, and humidity and to obtain distributions of temperature and wind speed fluctuations. These data have been used to characterize the marine boundary layer in the Los Angeles air basin and to obtain turbulence fluxes of momentum and sensible heat. The data show that the overwater mixing rates are much smaller than those observed on land, ... |
|
| Atmospheric Turbulence Measurements in Marine Fog during CEWCOM-76. |
29 DEC 1977 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; K. L. Davidson; T. M. Houlihan; G. E. Schacher; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CALIF
|
| Atmospheric turbulence parameters epsilon (turbulent energy dissipation rate), and C sub T squared (temperature structure function) were measured in the marine boundary layer during the Cooperative Experiment for West Coast Oceanography and Meteorology (CEWCOM-76). The atmospheric stability was characterized by measurements of profiles of mean wind velocity, temperature and relative humidity. This paper will focus on turbulence properties and turbulent heat flux measured during four marine fog events. The fogs ... |
|
| Altitude Dependence of C sub T2 Over the Ocean. |
01 OCT 1977 |
|
| Authors:
C. W. Fairall; Ralph Markson ; Jan Sedlacek; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CALIF
|
| The height dependence of the temperature structure parameter was measured with microthermal sensors mounted on a light aircraft. This work was done in conjunction with optical propagation and turbulent transport research in the marine boundary layer. These measurements indicate that, in the absence of a strong inversion, the constant stress layer can be surprisingly thin. The measurements also substantiate the strong role played by temperature and water vapor discontinuities in ... |
|
| San Joaquin Valley Fog: Attempts at Electrical Dissipation. |
03 MAR 1976 |
|
| Authors:
E. E. Schacher; C. W. Fairall; NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CALIF
|
| The report summarizes the results of a two night field operation in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The purpose of this operation was to test the feasibility of using a corona discharge mechanism to dissipate warm fog. Heavy fog was encountered on two nights and during both fogs the authors monitored visibility and droplet size distribution while injecting electrical charge into the atmosphere with a 90kVolt discharge. No effects ... |
|
Reports by Author
