We developed a conscious pig model with a chronically instrumented kidney to measure renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and excretory functions during hemorrhage. Seven to ten days prior to experimentation, pigs were splenectomized, arterial and venous catheters implanted, an ultrasonic flow probe placed on the renal artery, and a pyelostomy performed for non-occlusively placing a ureteral catheter. Measurements were taken prior to hemorrhage, and at hemorrhage volumes of 7, ...
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