Since the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in 2003, DHS has awarded over 28.7 billion dollars in grant funds to state governments, local governments, territories, and tribal entities to enhance prevention, protection, response, and recovery efforts. Yet, the homeland security community continues to struggle with measuring the impact these investments have had on improving preparedness. The 2009 Federal Preparedness Report highlighted that the nation lacks risk-based ...