The U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station was requested in the spring of 1993 to evaluate the concrete in the seawalls at Perry's Victory and International Peace Memorial located on South Bass Island at Put-In-Bay, Ohio, in laake Erie and to report the cause(s) and extent of concrete deterioration an proposed remedial procedures. A visual and photographic examination of accessible concrete surfaces was performed, ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements made across the top portion of walls, and cores taken from the tops of seawalls in both distressed and nondistressed areas. It was concluded that the lack of the resistance of the concrete to freezing and thawing while critically saturated was the major contributor to the observed distress and deterioration in the concrete. This conclusion was based on the air-void spacing factor found in core specimens being near or outside the critical limit where the concrete would be considered protected and the presence of some aggregate particles that are susceptible to damage due to freezing and thawing. All joint seals showed varying degrees of damage, deterioration, and adhesive and cohesive failures. At a few joints, the seal and filler materials were completely missing. It was recommended that the distressed and deteriorated concrete at 48 locations be considered for removal and replacement. Because of the inadequate air-void system within the remaining concrete, it was recommended that a breathable sealer be applied to monolith faces and reapplied periodically. It was also recommended that existing seals be removed and new seals installed at all joints. (MM)
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